Amines and amides
Reactions of Benzene
Benzene
Know that Benzene has a cyclic structure with formula C6H6
Interpret evidence to support the delocalised model of C6H6 over that
of the Kekule model, in terms of bond lengths, electron density and
isomers when chlorine is added across a C=C
Describe the delocalised structure of Benzene in terms of sigma and pi
bonds
Use enthalpy of hydrogenation data to support the structure of C6H6 as
being Benzene and having delocalisation stability
Name aromatic compounds containing Cl, NO2, OH, NH2 and alkyl
side groups, using the terms –benzene or phenylExplain why Benzene is resistant to electrophilic addition
Explain what is meant by the term electrophilic substitution
Explain the use of a halogen carrier e.g. AlCl3, in acylation via a FriedelCrafts reaction and how it achieves this
Write an equation for the electrophilic substitution of Benzene with an
acyl chloride, using AlCl3 as a halogen carrier
Draw a mechanism for the above reaction
Write equations to show the formation of a Nitronium ion from
concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid
Draw a mechanism for the above reaction
Explain why the nitric acid is acting as a base and the sulphuric acid is
acting as an acid and a catalyst in the above reaction
Be able to identify aliphatic amines as 1o, 2o, 3o and 4o (CARE: + charge
on 4o amine) and phenylamine as 1o
Explain why 1o, 2o and 3o amines can act as bases in terms of the lone
pair of electrons and formation of a dative (coordinate) bond
Explain why a quaternary ammonium salt cannot act as a base
Explain the trend in base strength of a variety of amines
Write equations to show how haloalkanes can react with ammonia or
amines to make new amines
Draw mechanisms for the above reactions
Explain why the above reaction is an example of nucleophilic
substitution
Write an equation for the reduction of a nitrile to form an amine
Compare the lab. and industrial conditions for the above reaction
Describe how to make an aromatic amine by reducing nitrobenzene
Describe the structure of acid amides and N-substituted acid amides
Exam ques
Revised
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Covered
AROMATIC CHEMISTRY AND AMINES
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A2 Chemistry – Unit 4