Land Use and Pollution
JEOPARDY!! 
Land Use 1
Land Use 2
Waste 1
Waste 2
Potpourri
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10 Land Use 1
Distinguish among an old-growth
forest, a second- growth forest, and
a tree plantation (tree farm or
commercial forest).
10
Land Use1
*An old-growth forest is an uncut or regenerated primary forest that has not
been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for several
hundred years or more. Old-growth forests are reservoirs of biodiversity because
they provide ecological niches for a multitude of wildlife species.
A second-growth forest is a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological
succession. These forests develop after the trees in an area have been removed by
human activities such as clear-cutting for timber or cropland or by natural forces
such as fire, hurricanes, or volcanic eruption.
A tree plantation, also called a tree farm or commercial forest, is a managed
tract with uniformly aged trees of one or two genetically uniform species that
usually are harvested by clear-cutting as soon as they become commercially
valuable. The land is then replanted and clear-cut again in a regular cycle.
20 Land Use 1
What major ecological and
economic benefits do forests
provide?
20
Land Use 1
Forests provide major ecological and economic services.
Ecological services include: support energy flow and
chemical cycling, reduce soil erosion, absorb and release
water, purify water and air, influence local and regional
climate, store atmospheric carbon, and provide numerous
wildlife habitats.
Economical services include fuel wood, lumber, pulp to make
paper, mining, livestock grazing, and recreation jobs.
30 Land Use 1
Distinguish among selective cutting,
clear-cutting, and strip cutting in the
harvesting of trees.
.
Harvesting Trees:
30 Land Use 1
*Selective cutting occurs when intermediate-aged or mature trees
in an uneven-aged forest are cut singly or in small groups.
*Clear-cutting occurs when loggers remove all the trees from an
area.
*Strip cutting involves clear-cutting a strip of trees along the
contour of the land within a corridor narrow enough to allow
natural regeneration within a few years. After regeneration,
loggers cut another strip next to the first, and so on. .
30 Community 1
40 Land Use 1
What are two types of forest fires?
40 Land Use 1
Two types of fires can affect forest ecosystems.
*Surface fires usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the
forest floor. They may kill seedlings and small trees, but they spare
most mature trees and allow most wild animals to escape. Another
type of fire, called a crown fire, is an extremely hot fire that leaps
from treetop to treetop, burning whole trees.
*Crown fires usually occur in forests that have not experienced
surface fires for several decades, a situation that allows dead wood,
leaves, and other flammable ground litter to accumulate. These
rapidly burning fires can destroy most vegetation, kill wildlife,
increase soil erosion, and burn or damage human structures in their
paths.
50 Land Use 1
What is deforestation and what parts
of the world are experiencing the
greatest forest losses?
.
50
Land Use 1
Deforestation is the temporary or permanent removal of
large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or
other uses. These losses are concentrated in lessdeveloped countries, especially those in the tropical areas
of Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa.
10
Land Use 2
Describe four ways to manage
forests more sustainably.
10
*Identify
Land Use 2
and protect forest areas
high in biodiversity.
*Rely more on selective cutting
and strip cutting.
*No clear-cutting on steep
slopes.
*No logging of old-growth
forests.
20
Land Use 2
What are four ways to reduce the
harms caused by forest fires to
forests and to people?
20
Land Use 2
*Set small, contained surface fires, such as prescribed fires, to
remove flammable small trees and underbrush in the highestrisk forest areas.
*Allow many fires on public lands to burn, thereby removing
flammable underbrush and smaller trees, as long as the fires do
not threaten human structures and life.
*Protect houses and other buildings in fire-prone areas by
thinning a zone of about 60 meters (200 feet) around them and
eliminating the use of flammable materials such as wooden
roofs.
*Thin forest areas vulnerable to fire by clearing away small
fire-prone trees and underbrush under careful environmental
controls.
30
Land Use 2
Distinguish between rangelands and
pastures.
*
30
Land Use 2
Rangelands are unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical
climates that supply forage, or vegetation, for grazing (grasseating) and browsing (shrub-eating) animals.
Pastures are managed grasslands or enclosed meadows usually
planted with domesticated grasses or other forage.
40
Land Use 2
* What are the major environmental
threats to national parks in the world
and in the United States?
40
Land
Use
2
National parks are threatened because they
are too small and fragmented to sustain
many large animal species, because of
invasions by nonnative species that
compete with and reduce the populations
of native species, and lack of funding.
