PAPER 2 REVISION
JUNE 14TH 2016
RUSSIA 1914-1924
MEDICINE 1845-1945
Your second exam paper
• Your second exam is on June 14th 2016.
• This paper will be a booklet and when
you open it there will be lots of topics
you can answer questions about.
• You will answer questions on topics A3
(Russia 1914-1924) and B2 (Medicine
1845-1945).
Russia
1914-1924
Revision
RUSSIAN HISTORY YOU MUST KNOW;
RUSSIA AND WORLD WAR ONE
1914-1918
THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
FEB 1917
THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION
OCT 1917
BOLSHEVIK CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
1917-21
THE CIVIL WAR
1918-21
WAR COMMUNISM
1918-21
THE N.E.P
1921-27
RUSSIA & WWI
BATTLES & WAR EFFORT
In September 1914 Russia lost the
Battle of Tannenburg. 30,000
Russians were killed or wounded
and 95,000 captured. Only 10,000
managed to escape.
In December 1914 Russia lost the
Battle of Lodz.
By Christmas 1916 1.6 million
Russian soldiers were dead, 3.9
million wounded and 2.4 million
taken prisoner.
As a result of this desertions
began in the Russian army and the
army was facing major shortages
and low morale.
The army was conscripted. The army was
badly bad, treated badly by officers and
poorly supplied.
Soldiers were short of rifles,
ammunition, artillery, shells, coats and
even boots.
The Tsar took control in September 1915
but he had no military experience which
made Russia's war effort even worse.
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL & POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR
Wages did not go up. Factories
closed. Prices went up 7 times
between 1913 and 1917. As prices
went up and wages did not it meant
people could not afford goods. Less
men available to work as they were
in the war which meant the amount
of goods produced fell.
Railway system fell into chaos. Less
food produced. Lots of people were
unemployed. Starvation. Goods such
as boots and cloth were very hard
to find.
The Russian Empire was left in control of
the Tsarina (Queen) Alexandra. Rasputin was
the only person Alexandra would listen to.
People began to hate Alexandra as she was
German – they believed she was a spy for
Germany. People began to turn to extreme
political parties as they hated the Tsar, the
Tsarina and Rasputin. The Tsar decided to
work with the Dumas (government) but this
made him look weak. Tsarina Alexandra
refused to take advice from the Dumas.
RESULT OF RUSSIA IN WWI
After the Bolsheviks took power they asked for peace with Germany on November 8th 1917.
Then in March 1918 Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany – this ended WWI for Russia.
As part of the treaty Russia lost a lot of land, which resulted in the following; 34% of its population, 32% of its
farmland, 54% of its industry, 26% of its railways and 89% of its coalmines. To add to this Russia had to pay
300 million gold roubles to Germany.
FEBRUARY 1917 REVOLUTION
WHY IT HAPPENED
In January 1917 strikes broke out all over Russia.
In February these strikes spread.
These strikes were for a number of reasons, including;
- Living conditions
- Working conditions
- Russia’s loss of troops in WWI
- The Tsar not listening to the people of Russia
WHAT HAPPENED
On February 19th the government announced they would start rationing on 1st March – this made people angry.
On February 21st the managers of the biggest factory in Petrograd locked out some workers – these workers then started a strike which spread to
other factories in Petrograd.
On February 23rd Russia celebrated International Women’s Day – this led to women joining the strikers.
The next day on 24th February 150,000 workers took to the streets armed with tools.
On Saturday 25th February hardly anyone in Petrograd went on work – 200,000 people took to the streets with banners saying “Down with the Tsar”.
Some strikers clashed with soldiers.
The Tsar was sent a telegram telling him what was going on and he sent an order to tell the troops in Petrograd to fire at the strikers but some
soldiers refused to and shot their commanding officer instead.
The strikes continued but now with the soldiers on the side of the strikers.
With nothing left to do the Tsar returned to Russia and abdicated (gave up the throne).
IMPACT/EFFECTS
Led to the Tsar abdicating in February 1917 – this was the end of the monarchy in Russia forever.
The PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT then took power of Russia on March 2nd 1917.
The Provisional Government was led by Prince Lvov.
The Provisional Government promised an election, freed political prisoners and allowed freedom of speech, press
and to hold meetings.
OCTOBER 1917 REVOLUTION
WHY IT HAPPENED
The Provisional Government failed to pull Russia out of WWI, failed to solve the lack of food problem, failed to solve the land
problem and failed to improve living and working conditions – this all led to them being overthrown.
In April 1917 Lenin returned to Russia and in July 1917 the Bolsheviks tried to take power by overthrowing the government but
they failed as the Provisional Government used the army to get rid of the Bolsheviks. As a result Lenin went into hiding and many
Bolsheviks were thrown into prison. Alexander Kerensky became leader of the PG.
In August 1917 General Kornilov wanted Kerensky to use the army to take control of Petrograd. Kerensky feared Kornilov was
trying to take over so he armed the Bolsheviks who were in prison with weapons and released them to fight against Kornilov. The
Bolsheviks defeated Kornilov and looked like heroes, whereas the PG looked weak. This led to Lenin planning the October
Revolution as he felt the time was right.
WHAT HAPPENED
On October 25th 1917 the Red Guards (Bolshevik army) led by Leon Trotsky took control of post offices, bridges and the bank.
On 7th November Kerensky (leader of the Provisional Government and ruler of Russia) woke up to find the Bolsheviks were in
control of most of Petrograd.
As the day continued on the Bolsheviks continued to take over railway stations and more important targets they needed to control
Russia.
In the evening of the Bolsheviks stormed into the Winter Palace and arrested members of the Provisional Government.
Kerensky escaped and tried to gather an army to fight against the Bolsheviks.
Kerensky failed and left Russia.
On 26th October 1917 the Bolsheviks told the people of Russia they were now in control of the country.
IMPACT/EFFECTS
When they came to power the Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised the people of Russia bread, peace and land.
Lenin knew if he did not give the people of Russia the things he had promised then he would lose power.
Lenin set up the Council of People’s Commissars to give the people more say in how Russia was ruled.
The Council of People’s Commissars passed many laws to make the people of Russia happy and support the Bolsheviks.
BOLSHEVIK CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
WHY IT HAPPENED
When they came to power the Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised the people of Russia bread, peace and land.
Lenin knew if he did not give the people of Russia the things he had promised then he would lose power.
However, Lenin promised the people of Russia an election which he did give them but when they voted the Social
Revolutionaries into power Lenin walked into the Constituent Assembly (the Russian Parliament) and closed it down,
declaring himself the ruler of Russia – this did not make people happy.
So Lenin set up the Council of People’s Commissars to give the people more say in how Russia was ruled.
The Council of People’s Commissars passed many laws to make the people of Russia happy and support the Bolsheviks.
WHAT HAPPENED
The laws which were passed included: Land which had been owned by the Tsar, Church or rich was given to the peasants, Russia asked for peace with Germany in
WWI, the working day was reduced to an 8 hour day, workers were given insurance against illness or accidents, all non-Bolsheviks newspapers were banned, the Kadets
(another political party) were banned, the Cheka (secret police) were set up, factories were put under the control of workers, banks were put under Bolshevik control,
marriages were allowed to take place without a priest, divorce was made easier.
These laws were passed to keep the peasants happy so they would support the Bolsheviks, to keep the people of Russia more personal freedoms so they would support
the Bolsheviks and to give the Bolsheviks more power over Russia.
Lenin promised free elections so the people of Russia could vote for who they wanted in power. But, when the people of Russia did vote in late 1917 the Bolsheviks
were not the most popular political party with the people of Russia. When the government which had been elected tried to meet Lenin sent the Red Guard to close the
meeting down and decided he would continue to rule Russia even though he had not got the majority of the vote.
Lenin promised the people of Russia peace which meant he promised to pull Russia out of WWI.
Lenin sent Trotsky to meet with the Germans to agree a peace treaty and in March 1918 the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which pulled Russia out of
WWI – but Russia had to agree to some very harsh terms which were set by Germany.
IMPACT/EFFECTS
Kept the Bolsheviks in power.
The Bolsheviks gained support from all workers as they gave them more rights.
The Bolsheviks gained more support from women by giving them more rights – in marriage.
The Bolsheviks gained support from all peasants by giving them land.
Most of all the Bolsheviks gained support from everyone by ending WWI.
THE CIVIL WAR
WHY DID THE REDS WIN?
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Trotsky travelled across Russia on a train to boost morale of the troops (to show them support and make
them feel good so they would fight)
The Bolsheviks used armoured (metal protected) train carriages to transport supplies to the Red Army
across Russia
The Bolsheviks organised the Red Army so it was led by good strong commanders
The Red Army was supplied with boots, food, tobacco and anything else they needed to keep them fighting
for the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks used propaganda to tell the people of Russia that if the Whites won then Russia would be
ruled like it was when the Tsar was in control
Towns were fed – the Red Army forced peasants to hand over food so everyone was fed
Factories were taken over by the Bolsheviks to make sure they could produce all the equipment they needed
to fight the Civil War
The population was kept under control through terror (threats and arrests by the Bolsheviks
WHY DID THE WHITES LOSE?
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The Whites were not united – they all had different aims and did not communicate and work together
The Whites were spread all across Russia
The Whites attacked the Bolsheviks separately, not all at once. This meant Trotsky picked them off oneby-one
The Whites were not supported by the people of Russia
The Whites caused more suffering to the peasants which made them angry
WAR COMMUNISM
WHAT IT WAS
War Communism was the name given to the policy the Bolsheviks put into place in Russia during the Civil War.
War Communism was an economic policy to help the Bolsheviks rule the country and win the Civil War, it had two main aims which
were;
- To put Bolshevik ideas into practice by sharing out wealth among the Russian people
- To help win the Civil War by keeping towns and the Red Army supplied with food and weapons
The Bolsheviks carried out War Communism by; putting all large factories under government control, planning and organising
production through the government, making discipline for workers strict and anyone who went on strike was shot, making
peasants handing over any extra food to the government. If they didn’t they were shot, rationing food, banning free enterprise
and all production and trade was controlled by the Bolsheviks.
SUCCESSES
Towns and cities were fed through grain-requisitioning.
Rations were given to workers on the basis of how much they produced and the importance of their work.
Helped the Bolsheviks win the Civil War.
FAILURES
It was impossible to eliminate the private market.
Rations were inadequate and so the black market flourished.
Between 1917-20 over 50% of the urban working population disappeared. They disappeared due to death in the war, famine or
going back to their villages to find food.
Surpluses of grain were seized. The government took 90% - led to peasants protesting.
Anyone found hoarding grain was liable to be shot.
Industrial production fell.
Peasants rebelled by not producing as much grain because they knew it was going to be taken from them.
Famine in 1921 which killed 1-2 million.
THE NEP
WHAT IT WAS
Lenin realised changes were needed. In March 1921 at the Party Congress (meeting of Bolsheviks), Lenin told the Bolsheviks
some new policies which he wanted to introduce in Russia. These policies were called the NEP – New Economic Policy. The NEP
brought back some ideas of capitalism – peasants were allowed to sell any extra grain for money (profit) and would pay a tax
50% tax on what they produced to the government.
In the towns, small factories were handed back into private ownership and private trading of small goods was allowed.
Lenin made it clear that the NEP was temporary (not permanent) and that the important heavy industries such as coal, oil, iron
and steel would stay under government control.
SUCCESSES
1925-26 industry had recovered to pre-1913 levels and above
Peasants had been given land – which made them happy.
People were allowed to own their own business, which made them happy.
Boosted the economy.
FAILURES
The NEP started running as from 1921 and by 1925 it seemed to show that it was working. Food production went up as did coal and steel production. In fact, these
levels of production were higher than they were when Russia was ruled by the Tsar.
