Wearable Computers
Team 4
Steven Alt
Rita Hubert
Christian Martinez
Bob Zandoli
School of Computer Science and Information Systems
Pace University
May 2005
Table of Contents
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Definition
History
Research Interests
Wearable Challenges
Design
Development
Processor
Input Devices
Display Devices
Network
Battery
Practical Applications
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Medical
Military
Travel
Manufacturing/Maintenance
Textiles
Jewelry/Watch
Conclusion
References
Definition
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The definition of wearable computer is not commonly agreed. Some examples from
Rhodes, Kartuem, Mann and Licklider are cited by Starner [64] as having the following
characteristics and attributes:
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Portability and unobtrusive during operations
Hands-free or limited-hands-on operation
Interact with user, even when not in use
Sense the users current context
Adapt interaction modalities base on the users current context
Augmented reality interface to user based on environment
Presents information in an unobtrusive way
Constant and always ready
Not demanding the users full attention
Observable and controllable by user
Attentive to the environment and context
Communication tool
A natural extension of the user
Constant access to information and services
Personal
Characteristics
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[29]
Wearable computers should be worn like
glasses, watches, and clothing.
The interaction between the person and
computer should be context-based
The display and input should be unobtrusive
Wireless Personal Area Networks
Wearable computers should act as an
intelligent assistant
Why are Wearable Computers
Important?
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The main reason to look at wearable computers in research is
because it is generally agreed that the “fourth generation” of
computing will involve smart environments, wearable computers,
perceptual users interfaces and ubiquitous computing. [44]
Wearable computers are one of the most personally useful areas
of new computer technology. This is the future of computing
which will give us the power of computing in our daily lives in
wearing our computers and taking them with us wherever we go.
They will assist us in our daily lives, provide us with information
and support, and provide those of us in the forefront of research
and development with a bright future of employment and
entrepreneurial opportunity. This is a giant leap forward in
employing the power of computer in our daily lives for useful
purposes. [44]
The ultimate purpose of wearable computers is to be operational
throughout the person’s waking time, to be un-noticed, to
understand the context of the owner’s environment, to be
proactive in providing the appropriate information and feedback,
to function as an intelligent personal assistant to the owner. [44]
History

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1955 Edward Thorp, a graduate student in physics at
U.C.L.A., developed a mathematical method to beat the
roulette wheel at a casino. [72] which was refined and
developed in 1960 by the partnership at MIT of Edward Thorp
and Claude Shannon. Together they developed the seminal
work in this field and created a concealed-wearable computer
to beat the roulette wheel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
1960’s Sutherland at MIT invents a wearable head-mounted
display and Hubert Upton creates a wearable computer with
an eyeglass display. [29]
1970’s C.C. Collins developed a camera-to-tactile vest for the
blind and Sony introduces the Walkman music system. [29]
1980’s Steve Mann created backpack-computer for controlling
photo equipment, Steve Roberts recumbent bicycle with an
on-board computer and the Private Eye company developed a
head-mounted display device. [29]
History

1990’s:
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…Continued
Gerald Maguire and John Ioannidis Student Electronic Notebook
Olivetti active badge using infrared to transmit location
CMU’s VuMan1 to view blueprint data
BBN Pathfinder system using GPS and radiation detection
Thad Starner’s Remembersance Agent augmented memory
Feiner, MacIntyre and Seligmann developed KARMA augmented
reality system
Lamming and Flynn’s ‘Forget-Me-Not” system for recording
continuous personal life experiences
Edgar Mathias ‘wrist computer’
Steve Mann sending images from is head-mounted camera to
the Web
Alex Pentland Smart Clothes Fashion Show [29]
21 Century Wearable Research Interests
Early twenty-first century wearable computer research:
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Battery life and energy
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Context awareness
Textiles
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Battery life is the basis of power and has long been a limiting factor for the
development of wearable computers. Jason Flinn and M. Satyanarayanan’s
recent extensive paper provides a detailed examination of the issue and proposes
an approach to conserve energy [13] , which compliments their earlier work with
Intel [12] regarding performance, energy and quality. Noboru Kamijoh of IBM
has studied energy use in a computer wrist watch [20].
Textiles are receiving a greater amount of research interest. A recent article by
Chandra Madhup, et.al.[5] shows how ultrasonic range transceivers included in a
belt are used to determine a person’s location within a building.
Medical Applications
Human Computer Interaction
Research Overview
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Design, Development
Architecture, Motherboards, Hardware
Operating Systems, Database, Software and Applications
Input/Output devices
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Networks, Communications and Wireless
Energy and Batteries
Surveillance and Security
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One handed input
Headset/eyeglasses/visor
Detection/Tracking/Badges/GPS
Human computer interaction (HCI)
Context and location awareness
Textiles and Clothes
Medical Monitoring
Jewelry
Key Wearable Research and
Development Universities
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The academic leaders in Wearable Computer
Research are:
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [29]
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) [6]
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CMU has actually designed and tested 20 generations of
wearable computer systems over the past 8 years.