Around the world, there are also many
problems with lack of protection and
people entering parks to harvest resources.
50
Land Use 2
What is the buffer zone concept?
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Land Use 2
** The buffer zone concept involves strictly
protecting the inner core of a reserve,
allowing people to extract resources
sustainably around it
10
Waste 1
Distinguish among solid
waste, industrial solid
waste, municipal solid
waste (MSW), and
hazardous (toxic) waste
and give an example of
each.
10
Waste 1
Solid waste is any unwanted or discarded material we produce that is not a liquid
or a gas, such as a box.
Industrial solid waste produced by mines, agriculture, and industries that supply
people with goods and services, such as extra packaging.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), often called garbage or trash, consists of the
combined solid waste produced by homes and workplaces. Examples include
paper and cardboard, food wastes, cans, bottles, yard wastes, furniture, plastics,
metals, glass, wood, and e-waste.
Hazardous, or toxic, waste threatens human health or the environment because it
is poisonous, dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable.
Examples include industrial solvents, hospital medical waste, car batteries
(containing lead and acids), household pesticide products, dry-cell batteries
(containing mercury and cadmium), and ash from incinerators and coal-burning
power plants.
20
Waste 1
Distinguish among waste
management, waste reduction, and
integrated waste management.
20
Waste 1
Waste management attempts to manage wastes in ways that
reduce their environmental harm without seriously trying to
reduce the amount of waste produced. It typically involves
mixing wastes together and then transferring them from one
part of the environment to another, usually by burying them,
burning them, or shipping them to another location.
Waste reduction tries to produce much less waste and
pollution, and the wastes that are produced are considered to
be potential resources that can be reused, recycled, or
composted.
Integrated waste management uses a variety of strategies for
both waste reduction and waste management.
30
Waste 1
Distinguish among refusing,
reducing, reusing, and recycling in
dealing with the wastes we produce.
.
30
Waste 1
Waste reduction based on four Rs:
Refuse: don’t use it.
Reduce: consume less and live a simpler lifestyle.
Reuse: rely more on items that can be used repeatedly
instead of on throwaway items, and buy necessary
items secondhand or borrow or rent them.
Recycle: separate and recycle paper, glass, cans,
plastics, metal, and other items, and buy products
made from recycled materials.
40
Waste 1
What is composting?
40
Waste 1
Composting involves the use of
bacteria to decompose yard
trimmings and other biodegradable
wastes.
50
Waste 1
Distinguish between primary (closedloop) recycling and secondary recycling.
50
Waste 1
Primary, or closed-loop, recycling involves materials being
recycled into new products of the same type. For example,
used aluminum cans are turned into new aluminum cans.
Secondary recycling involves waste materials converted into
different products. For example, used tires can be shredded
and turned into rubberized road surfacing, and newspapers
can be reprocessed into cellulose insulation.
10
Waste 2
What are the major advantages
and disadvantages of using
incinerators to burn solid and
hazardous waste?
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10
Waste 2
Advantages of incinerating solid include: reduces trash
volume, less need for landfills, low water pollution,
concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial, sale
of energy reduces cost, modern controls reduce air
pollution, and some facilities recover and sell metals.
Disadvantages include: expensive to build, costs more than
short-distance hauling to landfills, difficult to site because
of citizen opposition, some air pollution and CO2
emissions, older or poorly managed facilities can release
large amounts of air pollution, output approach encourages
waste production, and can compete with recycling for
burnable materials such as newspaper.
20
Waste 2
Distinguish between
open dumps and
sanitary landfills.
20
Waste 2
There are two types of landfills.
Open dumps are essentially fields or holes in the
ground where garbage is deposited and sometimes
burned. They are rare in developed countries, but
are widely used near major cities in many
developing countries.
In newer landfills, called sanitary landfills, solid
wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted,
and covered daily with a fresh layer of clay or
plastic foam, which helps to keep the material dry
and reduces leakage of contaminated water.
30
Waste 2
Summarize the problems
involved in sending ewastes to less-developed
countries for recycling.
30
Waste 2
The value of the metals that can be
recycled is such that poor workers
are exposed to considerably
hazardous conditions to mine the
waste of its valuable components
40
Waste 2
What are the major advantages
and disadvantages of disposing
of liquid hazardous wastes in (a)
deep under-ground wells and (b)
in surface impoundments?
40
Waste 2
Advantages of deep-well disposal include: safe method if sites are
chosen carefully, wastes can often be retrieved if problems develop, easy
to do and low cost.