Unemployment stayed high during the NEP
1927 – over 5 million wooden ploughs were still in use
Agriculture was still backward
Grain collected fell so the government sent out police to seize it again in 1928
1926-27 imports at 38% of their 1913 levels
1926-27 exports were 33% of their 1913 levels
Rationing began in cities in 1928 due to the fall in grain collection falling and a poor harvest
Living and working conditions remained bad
No update in technology at all
Peasants began to hate the government again
Exam skills – first question
• Your first question is a 3 mark question.
• This question will ask you to study Source A and ask
you what you can learn from it.
• To get the 3 marks you need to pick a quote (or if it
is a picture a part of the picture) and then say what
this tells you.
• Source A tells me that DESCRIBE
PART OF THE PICTURE HERE.
This tells me that… NOW ANSWER
THE QUESTION.
Exam skills - second question
• On the Russia section of your mock paper your second question
will ask you…
– “How far does Source C support Source B about…”.
– To achieve top marks you must find one similarity between the
sources, find one difference between the sources and then say how
far they support – which is always A LITTLE.
•
In my opinion Source C does/does not support Source B a lot/little.
•
Source C does support Source B because Source C says “………………………” and Source B
says “…………………………………” which shows they are similar because….
•
However, Source C does not support Source B because Source C says “………………………”
and Source B says “…………………………………” which shows they are different because….
•
Overall, Source C does support Source B a little.
Exam skills - third question
•
On the Russia section of your mock paper your third question will ask you…
–
–
–
–
–
READ A QUOTE.
“Use the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view.”
You must argue whether you agree a LOT or a LITTLE.
You must use 3 SOURCES in your answer – this means take a quote from each.
You must support the quotes you use with your own knowledge
•
I agree with the statement“...write it out…” a lot/little.
•
Write the quote here and say if you agree or disagree with it and then say “because Source __ says “……….QUOTE..………”.
I also believe this because from my own knowledge I know “…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..…………………………………….………..………………….”.
•
Write the quote here and say if you agree or disagree with it and then say “because Source __ says “……….QUOTE..………”.
I also believe this because from my own knowledge I know “…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..…………………………………….………..………………….”.
•
Write the quote here and say if you agree or disagree with it and then say “because Source __ says “……….QUOTE..………”.
I also believe this because from my own knowledge I know “…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..…………………………………….………..………………….”.
•
Overall, I agree with the statement“...write it out…” a lot/little.
Medicine
1845-1945
Revision
SURGERY/DISEASE
JOSEPH LISTER
Discovered Carbolic acid as an
effective anti-septic by seeing that
it was sprayed on sewers to kill
sewage so he sprayed it on his
patients wounds and wrapped them in
bandages. As a result the death rate
of his patients decreased as less
died from infections.
JAMES SIMPSON
Discovered Chloroform as an
effective anaesthetic by inhaling
various chemicals with his doctor
friends. He was found passed out
after sniffing Chloroform by his wife.
This discovery meant doctors could
take longer to operate as the patient
was unconscious and was able to
explore the body more, leading to
them discovering more about the
human body.
HOWARD FLOREY
Was able to make small quantities
of pure penicillin in powder form
and tested it on humans during
WWII and found it worked like a
wonder drug.
ALEXANDER FLEMING
Noticed that mould had grown
on a culture dish which
produced a bacteria killing
juice and he called it penicillin.
He tested it on animals and
found it worked like a miracle
drug.
LOUIS PASTEUR
Was a French chemist. He investigated
a problem in the brewing industry.
Developed a vaccine for chicken cholera.
His vaccine greatly reduced the death
rate from anthrax in animals. Came up
with the germ theory.
ROBERT KOCH
In 1882 he discovered
the germ that caused
tuberculosis (TB). In
1883 he identified
the germ that caused
cholera. Led to
vaccinations being
created to attack/kill
these germs.
ERNST CHAIN
Was able to make small quantities of
pure penicillin in powder form and tested
it on humans during WWII and found it
worked like a wonder drug. He turned
the mould into pure penicillin using a
process of freeze-drying for mass
production.
