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Is a market in which financial assets such as stocks and bonds are traded.
They facilitate the flow of funds, allowing financing and investing.
Financial markets transfer funds from those who have excess funds to those who need funds

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Participants of the market:
◦ Households
◦ Firms
◦ Government agencies
The ones providing funds to financial markets are called Surplus Units-
(households)
Participants who use financial markets to obtain funds are called Deficit Units

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Security:
A certificate that represents a claim on the issuer.
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How do deficit units work:
◦ They issue (sell) securities to surplus units IN order to obtain funds

Primary versus secondary markets
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New securities are issued in primary markets,
 while existing securities are traded in secondary markets.
– Facilitate the Trading of Existing Securities
– Provide Liquidity
– Continuous Information
– Makes it easy for firms to raise Funds

Money versus Capital Markets
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Financial markets that facilitate the flow of short-term funds (with maturities less than one year) are known as money
markets,
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While those that facilitate the flow of long-term funds are known as capital markets.

Organized versus Over-the-Counter
Markets
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Some secondary stock market transactions occur at an organized exchange, which is a visible market place for secondary market transactions.
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Over the counter market is a telecommunication network for market transactions

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Equity securities represent ownership in business.
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Debt securities represent IOU’S, investors who purchase these securities are creditors.
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While equity securities typically have no maturity, debt securities have maturities ranging from one day top twenty years or longer.

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Money market securities:
◦ Are debt securities that have a maturity of one year or less.
◦ Have a high degree of liquidity,
◦ Low expected return.

MONEY MARKET
SECURITITES
TRESURY BILLS
CERTIFICATE OF
DEPOSITS
ISSUED BY INVESTORS MATURITIES
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
HOUSEHOLDS, FIRM,
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
ONE YEAR OR LESS
BANKS AND SAVING
INSTITUTIONS
HOUSEHOLDS 7DAYS-5 YEARS OR
LONGER
SECONDARY
MARKET
TRADING
HIGH
NONEXISTENT
NEGOTIABLE CD’S BANKS AND SAVING
INSTITUTIONS
FIRMS 2 WEEKS- 1 YEAR MODERATE
COMMERCIAL PAPER BANK HOLDING
COMPANIES,
FINANCING
COMPANIES
EURODOLLAR
DEPOSITS
BANKER’S
ACCEPTANCES
FEDERAL FUNDS
BANKS LOCATED
OUTSIDE US
BANKS
REPURCHASE
AGREEMENTS
DEPOSITORY
INSTITUTIONS
FIRMS AND
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
FIRMS
FIRMS AND
GOVERNMENTS
FIRMS
DEPOSITORY
INSTITUTIONS
FIRMS AND
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
1 DAY- 270 DAYS
1 DAY- 1 YEAR
1 DAY- 7 DAYS
1 DAY- 15 DAYS
LOW
NON EXISTENT
30 DAYS- 270 DAYS HIGH
NON EXISTENT
NON EXISTENT

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Securities with a maturity of more than one year.
◦ Bonds and mortgages: are long term debt obligations issued by corporations and government.
◦ Mortgages are debt obligations to finance real estate
◦ Stocks represent partial ownership in the firms that issue them, they have no maturity and serve as longterm source of funds.

CAPITAL
MARKET
SECURITITES
TRESURY NOTES
AND BONDS
MUNICIPAL
BONDS
CORPORATE
BONDS
MORTGAGES
EQUITY
SECURITIES
ISSUED BY INVESTORS MATURITIES
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
STATE AND LOCAL
GEVERNMENT
FIRMS
INDIVIDUAL AND
FIRMS
FIRMS
HOUSEHOLDS,
FIRM, FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
HOUSEHOLD AND
FIRMS
HOUSEHOLD AND
FIRMS
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
HOUSEHOLDS
AND FIRMS
3-30 YEARS
10-30 YEARS
10-30 YEARS
10-30 YEARS
NO MATURITY
SECONDARY
MARKET
TRADING
HIGH
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
HIGH

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Even if markets are efficient, this does not imply that individual or institutional investors should ignore the various investment instruments available.
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Investors normally intend to balance the objective of high return with their particular preference for low default risk and adequate liquidity.
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As time passes, new information about economic conditions and corporate performance becomes available.
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Announcements that do not contain any new valuable information will not elicit a market response.

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Financial institutions are required to resolve the problems caused by market imperfections
They match up buyers and sellers of securities, breakdown securities to the desired size of an investor.

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Depository institutions are the major type of financial intermediary which accept deposits from surplus units and provide credit to deficit units

1. Commercial Banks:
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They serve surplus units by offering a wide variety of deposit accounts, and they transfer deposited funds to deficit units by providing direct loans or purchasing securities.
2. Saving Institutions:
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Like commercial Banks, savings and loan associations offer deposit accounts to surplus units and then channel these deposits to deficit units.
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S&L’s have concentrated on residential mortgage loans, while commercial banks have concentrated on commercial loans.
Saving Banks are similar to savings and loan associations, except that they have more diversified uses of funds.

3. Credit Unions:
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Credit unions differ from commercial banks and savings institutions in that:
They are non-profit
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They restrict their business to the credit union members, who share a common bond.

1. Finance Companies:
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Most finance companies obtain funds by issuing securities, then lend the funds to individuals and small businesses.
2. Mutual Funds:
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Mutual Funds sell shares to surplus units and use the funds received to purchase a portfolio of securities.
By purchasing shares of mutual funds and money market mutual funds, small savers are able to invest in a diversified portfolio of securities with a relatively small amount of funds.

3. Securities Firms:
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Some securities Firms use their information resources to act as a broker, executing securities transactions between two parties. The fee is reflected in the difference between their bid and ask quotes.
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Furthermore, securities firms often act as dealers, making a market in specific securities by adjusting their inventory of securities.
4. Pension Funds:
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Many corporations and government agencies offer pension plans to their employees in which funds are periodically contributed by the employees, their employees or both.

5. Insurance Companies:
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Insurance companies receive premiums in exchange for insurance policies payable upon death, illness, or accidents and use the funds to purchase a variety of securities.

Individual surplus units
Depository institutions
Finance companies
Mutual funds
Policyholders
Insurance companies
Employers and employees
Employee contributions
Mutual funds
Deficit units

Exposure of Financial Institutions to Risk
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Bonds and mortgages are subject to interest rate risk, whereby prices of existing bonds or mortgages decline in response to an increase in interest rates.
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Stocks are subject to market risk, whereby the stock market experiences lower prices in response to adverse economic conditions or pessimistic expectations of investors.
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All types of securities dominated in foreign currencies are subject to exchange rate risk, in which the currencies dominating the securities depreciate against the investor’s home currency.