STUDY GUIDE FOR LATIN 1
NATIONAL LATIN EXAM
Nouns:
1st

2nd Mas
2nd N
3rd M/F
3rdN

Nom (subj)
a
us/r
um
---
---

Gen (Poss
ae
ī
ī
is
is

Dat (I.Ob)
ae
ō
ō
ī
ī

Acc (D.Ob)
am
um
um
em
----

Abl (O/prep) ā
ō
ō
e
e
PLURAL FORMS
1st

2nd Mas
2nd N
3rd M/F
3rdN

Nom (subj)
ae
i
a
es
a

Gen (Poss
arum
orum
orum
um
um

Dat (I.Ob)
is
is
is
ībus
ibus

Acc (D.Ob)
as
os
a
es
a

Abl (O/prep) is
is
is
ibus
ibus
1 Nominative:

subject and predicate
nominative
2 Genitive:

possession (of, ‘s, s’)
3 Dative:

indirect object (to/for) with
verbs of giving, saying,
showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative:











direct object and object of the following
prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near
ante –before, in front of
circum -around
In –into, onto
per -through
post –after, behind
contra -against
inter-between, among
prope –near
trans –across
5 Ablative:

ablative of means (no Latin
preposition= by means of, with,
by)
object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
 Sub -under
Sine –without
 In –in, on
Prō- on behalf of, for
 Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away, from
Cum- with
Ex/ē –out of, out from

6 Vocative:

direct address –used in
questions and commands; often
punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
PRONOUNS:
-personal:







ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative, dative, accusative and ablative)
I/me
you
we/us
you
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
ego
meī
mihi
mē
mē
tū
tuī
tibi
tē
tē
nōs
nōstrum
nōbīs
nōs
nōbīs
vōs
vestrum
vōbīs
vōs
vōbīs
-interrogative:







quis, quid, quī (nominative and accusative only)
(uses ? mark)
Who?
Who?
What?
Nom S
quis
quis
quid
Acc S
quem
quem
quid
Who (pl)?
Who (pl)?
What
(pl)?
Nom pl
quī
quae
quae
Acc pl
quōs
quās
quae
Adjectives:
Declensions 1st and 2nd
(masculine, feminine and
neuter) see noun chart above
 -noun and adjective agreement =
number, gender and case
interrogative: quot =how many

Numbers:

Cardinal numbers 1-10;
unus,
duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque,
sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100 –centum
and 1000- mille
 Roman numerals 1-100:

I
(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100),
D(500), M(1000)
Adverbs:
positive forms made from from first and
second declension adjectives (usually ly in
English)
 -formation: pulcher, pulchrA,
pulchrum=beautiful:

remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace
with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
 -interrogatives:
cur, (why?) ubi (where?)
quomodo (how?)
 -irregulars:
bene (well), male (badly)

Conjunctions:
aut, (or)
et (and)
quod (because)
sed (but)
ubi (when)
neque, (and not/neither/nor)
et...et, (both… and)
neque...neque (neither…nor)
Enclitic:
-ne (indicates a question –do not use
with question word like how, when,
who, etc)
 -que (attach on the second of the 2
words/phrases; translate before the
second of the 2 words

e.g. peanut butter and jelly =
peanut butter jellyQUE

Verbs:

Translations of 4 tenses: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect:

Present:
I verb
I do verb

Imperfect:
I was verbing
I used to verb

Future:
I shall/will verb

Perfect:
I have verbed
I verbed
I am verbing
I kept verbing
I did verb
Conjugations 1st – 4th -are: -ēre: -ere: -ire
Subj.
Present
I
-ō
We
You plural
They
Fut 1st/2nd
Fut 3rd/4th
Perfect
-bam
-bō
-am
-ī
-bās
-bis
-ēs
-istī
-bat
-bit
-et
-it
-bāmus
-bimus
-ēmus
-imus
-tis
-bātis
-bitis
-ētis
-istis
-nt
-bant
-bunt
-ent
-ērunt
You
He, she, it
Imperfect
-s
-t
-mus
-present active imperative singular and
plural

= verb!
1st
2nd
ā āte
ē ēte
3rd
ĕ
ĭte
4th
ī
īte
-present active infinitive
= to verb
 1st
2nd
3rd
4th
-āre -ēre
ere
-īre


-negative imperative

noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t
verb!
e.g.
nōlī amāre = don’t love!
Nolite amare = ya’ll don’t love!
-irregular verb



sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): (4 tenses) present,
imperfect, future, perfect
Present
Imperfect
Future
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
eram
erās
erat
erāmus
erātis
erant
erō
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
Perfect
fuī
fuistī
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
fuērunt
II. CULTURE AND
CIVILIZATION
-Geography:
Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia,
Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare
Nostrum, Tiber River
 Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia,
Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium,
Apennine Mts
 Provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa,
Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor,
Troy

-Mythology:
Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols,
duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and
Remus
 Olympians and associated myths, e.g.,
Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva;
 Major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules,
Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops
 Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses,
Helen

-Roman life:

city of Rome, e.g.,
Forum,
Circus
Maximus,
Colosseum;
Palatine Hill,
Via Appia,
Curia
-Daily Life





villa,
 E.g. atrium, triclinium, insulae
-clothing,
 e.g., toga, tunica, stola;
Roman household,
 e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia
-meals,
 e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina
-architectural structures and their functions:
 e.g., aqueduct, thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica
HISTORY:
-Basic historical divisions:



Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC –
kings are highest ruling officials
Republic – 509 BC-27BC –
consuls are highest officials
Empire – 27 BC -476 –
emperors are highest ruling officials
-Kings of Rome:
1.
1.
Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3.
Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius,
5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius
Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus
-Early Roman heroes-Horatius,
Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola
III. LATIN IN USE

-Basic spoken phrases:













e.g., Salve, salvete
Quid agis?
Quid est nomen tibi?
Vale, valete
Ita vero,
Minime,
Quid est?
Quis est?
Gratias tibi ago,
Sol lucet,
Quota hora est?
Adsum,
Quid novi?
hello
How are you? / What are you doing?
What’s your name?
goodbye
Yes!
no!
What is it?
Who is it?
Thank you
The sun is shining
What time is it?
I am present
What’s new?
-Derivatives:

English words based on Latin
roots, prefixes and suffixes
e.g.,
agriculture, aquarium,
portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary,
sorority, puerile, quadruped