PAUL EHRLICH
Said that antibodies (which are produced by the body to get
rid of specific germs) were like “magic bullets”. Led to these
magic bullets targeting the specific part of the body and
killing the germs, saving lives.
PUBLIC HEALTH
EDWIN CHADWICK
Suggested tax money be used to improve
housing and hygiene rather than the money be
used to pay for the sick in the workhouses. He
also said clean water should be accessible and
sewage and rubbish should be removed. At first
he was ignored but eventually the government
passed the 1848 Public Health Act.
1848 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT
This said all towns had to appoint a board of
health, appoint a medical officer, remove rubbish
and build a sewer system. This meant people were
checked up on and had regular health checks. Also
the removal of rubbish and the sewer system
meant all bacteria was removed from living areas
meaning there was less diseases spreading which
in turn meant less deaths.
JOHN SNOW
Linked water and cholera. He did this by recording all the
deaths in Soho on a map and found most occurred around the
Broad Street water pump so he removed the handle and the
death rate fell. As a result the government passed the 1875
Public Health Act.
1875 PUBLIC HEATH ACT
This said all towns had to appoint a health inspector and
could enforce rule about water and sanitation. Health
inspectors meant the people and local area were regularly
inspected. Also by enforcing rules about water it meant all
towns had to supply clean water and regularly check the
water pumps to avoid disease spreading. This all in turn led to
less deaths.
LIBERAL REFORMS
Included the 1908 Pensions Act and the 1911 National Insurance Act. The Pensions Act
provided money to old age pensioners who were unable to work anymore so the state provided
them with some money so they could afford to live a reasonably comfortable life – this saved
lives. The National Insurance Act meant people who had a job were entitled to unemployment
benefit if made unemployed and were entitled to sick pay. This again meant workers were
able to afford to survive and provided for themselves and their families – which in turn saved
lives from a life of poverty and death.
WOMEN IN MEDICINE
ELIZABETH GARRETT
During the 1860s she worked as a nurse and then attended
lectures at the Middlesex Hospital. Male students at the
hospital protested that she should not be allowed to attend
lectures. She then passed all the exams to qualify as a doctor
in 1865. The final step before she could work as a doctor was
to become a member of the Colleges of Surgeons, Physicians or
Apothecaries. The College of Surgeons and Physicians refused
to allow women members which therefore stopped Elizabeth
Garrett working as a doctor. She had to take the College of
Apothecaries to court before it accepted her as a member.
After that it too changed its rules so that women could not
become members. However she continued on and in 1866 she
set up a dispensary (a place where medicine is given out). In
1870 she was made a visiting physician to the East London
Hospital.
She still wanted her medical degree so she taught herself
French and studied at Paris University as in England she was
not allowed to study medicine. In 1872, she founded the New
Hospital for Women in London, staffed entirely by women.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
In 1853 a rich friend asked her to run a London hospital for 'Invalid
Gentlewomen'. She and 38 nurses arrived in Turkey in November 1854,
the doctors let the nurses into the Army hospital at Scutari to work. She
worked 20 hours a day. She went to the town to buy fresh food. She
started clean kitchens. She paid workmen to clear the drains. Soon the
hospital was cleaner, and fewer men were dying. She walked around the
wards, to make sure the men were comfortable. She sat with dying
soldiers. She wrote letters home for men who could not write. She
carried a lantern, so the soldiers called her 'The Lady with the Lamp'.
She published her book ‘Notes for Nursing’ and opened the first training
school for nurses. By 1901 hospital wards were clean, death rates were
low and there were 68,000 trained nurses. This led onto training being
made compulsory for nurses which was to be made up of a mixture of
academic and practical experience including; Getting a degree/diploma in
nursing, which would take 3 years. Registering with the Nursing and
Midwifery Council. Receiving practical training working on a range of wars
and in specialised situations. Pass exams before they can give drugs or
chemotherapy to a patient.
