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Author:
:
<Fariza Hanum Md
Nasaruddin>
Date:
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<01/08/08/>
Subject Title:
:
Computer Programming
Subject Code
:
CCPS2083
Lesson Title
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Version: 1.0
Introduction to Programming
Introduction:
<Attention grabber>
At the ATM machine
Please insert your bank card
Please enter your pin number
Please choose the service you want (eg. Withdrawal, fund transfer, exit, etc)
Please enter the amount you want to withdraw
Please remove your card
Please remove money from the slot
Please take receipt
Thank you and have a nice day
Have you ever thought about how the ATM is able to interact with you?
Learning Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Explain what is a program
List and explain the various components of a computer system
List the steps involved in designing and writing programs
Use pseudocode and flowchart in their program design
Conduct desk-checking of a program
Explain the steps in coding, compiling, and running a C++ program
Differentiate the different types of computer program errors
*Every topic must cover one learning outcome only.
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List of Topic
No
Topic Title
1.
What is a program ?
2.
Computer systems
3.
How to design and write programs
4.
Programming Methodology
5.
Coding, compiling and running a C++ program
6.
*Maximum 12 topics.
Terminology
No
1.
Execution
Word
2.
IDE
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
syntax
Compilation error
bug
Definition
Integrated Development Environment
Reference:
1. Ani – Animation
2. Gfx – Graphics
3. Sub Topic
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Content
Topic Title
:
Topic 1: What is a program?
1.1.0
- A program is a set of instruction for the computer to follow.
- The computer follows the instructions by executing the program.
***
Animation of /simulation of program running
Then show the codes
***
Another example
Animation of /simulation of program running
Then show the codes
***
Diagram to show stakeholders involved with a program : user, programmer
***
NOTE: IN THIS COURSE YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO CREATE PROGRAMS
YOU ARE THE PROGRAMMER
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
<Instruction: Click and drag …etc>
Activity B (Group Activity)
<Instruction: Discuss, collect, visit…etc>
Exercise
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Topic 2: Computer systems
1.2.0
What makes a computer?
Computer needs 2 things to call it a computer:
1) Hardware
2) Software
***
What is hardware?
Show pictures of computers used at offices, labs, clinics, such as PC, mainframe.
***
What is Software ?
Show a movie about someone buying a PC. Go home switch on, no window on screen
Why?
The hardware is there, but there is no software
***
1.2.1 Hardware
Hardware is the physical parts of the computer.
There are 5 physical components that makes up a computer:
1. Input device – Mouse, keyboard
2. Output device – Monitor, printer
3. Processor
4. Main memory – RAM
5. Secondary memory – Hard disk, thumb drive.
***
Animation to open up a PC – see the components
***
1.2.2 Software
Software are programs to allow you to talk to the computer
Without software, your computer will just be a machine, a hardware
There is two main software you use with your computer
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1. Operating System
2. Application Program
***




The main software in a computer is the Operating System (OS)
The OS job is to allows you to interact with the computer
OS also function as resource manager to your computer
OS handles if you want to run programs in your computer
***
You, as a person who uses computer, run application programs on your computer
Application programs perform specific tasks.
Examples are word processors, spreadsheets, games.
These application programs have been developed by a professional programmer and sold to users.
***
You will learn the idea on how these programs are designed and written.
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Activity B (Group Activity)
Exercise
.
.
.
.
*Add more table for new topic if necessary.
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Topic 3: How to design and write programs?
1.3.0
To write a program you need to design it first
To design, you need know what what it is that you want and what you want to achieve
What is the objective of the program
Designing and writing a program is a whole process and the steps of the process is known as
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
1.3.1 SDLC
What is SDLC?
For the purposes of developing a program, we can consider these steps to be important:
1. Analysis
2. Software designing (Algorithm)
3. Implementation (Writing the codes)
4. Testing
5. Maintenance
In this course, we will focus only on step 1, 2, 3.
1.3.2 Problem Solving
You have to understand the problem before you can attempt to solve it.
You will have to analyze the problem
What is it that the program must do?
Determine IPO (Input – Process- Output)
***
It is sometimes helpful to start by determining the output that the program must produce.
In order to get an output, the program requires input. Determine what that input is.
Then, you need to figure out the process that must be carried out to take the input and produce the
desired output.
***
Display this image.
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Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Activity B (Group Activity)
Exercise
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Topic 4: Programming Methodology
1.4.0
During the problem solving phase, you need to be certain the task is completely specified
What is the input?
What information is in the output?
How is the output organized?
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Next, you need to develop the algorithm before implementation.
***
1.4.1 Algorithm
Algorithm is a sequence of precise instructions which leads to a solution.
Program is an algorithm, expressed in a language the computer can understand
***
Algorithm can be written as a list of steps that needs to be done in order to come to a solution of the
problem.
Algorithm can also be expressed using
1) Pseudocode
2) Flow chart
***
Before implementation you will have to test the algorithm for correctness
This saves time in getting your program to run. To do this, you can perform a process called the
Desk-checking
***
Sample problem : Convert currency
Ali is a businessman who runs a foreign exchange bureau, exclusively for exchange currencies
from US dollars to Malaysian Ringgit. The conversion rate between these two currencies varies
daily. Ali wants a program that would help him calculate the conversion and display it on the
computer’s monitor for his customer to see.
***
Analyze problem & design algorithm
<Insert Table1. IPO>
1.4.2 Pseudocodes
If you prefer, you can represent the algorithm you have designed using pseudocode.
Pseudocode is an informal language
Language is determined by the designer themselves.
Mostly looks like English mixed with programming language codes
Allows us to make our algorithm precise without worrying about the details of programming language
syntax
***
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Below is how the pseudocode for Example 1 may be written.
Start
Get value of US dollars (USD)
Get conversion rate
RM = USD x conversion rate
Display value in RM
End Program
***
More examples :
The following are 2 alternative pseudocodes to write a program calculating the sum of two numbers
PROGRAM Add Two Numbers
READ two numbers
ADD the numbers
WRITE the sum
END PROGRAM
PROGRAM Add Two Numbers
READ First
READ Second
Sum = First + Second
WRITE Sum
END PROGRAM
As you can see, there are no specific rules when writing pseducode.
1.4.3 Flow chart
Flowchart is a diagram that shows the logical flow of a program
It is useful for planning each operation a program performs, and in order in which the operations are
to occur
It helps progarmmer to visualize the process flow the program has to go through
The final visualization can then be easily translated into a program code
***
Flow chart uses standardize symbols for representation.
<INSERT TABLE 2>
Example of a flow chart for the problem convert currency discussed earlier
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Get
USD
Get Conv
Rate
RM = USD X Rate
Display
RM
Stop
***
Another flowchart (for the program calculating the sum of two numbers)
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1.4.4 Desk-checking
Desk-checking is done to make sure that the design algorithm is doing the correct things and to check
whether it missed any steps.
What you do when performing a desk-check ?
1) Select value for input data
2) Manually solve the problem
3) Solve the problem using your algorithm
4) Compare step 2 & 3. If it is consistent, it means your algorithm is correct.
***
Performing a desk check on the convert currency problem :
1.
choose a set of input values
Set 1 : USD = 100
Converrion rate = 3.48
Set 2 : USD = 33
Conversion rate = 3.50
***
2. Manually calculate the expected outcome.
Therefore, the outcome for the input sets are as follows :
Set 1: Output = 100 x 3.48 = RM348.00
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Set 2: Output = 33 x 3.50 = RM115.50
***
3.
Using the input sets, by going through each step of the algorithm.
To assist in the desk-checking, first create a table that contains a column for each input,
output, any temporary calculation (if necessary). For the program given above, you will
need a table as shown . Calculate the RM value based on the formula given.
<INSERT TABLE 4>
4.
Compare the output with your outcome in step2.
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Activity B (Group Activity)
Exercise
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Topic 5 : More Examples
1.5.0
We have learned what to do theoretically on how to design a problem solving program. Now let’s go
through the steps.
Problem :
Let’s just say that Ahmad will fill up his car’s tank to full and reset his car’s trip meter to
zero. -After travelling 378 miles, Ahmad stopped at a petrol station to refuel. The car
required 25 liters to fill up the tank. Create a program that can calculate the number of km
the car can be driven per liter.
1.5.1 Algorithm
<INSERT TABLE 5 IPO CHART>
1.5.2 Pseudocode
Start
Get value of km driven
Get liter of petrol used
Km per liter = km driven / liter of petrol used
Display value of km per liter
End Program
1.5.3 Desk-Checking
There are several steps to follow when desk-checking:
1) Choose a set of inputs and calculate manually so to get the expected output. Thus:
Set 1 : km driven = 324
Liter of petrol used = 35
Set 2 : km driven = 675
Liter of petrol used = 60
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/*****************************/
2) For each input calculate the expected outcome. Thus:
Set 1: Output = 324 divided by 35 = 9.25 km per liter
Set 2: Output = 675 x 60 = 11.25 km per liter
/*****************************/
3) Check your psuedocode
Start
Get value of km driven
Get liter of petrol used
Km per liter = km driven / liter of petrol used
Display value of km per liter
End Program
/*****************************/
4) Create a table with columns for your input and output and insert input the values. Thus:
<INSERT TABLE 6 Desk Check Table – values for km driven petrol used entered >
/*****************************/
5) Using the algorithm, calculate the output column. Thus:
<INSERT TABLE 7 Km per liter value calculated and entered in the check table.>
/*****************************/
6) Display aka prints the value on monitor. If value on monitor is the same as the manual calculation,
algorithm is correct.
/***************************/
7) Re-do the desk-check by using different sets of input.
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Activity B (Group Activity)
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Exercise
1. Perform a desk check using the desk-checking table for the Add Two Numbers problem
discussed earlier in this section.
Topic Title
:
Topic 6: Coding, compiling and running a C++
program
1.6.1 Layout of a C++ program
Programs are written in programming language, such as:
-
FOTRAN
COBOL
Pascal
Java
ASP
PHP
C++
The listed languages are called high-leveled language.
It mostly uses English words and symbols.
Each language has its own rules and grammar.
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NOTE : This course will concentrate on C++.
/***************************/
-The first thing to master in learning a programming language is the grammar. In the
programming language it is called the syntax.
-You must know that there is a specific way or a specific layout when using a programming
language to writing a program. (NO EXEPTIONS)
-There are some specific “statements” which you must have in your program and it must be
typed exactly as the language requires it.
/***************************/
-A source codes can be typed using any “text writing program” such as:
-
Notepad
C++ development kit (most recommended)
Microsoft Word
Ect.
/*************************/
Layout of a C++ program :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
variable_declarations
statement_1
statement_2
…
statement_last
return 0;
}
***
Example of a written program using C++ language :(A simple program so there is no need for an
algorithm)
// This is a C++ program
#include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
int main(){
cout << “This is a program\n”;
return 0;
}
/***************************/
To explain the codes, each line will be given a number to enable us to refer to it.
1. // This is a C++ program
2. #include <iostream>
3. using namespace std;
4.
5. int main(){
6. cout << “This is a program\n”;
7. return 0;
8. }
***
Explanation of the codes: (More in depth explanation is in next chapter)
Line 1: // symbol is use for comments
Line 2: # symbol is a pre-processor directive.
#include means that it is a directive that must be included in the C++ program.
#include <iostream> means that, it will ask the complier to include this in the program.
iostream is used to make the program able to input/output statements.
Line5: main() since main is followed by () means main is a function name.
There can be only one main() function. But may have many functions.
{ means the opening of the body function.
Line 6: cout << will print the text from “ to “ on the monitor. Thus the program will display
This is a program on the computer’s monitor.
; is to end a statement.
Line 7: return 0; will return the value 0 to the operating system saying that the program was…
…successfully terminated. More on this in later chapters.
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Line 8: } is to indicate the closing of the body function.
NOTE: C++ is case sensitive. So typing include with capital “I” eg.” #Include” will result in
compilation error.
1.6.2 Coding a C++ program
C++ source code is written with a text editor



Programmers format programs so they
are easy to read

Place opening brace ‘{‘ and closing brace ‘}’
on a line by themselves

Indent statements

Use only one statement per line
Variables are declared before they are used

Typically variables are declared at the beginning of
the program

Statements (not always lines) end with a semi-colon
Include Directives
#include <iostream>

Tells compiler where to find information about items
used in the program

For example, iostream is a library containing definitions of cin and cout
1.6.3 Compiling and running C++ program
There are many ways to compile your codes.
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The easiest way is using C++ development kit.
The steps to compile are (using IDE DEV C++):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Press F9
Save the file in a folder.
If there is no compilation error, program is compiled and run.
*If there is errors, try debugging it and save the file again.
Try compiling again.*
The * mean the steps is only done if there is compilation error.
***
What happens within the IDE when you compile and run your program ?

C++ source code is written with a text editor

The compiler on your system converts
source code to object code.

The linker combines all the object code
into an executable program.
Compiler: is a program that translates a high-level language program, such as a C++ program,
into a machine-language program that the computer can directly understand and execute.
Linking: The object code for your C++ program must be combined with the object code for
routines (such as input and output routines) that your program uses. This process of combining
object code is called linking and is done by a program called a linker. For simple programs,
linking may be done for you automatically.
***
Running a program involves the following :

Obtain code (from source file)

Compile the code (using a compiler or in IDE)

Fix any errors the compiler indicates and
re-compile the code

Run the program
***
Testing and debugging your program
A bug is a mistake in a program
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Eliminating mistakes in programs is called debugging.
***
Types of programming errors

Syntax errors

Violation of the grammar rules of the language

Discovered by the compiler
•

Run-time errors


Error messages may not always show correct location of
errors
Error conditions detected by the computer at run-time
Logic errors (warning)

Errors in the program’s algorithm

Most difficult to diagnose

Computer does not recognize an error
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
1. Arrange the following in the order which is relevant to producing a program.
debug, compiler, linker, analyze, source code, algorithm, desk checking,
2. Arrange the following in the right order reflecting the correct C++ program layout:
{
int main()
}
#include <iostream>
return 0;
variable_declarations
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statement_1
statement_2
…
using namespace std;
statement_last
Activity B (Group Activity)
Exercise
1. What is an object code?
2. What are the different types of error you may encounter when writing, compiling, and
running a program?
3. What is a source program?
4. Where do you type in your source code?
5. What is an IDE ?
6. Name some of the more popular IDE for C++ language programming. You can find your
answer by browsing the internet.
Summary
In the end of this lesson, you have learned: what is a program
 what are the various components of a computer system
 the steps involved in designing and writing programs
 that you can use pseudocode and flowchart in designing the algorithm
 how to conduct desk-checking of a program
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how to coding, compiling, and running a
C++ program
the different types of computer program errors
Self Assessment
1. What is the function of an operating system?
2. What are the processes you need to do after you have designed your algorithm in order to
get your program running?
3. What is a compiler and it’s purpose?
4. Design an algorithm to find the weighted average of four test scores. The four test scores
and their respective weights are given un the following format.
Testscore1 weight1
Sample data may be as follows
75 0.20
95 0.35
85 0.15
65 0.30
5. The cost of an international call from Malaysia to Saudi Arabia is calculated as follows:
Connection fee, RM1.99; RM2.00 for the first three minutes; and RM0.45sen for each
additional minute. Design an algorithm that asks the user to enter the number of minutes
the call lasted. The number of minutes is then used to calculate the cost of the call.
Reference
<URL, books, journal…etc>
Ending
*A short brief for the next lesson.
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