Physical Limits
• Chip designers are running up against the
laws of physics. Ten years from now,
chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a
trillion operations per second.
Unfortunately, with today's design
technologies, those chips would be
putting out the same amount of heat,
proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.
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Physical Limits & CPUs
• We have “hit the wall” of physics in our
CPU clock speeds
• Intel announced in 2004 that it would
not attempt to make processors that
run at speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ
• Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores”
to increase performance and bandwidth
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Future Computers
• Few argue that the next generation of
computers will be nearly invisible,
meaning that they will blend in with
everyday objects. Flexible ink-like
circuitry will be printed onto plastic or
sprayed onto various other substrates,
such as clothes.
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Wearable Computers-Now
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Wearable Computersfuture?
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Wearable Computers
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Wearables
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Leonardo da Vinci (14521519)
Simple adding machine?
Dr. Roberto Guatelli
made a replica for IBM in
1968.
Disputed.
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John Napier, 1617
• ”Napier’s Bones”
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Calculating with Napier’s
Bones
• 46785399 times 96431:
• Also: Division, Extraction of square roots
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Edmund Gunter, ~1620
• The ”Calculating Line” (early sliderule)
• Lengths from origin proportional to the
logarithms of the registered numbers
• Used in conjunction with a compass to
multiply & divide
• Sliderules popular to ~1970
(example, circular sliderules)
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Wilhelm Schickard, 1623
• ”Calculating Clock”
• First automatic calculator
• Used by Kepler to calculate
astronomical tables
• Incorporates Napier’s Bones
• Adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides
six-digit numbers (with carry)
• Overflow indicated by ringing a bell
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Replica of a Schickard
machine
• Made by Freddy Haeghens (recently)
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Blaise Pascal, 1645
• The Pascaline
• Add, Subtract
• Expensive, not very popular (~50
made)
• Production stopped in 1652
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Sam Morland,1666
• Little improvement
over Pascals Machine
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Gottfried von Leibniz, 1671
• Stepped Reckoner
• Add, subtract, multiply, divide and
evaluate square roots
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Christian-Ludovicus Gersten,
1735
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Parson Phillip Matthäus Hahn,
1770
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And so on…
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Lord Mahon, Earl of Stanhope, 1775
Abraham Stern, 1814
Charles Xavier Thomas, 1821
Charles Babbage*, 1823
Didier Roth, 1841
Ada Lovelace*, 1842-43
I. A. Staffel, 1845
C. H. Webb, 1868
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Joseph Marie Jacquard,
1804
• French silk weaver and inventor
• Used ideas by inventor Jacques de
Vaucanson to make a loom automated
with punched cards;
• The Jaquard Loom
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