MARIE CURIE
She was Polish and tried to develop X-rays during WWI but whilst doing this she made her biggest discovery. Whilst carrying
out her research she noticed her skin was being burned by the materials she was using. This led to the discovery of Radium,
which began to be used in radiography to diagnose cancer and in radiotherapy to remove cancerous growths. This was the
beginning of modern treatments of cancer and is still used today. She was awarded two Nobel prizes for her work on X-ray
radiography and radium treatment. She is the only woman in history to win two Nobel prizes, making her a role model and
leading to other female scientists making huge discoveries.
EDITH CAVELL
One of the most famous nurses of World War One. Although she was
British she decided to save the lives of all soldiers. It did not matter to
her whether a soldier was British or German, she tried to help them all.
She helped thousands of wounded soldiers receive proper, modern medical
care. She did not mind whether a soldier was British, French or German
and she treated the injured, regardless of what nationality they were.
She also hid around 200 British, Belgian and French soldiers from the
Germans by keeping them safe at the nursing school and clinic where she
lived. This led to her being arrested and shot dead by a German firing
squad. She was a role model.
ELSIE INGLIS
Was Scottish doctor and during the war, she tried to get a place in
the British Women's Hospital Corps but she was told that they did
not need her. However, France and Serbia both wanted her help
and she set up 14 medical units close to battlefields in Europe
where she saved thousands of lives. She was captured and made a
prisoner of war when she was working in Serbia but was eventually
released. A member of the Russian government said, "No wonder
England is a great country if the women are like that". She was a
role model and led to thousands more women working in the medical
profession.
THE WORLD WARS & MEDICINE
Blood Transfusions - WWI
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups. Scientists then worked out how to
perform blood transfusions correctly. They realised that the donor’s blood type
matched the receiver's. However, they couldn’t store blood for long because it clotted
so quickly, therefore many still died from blood loss. In 1914, Albert Hustin
discovered that glucose and sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting on contact
with air. Other advances meant that blood could be bottled, packed in ice and taken to
where it was needed by surgeons operation on soldiers.
Plastic surgery - WWI
Changed medicine because it led to plastic surgery. It did this by countries developing
new weaponry which caused more horrific injuries so Howard Gilles who was a surgeon
came up with the idea of taking skin from another part of the body to try to treat a
war wound, these became known as skin grafts. This meant as soldiers were more
seriously injured in the war with new weaponry, doctors were able to save more
soldiers’ lives as many died from severe burns/flesh wounds and this then led on to
plastic surgery being further developed in the future.
Shell Shock - WWI
The mental strain of war could cause shell shock. Some shell shocked soldiers had
panic attacks, others shook all the time or were unable to speak or move. To begin the
army refused to believe that shell shock existed and many men were treated as
cowards. However, by the end of the war there were so many cases that shell shock
was officially recognised. Today, the condition is known as Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder.
Infection - WWI
Battlefields are incredibly dirty places and lethal wound infections such as
gangrene were common. Through trial and error, surgeons worked out that the best
way to prevent this was to cut away any infected flesh and soak the wound in salty
(saline) solution. This wasn’t ideal, but as a short term answer in a battle situation,
it saved many lives.
X-rays - WWI
Were discovered in 1895 and soon hospitals were using them to look for broken
bones and disease. However, during WW1 they became really important. Mobile X-ray
machines were used near the battlefield to find out exactly where in the wounded
soldier’s body bullets or piece of shrapnel had lodged without having the cut him wide
open.
Broken Bones - WWI
New techniques were developed during WW1. For example, the Army Leg Splint was
developed which elevated and extended the broken leg ‘in traction.’ This helped the
bones knit together more securely. The splint is still used today.
Penicillin - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to penicillin being used. It did
this by soldiers being injured with burns and catching illness due to
living conditions caused by bombing so Howard Florey researched how
to mass produce penicillin which he did by using an ice-cream freezer.
In addition to this, it changed medicine because the war led to
soldiers fighting in harsh conditions which led to bad infections and
injuries and the need for a drug to help make them better. As a
result of this war, thousands of lives were saved and penicillin is still
one of the most used antibiotics by doctors.
Blood Transfusions - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to blood transfusions
developing. Advances in blood storing meant blood could be kept
fresh and useable for longer. This led to the National Blood
Transfusion Service opening. Large blood banks were developed in
Britain during WWII.
