Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• The Missouri Compromise
• The Louisiana Purchase
• The Seneca Falls Convention
• The Liberator (1st edition)
• The Monroe Doctrine
• The Embargo Act
• The Indian Removal Act
• Marbury v. Madison
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Henry Clay’s American System
• The Hartford Convention
• The Nullification Crisis
• The Battle of Tippecanoe
• American Colonization Society
formed
Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
The Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
The Liberator (1st edition) (1831)
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
The Embargo Act (1807)
The Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Henry Clay’s American System
(1816)
• The Hartford Convention (1814)
• The Nullification Crisis (1831)
• The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
• American Colonization Society
formed (1817)
Getting to know the 1800-1848 time period
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
The Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
The Liberator (1st edition) (1831)
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
The Embargo Act (1807)
The Indian Removal Act (1830)
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Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Henry Clay’s American System
The Hartford Convention
The Nullification Crisis
The Battle of Tippecanoe
American Colonization Society
formed
1800-1848
•1800
• The Election of Thomas Jefferson and the beginning of our
first transfer of power from one political party to another
(From the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans)
•1848
• The Seneca Falls Convention highlighting the early 19th
century women’s rights movement
• The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the MexicanAmerican War
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Transportation Revolution
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Roads – 1790’s, early 1800’s
Steamboat - 1807
Canals (1820’s and 1830’s)
Railroads (1830’s and 1840’s)
• Emergence of the National Market
Economy
• Promoted by government policies
(internal improvements, protective
tariffs, and a national bank) as well
as entrepreneurship (invention of
steam engine/steamboat, Lowell
System)
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Industrial Revolution
• Early Textile Mills in New England (in rural
areas, fueled by rapid water, Lowell
System)
• Southern cotton becoming the raw material
of industrialization - textiles
• Social Reform Movements (triggered by
the Second Great Awakening)
• Women’s Rights
• Prison Reform
• Care for the Mentally Ill
• Public School Education (The Great
Equalizer!)
• Abolitionism
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Growing Sectionalism
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
Nullification Crisis (1828-1831)
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
Growing Abolitionist Movement (The
Liberator)
• Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Compromise of 1850
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• Westward Expansion
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Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Indian Removal
The Seminole Wars (Florida)
Texas (1845)
Oregon Territory (1846)
Mexican Cession (1848)
Major Trends of the First Half of the 19th Century
• The Supreme Court under
Chief Justice John Marshall
expands its power and
promotes nationalism (over
states’ rights)
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
19th Century America
•The United States began the
century
with a new president (Thomas Jefferson),
a new political party in power (The
Democratic-Republicans), and a new
found confidence in its destiny (Manifest
Destiny).
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19
Thomas Jefferson (D-R)
(1801-1809)
Jefferson as President
• Go to Website Page 2 and begin reading at Jefferson as president
• Jefferson as President
• Different style of leadership than GW and Adams
• Did not look to destroy Hamilton’s National Bank but
he did let the Sedition Act and the Whiskey Tax expire
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
• The Louisiana Purchase
• In 1800, France took control of Spanish territories in North
America including the important port of New Orleans
• Jefferson sent representatives to France to secure U.S. use of
the port of New Orleans
• A successful slave rebellion in French Haiti led to Napoleon’s
decision to abandon North America
• There was question over whether the national government had
the authority to purchase the land
• The D-R’s wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution (a reversal
from their previous positions)
• The Federalists wanted a strict interpretation (a reversal from their
previous positions)
Causes of the War of 1812
• Go to Website Page 2 – PBS video
•Prelude to the War of 1812
• The war in Europe set the stage (England vs. Napoleon)
• British harassing U.S. ships at sea trading with France
• Also impressing American sailors (taking from U.S.
ships)
• British attack on the U.S. ship the Chesapeake, in 1807,
inflamed tensions
• Congress passed and Jefferson signed the Embargo Act
Causes of the War of 1812
• Calls for War
• War Hawks (like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) in
Congress wanted war and expansion
• William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh
• Harrison was an American expansionist and Governor of the Indiana
Territory
• Tecumseh (a Shawnee leader) wanted to unite natives against
westward expansion
• The Battle of Tippecanoe – Harrison exaggerated the victory; British
weapons used by natives anger the Americans
Madison’s War Message to Congress - 1812
•Accuses British of violating the
American flag “on the great highway
of nations” (Disrupting trade)
•They are impressing U.S. sailors
•Blames British for inciting natives on
the frontier
The Write Stuff
•The main causes of the War of
1812 include…
James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)
The War of 1812
• Very unpopular war in New England – Further disrupted
trade with England
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Hartford Convention of 1814 – Federalists threatened
secession
• Failed U.S. invasion of Canada
• British attack Washington, D.C. (Star Spangled Banner)
• Treaty of Ghent 1814 – No land changed hands
• Battle of New Orleans (After the treaty was signed)
• Creates a national Hero – General Andrew Jackson
Impact of the War of 1812
(from Tindall)
• Realization of the need for internal
improvements (transportation
infrastructure)
• Encouraged the birth of American
manufactures – New England textile
mills (very Hamiltonian!)