[www.cmu.edu/co-lab/pr03.html October 28, 2004 access]
Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) [17]
Figure 1: CMU Wearable Family Tree
[www-2.cmu.edu/people/wearable/pics/wearabletree.jpg]
Table 1 Carnagie Mellon
University Wearable Systems [6]
Current Wearable Challenges
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Power and Battery
Heat Dissipation
Networking
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On-body and off-body
Privacy
Interface Design
Application Development
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[64,65]
Context sensitive
Augmented Reality
Collaboration
Project Plan
Table 2
[10]
Design Considerations
Figure 2: Classes of wearable computers [1]
Wearable Design Principles
The design process for the wearable computer
system according to Gandy, et al. [15] follows the
Seven Principles of Universal Design
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Equitable Use
Flexible in Use
Simple and Intuitive
Perceptible Information
Tolerance for Error
Low Physical Effort
Size and Space for Approach and Use
Wearable Design Methodology
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The design methodology is the User-Centered
Interdisciplinary Concurrent System Design
Methodology (UICSM) is based on a rapid
prototyping model and is web-based, permitting
remote researchers and customers to work
together on-line to develop, discuss and refine the
design. [52]
Three Development Phases of UICSM are:
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Conceptual Design
Detailed Design
Implementation
This is a proven methodology, used for more than
a dozen new wearable computers.
Wearable Design
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The most detailed and systematic description of a design process for
wearable systems is by Anliker, et al. [2]. Anliker, et al has developed a
series of models for problem specification, architecture and exploration
environment.
The Problem Specification contains:
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The Architecture Model contains:
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Usage Profile
Information Flow
Physical Constraints
Hardware Resources
Generic architecture
Problem specific architecture
The Exploration Environment contains:
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Input from the problem specific model to generate the architecture
Task-device binding
Input from the Information flow to develop the performance estimation
Input from the Information flow to develop the architecture evaluation
Architecture selection
Output to a set of Pareto-optimal architectures
Figure 3:
Modular
Exploration
Methodology
according to
Anliker, et al. [2]
Wearable Development
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Chandra Narayanaswami et al. [38] of IBM Research have also developed a rapid prototyping
methodology with 5 steps to develop a prototype, as follows:
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Vision Articulation
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Pictures
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Anamations
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Preliminary Vision Embodiment
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User Interaction Model
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On-Screen Simulation
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Representative I/O devices and applications
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Demons ratable Prototype
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Software Infrastructure
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Demo Programs
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Preliminary power management
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Limited CPU/memory
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Business Case
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Limited Deployment
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End-user Studies
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Market Analysis
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Cost-profit analysis
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Marketable Product
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Application Development Environment and tools
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Actual end-user Applications
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Aggressive Power Management
Development Process
Table 4
[38]
Wearable Interfaces
Table 5
[10]
Wearable Processor
Several Designs for Wearable Processors
 MIT Media Lab developed MIThril [29]
 IBM developed Personal Mobile Hub [19]
 Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)
developed at ETH Zurich [1]
Figure 4: MIThril System from MIT
[29]
IBM Personal Mobile Hub
Figure 5: Personal Mobile Hub [19]
Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)
Figure 6: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
QBIC
… continued
Figure 7: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
QBIC Schematic
Figure 8: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]
Input Devices
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One-handed keyboard Twiddler [18]
Kord [74]
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Kord
Kord-Pad
Kord-Grip
Figure 9: Twiddler 2
[67]
Mobile Text Entry Rates
Method
Keyboard
Chording
Twiddler
Letterwise Desktop
keypad
Experience WPM
400 min
26.2
550 min
21.0
T9
expert
20.4
550 min
15.5
Multi-tap
Table 6
Nokia
3210
phone
Desktop
keypad
[25]
Twiddler Learning Rates
Table 7
[25]
Kord Data Entry
Kord, Kord-Pad, KordGrip
www.wetpc.com.au/html/products/handheld.htm
Figure 10: Kord Devices
Display Devices
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Glasses
Display
Helmet
MicroOptical Display in Glasses
Figure 11: MicroOptical Glasses [64]
M920 Display
Figure 12: Display connects to
CompactFlash TypeII or PCMCIA slot of
PDA ($799)
www.icuiti.com/work.html
Helmet Display
Figure 13:
Helmet Display
with Integrated
Wearable
Computer, wireless
link and GPS
www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prw
eb199305.htm
Wearable Display View
Figure 14:
Nomad helmet
mounted display
examples views
www.primidi.com/2004/12/12.htm
Wearable Networks
Wireless
LAN
PAN
Wired
Fiber
On-body
Off-body
Table 8
[3]
Table 9
[3]
IEEE Wireless LAN and PAN
Table 10 [3]
Battery and Energy
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Solar Cells
Shoe Generator
Battery Power
Wearable Solar Cells
Figure 15:
www.primidi.com/2004/12/16.html
Wearable Energy Generation
Figure 16: Magnetic Generator in shoes produced 250
mW from standard walking [45]
Battery
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Battery Power Conservation Techniques [Satyanarayanan]
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Improve Hardware Efficiency
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Flash cards as secondary storage [55]
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Power consumption improved by about 20%
Power management [11,12,13]
Software Reduced Energy Consumption
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Idle operations
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Conserve power [78]
Reduce fidelity [11,12,13]
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Off-load work to nearby servers
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External actions to Recharge the battery
Techniques for Mitigating Energy
Table 11
[78]
Wearable Real World Examples
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Medical
Military
Travel
Manufacturing/Warehouse
Workplace
Textiles
Jewelry/Watch
Medical Wearable History
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In the 1950’s and 1960’s the first application of
remote health monitoring with wearable computers
was used for the NASA astronauts.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s telemetry was used by
emergency medical technicians to communicate
remotely to emergency room hospital physicians.