Disadvantages of deep-well disposal include: Leaks or spills at surface,
leaks from corrosion of well casing, existing fractures or earthquakes can
allow wastes to escape into groundwater and output approach that
encourages waste production.
Advantages of surface impoundments include: low construction costs,
low operating costs, can be built quickly, wastes can often be retrieved if
necessary and can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners.
Disadvantages of surface impoundments include: groundwater
contamination from leaking liners (or no lining), air pollution from
volatile organic compounds, overflow from flooding, disruption and
leakage from earthquakes and output approach that encourages waste
production.
.
50
Waste 2
What is a secure hazardous
waste landfill? List four ways
to reduce your output of
hazardous waste.
50
Waste 2
Sometimes liquid and solid hazardous wastes are put into drums or other
containers and buried in carefully designed and monitored secure hazardous waste
landfills.
Three ways to reduce hazardous waste include avoiding the use of pesticides and
other hazardous chemicals, using less harmful and substances, and avoiding the
disposal of pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other hazardous
chemicals by flushing them down the toilet, pouring them down the drain, burying
them, throwing them into the garbage, or dumping them down storm drains.
About 5% of all hazardous waste produced in the United States is regulated under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, pronounced “RICKra”),
passed in 1976 and amended in 1984. The EPA sets standards for management of
several types of hazardous waste and issues permits to companies allowing them
to produce and dispose of a certain amount of wastes in acceptable ways. Permit
holders must use a cradle-to-grave system to keep track of waste they transfer
from a point of generation (cradle) to an approved off-site disposal facility (grave),
and they must submit proof of this disposal to the EPA.
10 Genetics 2
My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;
Taken, not shared!
10 Population Growth
From: Mariano Cecowski
<MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>
Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in
Alaska fall into the water
which one disolves faster?
A: The one in Alaska because it is
HIJKLMNO
10 Population Growth
Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.
Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room
he's in.
Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"
Benign: What we want when we are eight.
Intestine - Currently taking an exam
CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing
TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport
10
Potpourri
What is a biodiversity
hotspot and why is it
important to protect such
areas?
10
Potpourri
Biodiversity hotspots are areas especially rich in plant
species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger
of extinction. These areas need to be protected because
suffer serious ecological disruption, mostly because of rapid
human population growth and the resulting pressure on
natural resources.
One to help sustain the earth’s biodiversity and its people is
to identify and protect areas where vital ecosystem are
being impaired enough to reduce biodiversity or harm local
residents. Proponents of this approach contend that we must
identify highly stressed life raft ecosystems. In such areas,
people live in severe poverty, and a large part of the
economy depends on various ecosystem services that are
being degraded severely enough to threaten the well-being
of people and other forms of life.
10
Genetics 2
20
What is ecological
restoration?
Potpourri
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Potpourri
Ecological restoration is the process of repairing damage caused by
humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems.
Examples of restoration are reintroducing native species, removing
invasive species, restoring grasslands and coral reefs.
30
Potpourri
Describe the science-based, four-point strategy for
carrying out ecological restoration and
rehabilitation.
30
Potpourri
*A science-based, four-point strategy for carrying out ecological
restoration and rehabilitation:
1. Identify the causes of the degradation (such as pollution,
farming, overgrazing, mining, or invasive species).
2. Stop the abuse by eliminating or sharply reducing these
factors. This would include removing toxic soil pollutants,
improving depleted soil by adding nutrients and new topsoil,
preventing fires, and controlling or eliminating disruptive
nonnative species.
3. If necessary, reintroduce species—especially pioneer,
keystone, and foundation species—to help restore natural
ecological processes, as was done with wolves in the
Yellowstone ecosystem.
4. Protect the area from further degradation and allow
secondary ecological succession to occur.
30
Genetics 2
40
Potpourri
What are the major
advantages and
disadvantages of
incinerating hazardous
wastes?
40
Potpourri
Advantages of phytoremediation include: easy
to establish, inexpensive, can reduce material
dumped into landfills and produces little air
pollution compared to incineration.
Disadvantages of phytoremediation include:
slow (can take several growing seasons),
effective only at depth plant roots can reach,
some toxic organic chemicals may evaporate
from plant leaves and some plants can become
toxic to animals.
50
Potpourri
Describe three ways to detoxify
hazardous waste.
50
1.Physical methods
2.Chemical methods
3.Use nanomagnets
4.Bioremediation
5.Phytoremediation
.
Potpourri