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Importance of Microbiology
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‫تاریخچه میکروبیولوژی‬
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‫اهمیت میکروارگانیسم ها‬
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Importance of Microbiology
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Importance of Microbiology
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Importance of Microbiology
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Famous microbiologist
In immunology
 Louis Pasteur (1822 -1895).
Emil von (1901)
Paul Ehrlich in 1912
Margaret Pittman (1901-1995)
Gerhard J Domagk (1935)
Alexander Fleming (1928)
William A Hinton (1883-1959
Albert Shatz, E Bugie and Selman (1944PLANTS & SOIL
Sergei Winogradsky, in 1890, in soil.
 )
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‫‪General Microbiology‬‬
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‫تعریف ‪ :‬میکروارگانیسم ها باچشم غیرمسلح دیده نمی شوند‬
‫دلیل نیاز به طبقه بندی‬
‫اولین طبقه بندی موجودات زنده‬
‫طبقه بندي میكروارگانیسمها‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬براساس ساختارهسته‪Acaryotes:‬‬
‫‪Prokaryotes‬‬
‫‪Eukaryotes‬‬
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General Microbiology
‫ طبقه بندي براساس سایز سلولي و نحوه ي تغذیه‬
Viruses 
Bacteria 
Fungi 
Algae 
Protozoa 
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Bacterial Numenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Genus + Species
Example: Escherichia coli
Bacillus cereus
B. cereus
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General Microbiology
Bacteria 
Shape 
Coccus 
Rod 
Spirillum 
Bacteria 
‫ میكرومتر‬10-1 ‫ طول‬
‫ میكرومتر‬1-0.5 ‫ عرض‬
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General Microbiology
Bacteria 
Arrangment 
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‫‪Bacteria colony‬‬
‫‪ ‬تعریف ‪ :‬اجتماعی از‬
‫سلولهای میکروبی که از‬
‫یک سلول والد برروی محیط‬
‫جامد )‪ (Agar media‬به‬
‫وجود میایند‬
‫‪ ‬رشد باکتری در محیط مایع‬
‫)‪ (Broth‬باعث کدورت‬
‫محیط میشود‪.‬‬
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Bacteria Observation
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Bacteria structure
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Bacteria structure
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Bacterial pilus
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Bacterial Plasmid and pilli function
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Bacteril capsule
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Bacterial Capsule –Negative
Staining
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Capsule Strurcture (Phagocytosis)
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Bacteria Sheath
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Bacterial sheath formation
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Bacterial Fine Structure
Cell wall structure 
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Cell wall structure
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L- form Bacteria
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Protoplast formation and regeneration
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Bacterial Flagellum
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Bacterial Flagellum
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Bacterial cytoplasmic Membrane
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Bacterial Capsule
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Bacterial Outer membrane
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Bacterial Sheath
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Protozoa’s Stalk
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Bacterial Stalk
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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Ribosome Structure
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Bacterial Inclusion Bodies
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Bacterial Inclusion Bodies
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Endospore structure
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Endospore Structure
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Spore development
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Organism’s requirements for
growth
 Energey
 H 2O
 Carbon source
 Nitrogen source
 Oxygen
 Vitamin
 Trace elements
 Macro elements
 Co2
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Growth requirements
Different sources of energeys
 Light (Phototrophs)
 Chemicals (Heterotrophs)
Different sources of Carbon
 Atmospheric CO2 (Autotrophs)
 Chemicals (Heterorotrophs)
1) Organic compounds (Organotrophs)
2) Inorganic compounds (Litotrophs)
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Different steps of Microbial
cultivation
 1) Preparation of culture medium
 2)Preparation of physical factors
3) Inoculation
 4) Incubation
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Different Culture Media
Definition of culture medium
 1- Natural
 2- Syntethic
 1- Organic
 2- Inorganic
 1- Selective
 2- Differentica
 3- General
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Physical parameters required for
bacterial growth
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Bacteria classification
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Familly
Genus
Species
Strain
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Bacteria Classification
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Live organisms Classification
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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
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Archeabacteria
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Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria colonies
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Organism reproduction
Water
Hydrogen source
Carbon source
Nitrogen source
Oxygen
Co2
Trace elements
Vitamins
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ClaSSIFICtion of BaCTERIA
Acording to their carbon and
energy sources
Carbon Sources : Autotroph 
Heterotroph 
Energy Source: 
Phototroph 
Chemeotroph (Chemolitotroph and Chemoorganotroph) 
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Bacterial binary fission
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Viruses
 Definition
 Classification , according to their host
 Their main structure
Their Morphology
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Bacteriophages:
Definition & History
 Bacteriophages are
viruses that infect
and destroy bacteria.
 They have been
referred to as
bacterial parasites,
with each phage type
depending on a single
strain of bacteria to
act as host.
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Nucleic acid
Capside
Envelope
tail
Bacteriophages: Classification
 At present, over
5000 bacteriophages
have been identified
by electron
microscopy and can
be divided into 13
virus families.
 Based on morphology
and nucleic acid are
classified
13 Bacteriophage families
Double stranded DNA,
Non-enveloped
P2
T2
λ
Fuselloviridae
SSV1
Tectiviridae
PRD1
Plasmaviridae
TTV1
Lipothrixviridae
P22
Corticoviridae
Podoviridae
Single-stranded DNA
Inoviridae
SIRV 1, 2
Rudiviridae
Myoviridae
Siphoviridae
Double stranded
DNA, Enveloped
M13 & fd
PM2
Single
stranded
RNA
Double
stranded
RNA
phi666
MS2
Microviridae
ΦX174
Leviviridae
Cystoviridae
Bacteriophages:
Lysogenic Cycle
Bacteriophages:
Lysogenic Conversion
Some lysogenic phage carry genes that
can enhance the virulence of the
bacterial host.
For example, some phage carry genes that encode
toxins.
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These genes, once integrated into the
bacterial chromosome, can cause the
once harmless bacteria to release potent
toxins that can cause disease.
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Plant Viruses symptoms
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Animal Viruses
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Human Cancer
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