Study Guide for Latin 1 National Latin Exam
Nouns:
1st
Nom (subj)
a
Gen (Poss
ae
Dat (I.Ob)
ae
Acc (D.Ob)
am
Abl (O/prep)
ā
PLURAL FORMS
ae
ārum
īs
ās
īs
2nd Mas
2nd Neuter
3rd M/F
3rd Neuter
us/r
ī
ō
um
ō
um
ī
ō
um
ō
--is
ī
em
e
--is
ī
---e
ī
ōrum
īs
ōs
īs
a
ōrum
īs
a
īs
ēs
um
ibus
ēs
ibus
a
um
ibus
a
ibus
1 Nominative: subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive:
possession (of, ‘s, s’)
3 Dative:
indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative: direct object and object of the following prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near
ante –before, in front of circum -around In –into, onto
behind
contra -against
inter-between, among
prope –near
5 Ablative:
ablative of means (no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by)
object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
Sub -under
Sine –without In –in, on
Dē- about, down from
Ab/ā – away, from
Cum- with
6 Vocative:
Pronouns:
per -through
trans –across
Prō- on behalf of, for
Ex/ē –out of, out from
direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
-personal:
ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative, dative, accusative and ablative)
I/me
you
we/us
you
Nom ego
tū
nōs
vōs
Gen meī
tuī
nōstrum
vestrum
Dat mihi
tibi
nōbīs
vōbīs
Acc mē
tē
nōs
vōs
Abl mē
tē
nōbīs
vōbīs
-interrogative: quis, quid, quī (nominative and accusative only) (uses ? mark)
Who?
Who?
What?
Nom S
quis
quis
quid
Acc S
quem
quem
quid
Who (pl)?
Who (pl)?
What (pl)?
Nom pl
quī
quae
quae
Acc pl
quōs
quās
quae
Adjectives: Declensions 1st and 2nd (masculine, feminine and neuter) see noun chart above
-noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case
-interrogative:
quot =how many
Numbers:
Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100 –centum and 1000- mille
Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
Adverbs: positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English)
-formation: pulcher, pulchrA, pulchrum=beautiful:
remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
-interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?)
-irregulars:
bene (well), male (badly)
Conjunctions:
aut, (or)
et (and)
neque, (and not/neither/nor)
quod (because)
et...et, (both… and)
sed (but)
ubi (when)
neque...neque (neither…nor)
Enclitic:
-ne (indicates a question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc)
post –after,
-que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; translate before the second of the 2 words
e.g. peanut butter and jelly = peanut butter jellyQUE
Verbs: Translations of 4 tenses: Present, (3) Imperfect, (4) Future, (1) Perfect (3):
Present:
Imperfect:
Future:
Perfect:
I verb
I was verbing
I shall/will verb
I have verbed
I do verb
I used to verb
I verbed
I am verbing
I did verb
I verbed
I did verb
Conjugations 1st – 4th -are: -ēre: -ere: -ire
Subject I
Subject You
Subject He, she, it
Subject We
Subject You plural
Subject They
Present
-ō
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
Imperfect
-bam
-bās
-bat
-bāmus
-bātis
-bant
Future 1st/2nd Future 3rd/4th Perfect
-bō
-am
-ī
-bis
-ēs
-istī
-bit
-et
-it
-bimus
-ēmus
-imus
-bitis
-ētis
-istis
-bunt
-ent
-ērunt
-present active imperative singular and plural
: = verb!
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
ā āte
ē ēte
ĕ ĭte
ī īte
-present active infinitive= to verb
-āre
-ēre
-ere
-īre
-negative imperative=noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! Nolite amare = ya’ll don’t love!
-irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): (4 tenses) present, imperfect, future, perfect
Present
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Translations
eram
erō
fuī
(I-- am, was, will be, have been/was)
erās
eris
fuistī
(You-- are, were, will be, have been/ were)
erat
erit
fuit
(He, she, it-- is, was, will be, has been/was)
erāmus
erimus
fuimus
(We-- are, were, will be, have been/were)
erātis
eritis
fuistis
(You-- are, were, will be, have been/were)
erant
erunt
fuērunt
(They-- are, were, will be, have been/were)
II. CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
-Geography: Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum, Tiber River
Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts
Provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy
-Mythology: Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus
Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva;
Major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops
Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen
-Roman life: city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia
-basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae
-clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola;
-Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia
-meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina
-architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct, thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica
History:
-Basic historical divisions:
Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials
Republic – 509 BC-27BC –
consuls are highest officials
Empire – 27 BC -476 –
emperors are highest ruling officials
-Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius, 5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7.
Tarquinius Superbus
-Early Roman heroes-Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola
III. LATIN IN USE
-Basic spoken phrases: e.g.,
Salve, salvete
hello
Quid est nomen tibi? What’s your name?
Minime,
no!
Gratias tibi ago,
Thank you
Adsum,
I am present
Quid agis?
Vale, valete
Quid est?
Sol lucet,
Quid novi?
How are you? / What are you doing?
goodbye
Ita vero,
Yes!
What is it?
Quis est?
Who is it?
The sun is shining
Quota hora est?
What time is it?
What’s new?
-Derivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ;
sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped