BRONZE = COPPER + TIN
STATUES AND ORNAMENTS
CARBON DIOXIDE
TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED, WHICH MEANS IT IS AN
ACID
THE WATER CONTAINS CALCIUM SALTS
WHICH TURN INTO LIMESCALE WHEN
HEATED. THIS STICKS TO THE PIPE.
LIMESTONE
Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu
IONIC BOND
ONE ATOM TRANSFERS ELECTRONS
TO ANOTHER CREATING + AND –
IONS WHICH ATTRACT EACH OTHER
ORANGE JUICE, VINEGAR, SOUR MILK, COLA, RAIN
TOOTHPASTE, BREAD SODA, MILK OF MAGNESIA
WASHING SODA
CARBON
NITROGEN
TO STOP THE INK SEEPING INTO THE WATER BELOW IT
THE INK IS SOLUBLE IN THE WATER AND TRAVELS UP THE
PAPER WITH IT.
THERE IS AN INCREASE IN THE ENERGY OF THE GAS
MOLECULES AND THEY LEAVE THE SOLUTION.
160
CO2
H2O
WATER EVAPORATION DIFFERS FROM PLACE TO PLACE
AIR IS DRAWN THROUGH
THE LIMEWATER .
THE LIMEWATER GOES
MILKY WHITE
THE LIQUID WILL TURN BLUE
COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK
SETTLEMENT TANKS
ALLOWS SOLIDS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES TO SETTLE
TO THE BOTTOM OF THE TANKS.
FILTRATION
WATER IS FILTERED THROUGH BEDS OF SAND TO REMOVE
SUSPENDED PARTICLES
CHLORINATION
CHLORINE IS ADDED TO KILL HARMFUL BACTERIA IN THE
WATER
FLUORIDATION
PREVENTS TOOTH DECAY
WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR WHEN DOIG CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENTS
ONLY USE EQUIPMENT WHEN TOLD TO BY YOUR TEACHER.
ADD POTASSIUM METAL TO A BASIN OF WATER. THE POTASSIUM
WILL FLOAT ON THE WATER AND REACT SO VIOLENTLY THAT IT WILL
CATCH FIRE. A FIZZING NOISE WILL BE HEARD AS HYDROGEN GAS
IS PRODUCED.
ALKALI METALS
THEY REACT WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDES
TOUCH A PIECE OF UNIVERSAL
INDICATOR PAPER AGAINST THE
LEMON. COMPARE THE COLOUR
TO PH CHART.
ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WHICH HAVE
DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS
OXYGEN OR WATER
PAINTING, OILING OR GREASING
ADD MORE COPPER SULPHATE AND STIR TO DISSOLVE
NO MORE COPPER SULPHATE WILL DISSOLVE IN THE SOLUTION
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
MANGANESE DIOXIDE
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DECOMPOSING TO GIVE OXYGEN
GAS
PLASTIC WASTE IS UNSIGHTLY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
PLASTIC WASTE IS EXPENSIVE TO DISPOSE OF.
CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY MICRO-ORGANISMS
MADE FROM RENEWABLE MATERIALS
WATER
IT WOULD TURN BLUE COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK
LIMEWATER
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BURNING WAX TURNS IT
MILKY WHITE
COAL
AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN INTO
ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS.
A COMPOUND IS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE
CHEMICALLY COMBINED
METALS
NON-METALS
MAGNESIUM IS NOW CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH OXYGEN
FROM OXYGEN IN THE AIR
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MgO
TWO OR MORE ATOMS
CHEMICALLY COMBINED
COVALENT BONDING
THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITELY
CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND IS CALLED AN IONIC
BOND .
SODIUM CHLORIDE
SHAKE THE WATER SAMPLE WITH
SOAP FLAKES. THE HARD WATER
REQUIRES A LOT OF SOAP TO
PRODUCE A LATHER.
CALCIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
SOFT.
THE RESIN WILL HAVE REMOVED ALL OF THE IONS WHICH
CAUSE HARDNESS.
TEST THE WATER SAMPLE WITH SOAP FLAKES. IT WILL
REQUIRE VERY LITTLE SOAP TO PRODUCE A LATHER.
CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY, MgO DOES NOT
Mg IS MALLEABLE, MgO IS NOT
DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE
ACIDS IN RAIN REACT WITH THE LIMESTONE
SAND
SALT OR WATER
SOFT
HARDNESS LEFT IN TEST TUBE A
CHLORINATION
FILTRATION
HEAT
ELECTRIC
TUBE A
TO REMOVE OXYGEN FROM WATER
TO PREVENT OXYGEN GETTING BACK INTO TUBE
OXYGEN NEEDED FOR RUSTING
18
LEAVE TO COOL
Crystals forming
CRYSTALS WILL FORM
FILTER THE CRYSTALS
Solution of copper sulphate
A SCALE FROM 0 TO 14 USED TO MEASURE THE
DEGREE OF ACIDITY
USING A PH METER
GASTRIC JUICE
BLOOD
ELECTROLYSIS
TO IMPROVE ITS
CONDUCTIVITY
OXYGEN
RELIGHTS A GLOWING SPLINT
HYDROGEN
BURNS WITH A LOUD POP
2 HYDROGEN AND 1 OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CALCIUM
COPPER
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER
WEAR GOGGLES
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
CAUSES ACID RAIN
NO DEFINITE SHAPE
LIQUIDS HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME
BUNSEN BURNER/ CRUCIBLE
TRIPOD STAND/ CLAY TRIANGLE
Beaker of
dirty water
Filter funnel
Filter paper
Conical flask
13 – 6 = 7
ISOTOPES
MEASURING THE VOLUME OF ACID
NEEDED FOR NEUTRALISATION
A SALT AND WATER ARE FORMED
REFRIDGERATION
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
BURNS WITH A LOUD POP
Zn + 2HCl →ZnCl2 + H2
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
MANGANESE DIOXIDE
A CHEMICAL WHICH SPEEDS UP A REACTION WITHOUT
BEING USED UP ITSELF.
RESULT;RED LITMUS DID NOT CHANGE,
BLUE LITMUS TURNED RED
CONCLUSION: CARBON DIOXIDE IS AN ACID
DOES NOT FORM SUDS WITH SOAP
CALCIUM
HARD TO FORM SUDS WHEN WASHING
BLOCKS HOT WATER PIPES
BLOCKS HEATING ELEMENTS
PROVIDES CALCIUM FOR BONES
DISTILLATION
LIEBIG CONDENSER
B
TASTE IT
COVALENT
ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS
CARBON DIOXIDE
SODIUM LOSES AN ELECTRON
CHLORINE GAINS AN ELECTRON
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION
Potassium chloride
AN ALLOY IS A MIXTURE OF METALS
BRASS
IS USED FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES,
DOOR HANDLES ETC.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CALCIUM CARBONATE
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER
ELECTRON (-1), PROTON (+1)
ELECTRON (1/1840 AMU), PROTON (1AMU)
SAFETY GLASSES
PERSPEX SHEET
PAINTING, OILING, GREASING, ELECTROPLATING
KEEPS OXYGEN AND WATER AWAY FROM THE METAL
A FUEL MADE FROM DECAYED
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
METHANE
WHITE
RED TURNS BLUE
MgO IS A BASE
3.6 mg/ 100g water
It reduces the solubility of oxygen in the water
RISING TEMPERATURES WILL REDUCE
THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER
THIS WILL REDUCE THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS
AND PLANTS LIVING IN THE OCEANS AND RIVERS.
THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.
ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS WHICH DIFFER ONLY BY THE NUMBER
OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
BECAUSE THEY HAVE EIGHT ELECTRONS
ON THEIR OUTER SHELL
AN IONIC BOND IS THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION
BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND.
TABLE SALT AND COPPER SULPHATE
THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
SO THAT THEY CAN BE FREE TO MOVE ABOUT AND
CARRY CHARGE
LEMON JUICE, SODA WATER
TOOTHPASTE, LIMEWATER
PURE WATER
The water soaks up along
Test
the paper and carries the Tube
ink with it.
As it does the different
colours in the ink separate
out because they travel at
different speeds up the
paper
Chromatography
paper
Water
THE INK FROM THE MARKER WITH A MIXTURE OF COLOURS WILL
HAVE SEPARATED INTO A ITS DIFFERENT COLOURS.
CRUDE OIL
THEY CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY
LIVING THINGS
GRADUATED CYLINDER
PIPETTE OR BURETTE
FLOAT ON WATER
CUT EASILY WITH A KNIFE
REACT VIOLENT WITH WATER
A BOND WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE
SHARED BETWEEN THE ATOMS IS CALLED A
COVALENT BOND.
SODIUM CHLORIDE
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE HIGH BOILING POINTS
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE REGULAR SHAPES
NaOH
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)
LIEBIG CONDENSER
X
PURE WATER
SALT
A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION CONTAINS A LOT OF SOLUTE
DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT.
A DILUTE SOLUTION CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF SOLUTE
DISSOLVED IN SOLUTE.
80
70
50
40
30
20
0
10
20
30
70
80
100
80
60
70
50
40
30
20
0
10
20
30
70
80
100
60 DEGREES
THE SOLUBILITY INCREASES AS THE TEMPERATURE
INCREASES
IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE
BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS
TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY
COMBINED.
We placed small pieces of universal indicator paper
on a white tile and put a drop of each of the solutions
being tested, in turn, on each of the test papers. We
noted the colour change and find the pH from the
colour chart.
ORANGE JUICE
VINEGAR
HCl
CALCIUM CARBONATE
MORE DENSE THAN AIR
NO EFFECT ON THE RED LITMUS
TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED
REFRIDGERATION
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
PLACE EQUAL VOLUMES OF A & B IN
TWO TEST TUBES. ADD TWO DROPS OF
SOAP SOLUTION TO BOTH AND SHAKE.
SEE WHICH FORMS PERMANENT SUDS.
‘A’ WONT FORM SUDS
‘B’ WILL FORM SUDS EASILY
CALCIUM IONS
SETTLING
CALCIUM SALTS
FILTRATION
CHLORINATION
FLUORIDATION
FILTRATION TAKES OUT ALL VISIBLE DIRT
Atoms of the same element which have
different numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide
Manganese dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
It reacts with it causing it to wear away.
Use the same volume/strength of acid
each time.
CALCIUM, magnesium, zinc, copper
2, 8, 8, 1
CaCO3 + H2O
To increase the conductivity of the
water.
Burns with a loud pop
There are 2 H atoms for every O atom in water
Burette
Pipette
Release the acid from the burette, using
the tap, into the base in the conical flask. Continue until the
indicator in the conical flask changes colour. The volume of acid
released can be read from the side of the burette. This is the
volume required to neutralise the base.
Hydrochloric acid
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Sodium hydroxide
It moves up the paper with the
water and the colours separate
from each other.
The spot will move with the water level and show no separation
They need a container with a lid to
contain them.
They do not flow
The gas will take up more space when hot
The oxygen is used up. This causes the decrease. Remains
Steady because no more oxygen left.
Nitrogen
No proper measurement markings on the bell jar.
any one from: beryllium/ magnesium/ calcium/
strontium/ barium/ radium
change of colour/ becomes flakey
change of texture/ becomes softer
looses strength tarnish/ rust
(i) calcium chloride/ drying agent labelled/
clearly named in text
(ii) boiled (de-gassed) water/ water with no air
labelled/ clearly named in text
oil labelled/ clearly named in text
stoppers not required
[no diagram/s deduct 3 or 6 marks]