Then the 1990’s saw an emergence of portable
monitoring devices that could record pulse and heart
rate, weight, temperature, blood pressure, heart and
lung sounds, and blood oxygen.
Medical Wearable Applications
Today research into medical applications for wearable computers
has many areas of focus, including the following:
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Memory
Tactile
Head motion
Gestures/Parkinson’s
Gastric Reflux/GERD
Heart/ECG/Pulse
Location/GPS/Alzheimer’s location
Lungs/Respiration/Oxygen
Temperature
Blood Pressure
Falls
Medical CodeBlue Infrastructure
Figure 17: CodeBlue Infrastructure [22]
MIThril System
Figure 18: Zaurus PDA, Hoarder Sensor Hub, Sensing
Board, Sensors (EKG, GSR,temp), Accelerometer, IR Tag
Reader [68]
Blood Pressure Monitor and
Personal Mobile Hub
Figure 19: Personal Mobile Hub [19]
Medical Monitoring
Figure 20: Pulse Oximeter and Two-lead EKG [22]
PDA Showing 3 Heart Rate and
Blood Oxygen Saturation Displays
Figure 21: PDA
with heart rate
monitor display[22]
Military
Figure 22: The Soldier’s Computer [80]
Military Wearable Use
Figure 23: Soldier with Wearable Equipment [80]
Land Warrior Version 1.0
Figure 23: Front view of Land Warrior [80]
Land Warrior – Rear View
Figure 24: Rear View Land Warrior Soldier [80]
Travel Industry Wearable
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City Maps
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Speech Language Translation
CamWear Video Camera
Travel
• Travel Maps
• Travel Guides
• Attractions
• Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Figure 25: Xybernaut
Mobile Assistant
[62]
Travel Wearable Computers
Figure: 26 Travel Computers and Maps
[54]
Speech Translator Smart Module
Figure 27: CMU Speech Translator [57]
Deja View CamWear
Figure 28: Wearable CamWear camera [48]
Maintenance/Warehouse/Workplace
Wearable Applications
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Maintenance Inspection and
Quality Control
Maintenance Checklists and
Manuals
Harsh Environment Data Collection
Point of Sale System
Aircraft Maintenance
Figure: 29 Visor and Microphone with Maintenance Checklist
[39]
Maintenance Workers
Figure 30:
Steamfitter at
BIW
Inspection,
Maintenance,
Quality Control
[62]
Mobile Assistant V
Figure 31: Xybernaut flat panel display
www.xybenaut.com/solutions/product/mac_product.htm
Workplace Applications
Figure 32: Antarctica Data Collection
Café Purchase [62]
Textiles
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Fabric Keyboard
Wire Woven into the Fabric
Wearable Motherboard
SansVest
Sensatex Smart Shirt
Vest for Medical Monitoring
Music Player Jacket
Chording Keyboard in Fabric
Figure 33:
Fabric Keyboard
[45]
Fiber in Fabric
Figure: Fabric with woven copper fiber 34
[25]
Wearable Motherboard (PMIP)
Figure: 35 Motherboard and components on Fabric
[42]
SansVest
Figure: 36 SansVest front, rear and inside views
[21]
Sensatex Smart Shirt
Figure 37: www.fibre2fashion.com/news/NewsDetails.asp?News_id=11705
Wearable Vest
Figure 38: MIThril Wearable Vest Components [29]
Infineon Digital Music Player
System Integrated in a Jacket
Figure 39: Wearable Multimedia Jacket [25]
Wearable Jewelry by IBM
Ring blinks for notification.
Earring speakers.
Necklace microphone.
Watch display.
Figure 40: www.pcworld.com/news/article.asp?aid=33322
IBM Watch Computer
Figure 41: IBM Linux Watch [19]
IBM Watch Schematic
Figure 42: IBM Linux Watch [19]
Wearable Research
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‘Smart Spaces’/Context Aware
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Input/Out Methods and Mechanisms
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Integration into Clothing
Integration into Day-to-Day Interactions
Battery/Energy Use
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Data Entry devices
Visor displays
‘Invisible’ Devices and Social Acceptance
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Prioritized local interactions
Battery Life
Battery Size and Weight
Alternative Energy Generation Methods
Usability
Security
Conclusions
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Wearable computers are a key emerging technology
Practical Applications Will Continue to Grow
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Medical
Military
Travel
Manufacturing/Maintenance
Textiles
Jewelry/Watch
Nano-technology will accelerate the adaptation rate
of wearable computers due to the reduced size of
mobile computers and incorporation in nano-tubes
into textiles
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… continued
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