• Increased sense of nationalism
• Federalists more states’ rightists,
Republicans more nationalists
Other Key Results of the War
• The Federalist Party appeared treasonous
(Hartford Convention)
• Steps were taken to charter a 2nd Bank of
the United States and to implement Henry
Clay’s American System
• Paved the way for further westward
expansion
The Missouri Controversy
1819-1820
• Missouri requested statehood in 1819
• Should slavery be allowed to expand west of
the Mississippi River?
• "But this momentous question. Like a fire bell
in the night, awakened and filled me with
terror.“ – Thomas Jefferson
The Missouri Controversy
1819-1820
• Growing anti-slavery sentiment
• The American Colonization Society had been formed
• Southerners began to defend slavery
• Slavery is not an evil, it was a positive good
• African-Americans incapable of governing themselves
• As the country expanded west, New Englanders felt their
power slipping away
Henry Clay of Kentucky
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)
• Missouri entered the U.S. as a slave state
• Maine entered as a free state (maintained
Senate balance)
• (Ding, ding, ding) Missouri Compromise
line drawn at 36º, 30’ North Latitude
(36-30 Line)
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
• The national government restricted the spread
of slavery
• Will be declared unconstitutional 37 years later
in Scott v. Sanford (1857)
James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)
• Triggered by the independence revolutions that were
taking place throughout Latin America
• Haiti (1804)
• Argentina (1817)
• Colombia (1819)
• Mexico (1821)
• Brazil (1822)
Paraguay (1811)
Chile (1818)
Peru (1821)
Venezuela (1822)
Ecuador (1822)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• “the American continents, by the free and
independent condition which they have
assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization
by any European powers. . . “
• Translation - The Americas are no longer open
to European colonization
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• “…we should consider any attempt on their [the
European Powers] part to extend their system to
any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to
our peace and safety.
• Translation - Any attempt to re-colonize in the
Americas will be considered a threat to the U.S.
(England had our back)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• “Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at
an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated
that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the
same, which is, not to interfere in the internal
concerns of any of its powers…”
• Translation – We will continue to stay out of
European affairs
The Election of 1824
•4 main candidates
• All Democratic-Republicans
• John Quincy Adams (Sec. of State)
• Andrew Jackson (Hero of New Orleans)
• Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)
• William Crawford (Secretary of Treasury)
The Election of 1824
• Jackson
• 42% of Popular vote
• 99 Electoral votes
• Adams
• 32% of Popular vote
• 84 Electoral votes
• Crawford
• 13% of Popular vote
• 41 Electoral votes
• Clay
• 13% of Popular vote
• 37 Electoral votes
“The Corrupt Bargain”
• Clay used his influence as Speaker to get the House
to select JQA
• JQA named Clay Secretary of State
• Jackson’s supporters accused the two men of a
“corrupt bargain”
“The Corrupt Bargain”
• ****Lead to the break up of the DemocraticRepublican party
• Democrats/Jacksonians/Supporters of AJ
• National Republicans/Whigs/Supporters of JQA and
Clay
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
• Born on the frontier in North Carolina
• As a 14 yr. old, was ordered to shine the boots
of a British soldier during the Rev. War
ANDREW JACKSON (1767-1845)
• Refused and his hand was cut to the
bone when the soldier struck him with
his sword
• Carried a hatred for the British with him
the rest of his life
The Age of Jackson
• 1830’s and 1840’s
• Known as the age of the common man and Jackson
was the symbol of this age
• Jacksonian Democracy - The trend toward greater
participation in politics
• States dropping land owning requirements in order to vote
• The political parties holding national nominating
conventions to choose presidential candidates
• Jackson fighting against the privileged interests in the name
of the common man
The Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)
•Watch – Andrew Jackson, Reinventing the
Presidency on You Tube
•In what ways did Jackson reinvent the
presidency?
• More powerful (veto)
• Representative of all the people
• Rise of parties and allegiance to the head of
party
Alexis de Tocqueville
• Website Page 2
• Click on American Journey and
note the basics of de Tocqueville’s
travels throughout the U.S.
• Same page, click on Facts about
the Journey and Events of 1831
• Back to main page, click on
Democracy in America and note
some of the famous observations
made (Money, Revolution,
Newspapers, Speeches in
Congress)
Henry Clay of Kentucky
Daniel Webster
of Massachusetts
John C. Calhoun
of South Carolina
Martin Van Buren
of New York
John Q. Adams
of Massachusetts
The General – Andrew Jackson
Frederick Douglass’ 4th of July Speech –
Rochester, NY in 1852
• Danny Glover video on You Tube with text
Slavery and the South in Antebellum America
• Only 1 in 4 (25%) of southern families were slave owning families
• Less than 4% of southern whites were Planters owning more than
20 slaves
• Vast majority of slave owners owned a small number of slaves and
often worked side by side with their slaves
• Yet, most slaves were in the hands of the Planters
Slavery and the South in Antebellum America
• There was a class of free blacks that lived in the south, some even
owning slaves
• They had to have paper work proving their free status
• The largest group of white southerners were yeoman farmers –
small landowners without slaves – willing to die to defend the slave
system
Southern Defense of Slavery
• Biblical examples of holding slaves
• Jesus was silent on the subject
• St. Paul advised servants to obey their masters
• Blacks were inferior people; incapable of governing
themselves; would not work hard enough to sustain
themselves
Southern Defense of Slavery
• Slavery provided security for slaves
• Slavery was necessary because whites and blacks
could not live together in an equal society
Slave Population
•On the eve of the Civil War, the
South’s total population was 9 million
in which 3.5 million were slaves.
Resistance to Slavery
• Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion in South
Carolina (1822)
• David Walker’s Appeal (1829)
• Nat Turner’s rebellion in Virginia (1831)
• William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator
(1831)
Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion (1822)
•Vesey was an ex-slave
•Charleston, South Carolina
•8 min clip from Africans in
America
David Walker
• Free black man,
abolitionist
• Read David Walker link
on Website Page 2 –
basics of his biography
• Read excerpts from his
“Appeal” on Website
Page 2
NAT TURNER’S REBELLION - 1831
• Turner was a preacher-slave
• Killed 55 white men, women,
and children in Virginia
• Gave fuel to the growing
abolitionist movement and
heightened southern fear of
slave rebellion
• See 10 minute clip from Africans
in America
William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator
The Liberator - 1831
•I am aware that many object to the
severity of my language; but is there
not cause for severity? I will be as
harsh as truth, and as
uncompromising as justice. On this
subject, I do not wish to think, or to
speak, or write, with moderation.
The Liberator - 1831
• No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire
to give a moderate alarm; tell him to
moderately rescue his wife from the
hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to
gradually extricate her babe from the fire
into which it has fallen;-but urge me not
to use moderation in a cause like the
present.
The Liberator - 1831
•I am in earnest--I will not equivocate-I will not excuse--I will not retreat a
single inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD.
The apathy of the people is enough to
make every statue leap from its
pedestal, and to hasten the
resurrection of the dead.
1800-1848 Connections
• The Growth of Federal Power (Nationalism)
• The Louisiana Purchase
• The Marshall Court decisions
• Clay’s American System
• The Missouri Compromise line restricting the
expansion of slavery
• Increasing tariff rates passed by Congress
• Jackson's stance on Nullification
1800-1848 Connections
• Opposition to the Growth of Federal Power
(States’ Rights and Regional Loyalty)
• New England’s opposition to the Embargo Act
• The Hartford Convention during the War of
1812
• South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariff of
Abominations (1828)
• Jackson on internal improvements
1800-1848 Connections
• The Emergence of a National Market economy
• Transportation Revolution including the Erie Canal connecting the
east coast to the interior of the country
• Westward migration and Indian removal
• Clay’s American System
• Entrepreneurship – business men seeking profit
• Technological improvements
• Textile machinery
• Steam engines
• Interchangeable parts
• Telegraph
• Agricultural machinery
1800-1848 Connections
• Social Reform movements characterize the Age of
Jackson (1830’s and 40’s)
• Triggered by the 2nd Great Awakening
• Abolitionism, Women’s Rights, Prison Reform, Public
Schools, Temperance (reduce alcohol consumption)
• The Seneca Falls Convention – “we hold these truths
to be self-evident, that all men AND women are
created equal”
1800-1848 Connections
•A distinctive American culture emerges
that blends the old and new worlds
• Hudson River school of art (natural landscapes)
• Romanticism and Transcendentalism in Literature
• The Scarlet Letter – Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Walden – Henry David Thoreau
• Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow –
Washington Irving
The Hudson River School (Style) of Art
The Second Party System
• Democrats (Supporters of Jackson) vs. Whigs (Supporters
of Clay and JQA)
• Democratic Presidents
• Jackson (1829-1837)
• Van Buren (1837-1841)
• Polk (1845-1849)
• Whig Presidents
• Harrison (1841)
• Tyler (1841-1845)
DEMOCRATS (Jacksonians)
Advocated weak government, especially
federal government
Opposed government action in general.
Opposed government spending.
WHIGS
Advocated strong government, especially federal
government
Government should actively promote economic and
social goals. Favored government spending, especially
on transportation
Opposed tariffs
Supported tariffs
Skeptical about moral legislation, e.g., banning Tended to favor morals legislation, e.g. banning alcohol
alcohol and Sunday work
and Sunday work
Supported by: Those threatened by the market
economy, e.g. , semi subsistence farmers
Many Southerners and Southern descendants in
Northern states.
City workers.
Catholic immigrants from Ireland and
Germany
Supported by: Those benefiting from the market
economy
New Englanders and their descendants.
Other Northern-stock Protestants.
After 1854 continued in: Democrats
After 1854 continued in: Republicans
The Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions
•Published at the Seneca Falls
Convention in 1848
•Public Reading in class
•Crash Course video on You Tube:
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Women in the 19 Century