Hygiene - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to peoples hygiene getting
better. Posters were produced during the war to keep people healthy.
They warned against the dangers of hygiene. A national injection was
given to all people against a killer disease called diphtheria.
Heart surgery - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to heart surgery developing.
American surgeon Dwight Harken cut into beating hearts and used
his bare hands to remove bullets and bits of shrapnel. His findings
helped heart surgery develop greatly.
Diet - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to peoples diets changing.
Shortages of food during the war meant the government encouraged
people to grow their own food. This improved people’s lives because
the food they grew was mainly fresh vegetables which was healthy!
National Health Service - WWII
This changed medicine because it led to the National Health Service
being set up. When the war broke out they had to get more involved
with health care. The government knew there had to be a health
service to cope with casualties. As a result the National Health
Service was started which provided free health care for everyone in
the country.
Exam skills – first question
• Your first question is a 3 mark question.
• This question will ask you to study Source A and ask
you what you can learn from it.
• To get the 3 marks you need to pick a quote (or if it
is a picture a part of the picture) and then say what
this tells you.
• Source A tells me that “WRITE
THE QUOTE HERE”. This tells me
that… NOW ANSWER THE
QUESTION.
Exam skills – second question
• Your first question is a 7 mark question.
• This question will ask you to give the key features of something.
– To answer this you must give two key features, explain them
separately in two paragraphs and link them at the end in another
paragraph. Examples of these questions are below;
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
the
the
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features
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the works of Lister.
the works of Simpson.
the works of Pasteur.
the works of Ehrlich.
the works of Koch.
the works of Fleming.
the works of Florey.
the works of Chain.
the works of Chadwick.
the works of Snow.
the 1848 Public Health Act.
the 1875 Public Health Act.
the Liberal Reforms.
the development of women in medicine.
Elizabeth Garrett.
Florence Nightingale.
the development of medicine due to WWI.
the development of medicine due to WWII.
The first key feature of _____________ was
____(give point)____.
This meant/led to/happened because
______(give 2 bits of detail about the point)_
___________________________________
_________________________.
The second key feature of _____________
was ___(give point)__.
This meant/led to/happened because
______(give 2 bits of detail about the point)_
_____________________________.
The two key features link because _(explain)__
___________________________________
_____________________________.
Exam skills – third question
• Your last question is a 15 mark question.
• This question will ask you how far something changed
medicine over the period 1845-1945 and you will be
given a box with two factors you MUST discuss in
your exam.
– You MUST ALWAYS say medicine DID develop.
– You MUST use the two factors in the box.
– For each one say what it did and the impact it had upon
medicine.
– Then link the factors.
– Then choose one of the factors and say why it had the
biggest impact.
– Make sure you have an introduction and conclusion.
__write the focus of the question here____changed a lot in the years __write the years
the question focuses on here__ due to __ write your three points/factors here__.
changed __write the focus of the question here__ a lot
development was___. He/she did this by ___now explain how it
Write your first point/factor here
because __say
what the
was
developed/discovered in detail_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
This changed _write the focus of the question here__ because _____now explain the impact
the discovery had/how it changed medicine and peoples lives in detail______________________
__________________________________________________________________.
changed __write the focus of the question
development was___. He/she did this by ___now
CONNECTIVE, write your second point/factor here
here__ a lot because __say what the
explain how it was developed/discovered in detail____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
This changed _write the focus of the question here__ because _____now explain the impact
the discovery had/how it changed medicine and peoples lives in detail______________________
__________________________________________________________________.
changed __write the focus of the question
development was___. He/she did this by ___now
CONNECTIVE, write your second point/factor here
here__ a lot because __say what the
explain how it was developed/discovered in detail____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
This changed _write the focus of the question here__ because _____now explain the impact
the discovery had/how it changed medicine and peoples lives in detail______________________
__________________________________________________________________.
In conclusion __write the focus of the question here____changed a lot in the years
__write the years the question focuses on here__.