Subpart I - Tools - Hand and Power
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1926.300 General Requirements
(a) Condition of tools
All hand and power tools and similar
equipment, whether furnished by the employer
or the employee, shall be maintained in a safe
condition.
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(b) Guarding
(b)(1)
When power operated tools are designed to
accommodate guards, they shall be equipped with
such guards when in use
(b)(2)
Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums,
fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating or
moving parts of equipment shall be guarded if such
parts are exposed to contact by employees or otherwise
create a hazard. Guarding shall meet the requirements
as set forth in American National Standards Institute,
B15.1-1953 (R1958), Safety Code for Mechanical PowerTransmission Apparatus
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(b)(3)
"Types of guarding." One or more methods of
machine guarding shall be provided to protect
the operator and other employees in the
machine area from hazards such as those
created by point of operation, ingoing nip
points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.
Examples of guarding methods are - barrier
guards, two-hand tripping devices, electronic
safety devices, etc.
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(b)(4)
"Point of operation guarding"
(b)(4)(i)
Point of operation is the area on a machine where work is
actually performed upon the material being processed
(b)(4)(ii)
The point of operation of machines whose operation exposes
an employee to injury, shall be guarded. The guarding
device shall be in conformity with any appropriate
standards therefore, or, in the absence of applicable specific
standards, shall be so designed and constructed as to
prevent the operator from having any part of his body in the
danger zone during the operating cycle
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(b)(4)(iii)
Special hand tools for placing and removing
material shall be such as to permit easy
handling of material without the operator
placing a hand in the danger zone. Such tools
shall not be in lieu of other guarding required
by this section, but can only be used to
supplement protection provided.
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(b)(4)(iv)
The following are some of the machines which
usually require point of operation guarding:
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(b)(4)(iv)(a)
 Guillotine cutters
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(b)(4)(iv)(b)
 Shears
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(b)(4)(iv)(c)
 Alligator shears
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(b)(4)(iv)(d)
 Powered presses
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(b)(4)(iv)(e)
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(b)(4)(iv)(f)
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Jointers
(b)(4)(iv)(h)
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Power saws
(b)(4)(iv)(g)
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Milling machines
Portable power tools
(b)(4)(iv)(i)
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Forming rolls and calenders
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(b)(5)
-"Exposure of blades." When the periphery of
the blades of a fan is less than 7 feet (2.128 m)
above the floor or working level, the blades
shall be guarded. The guard shall have
openings no larger than 1/2 inch (1.27 cm)
(b)(6)
-"Anchoring fixed machinery." Machines
designed for a fixed location shall be securely
anchored to prevent walking or moving
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(b)(7)
"Guarding of abrasive wheel machinery - exposure
adjustment." Safety guards of the types described in
paragraphs (b)(8) and (9) of this section, where the
operator stands in front of the opening, shall be
constructed so that the peripheral protecting member
can be adjusted to the constantly decreasing diameter
of the wheel. The maximum angular exposure above
the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle as specified
in paragraphs (b)(8) and (9) of this section shall never
be exceeded, and the distance between the wheel
periphery and the adjustable tongue or the end of the
peripheral member at the top shall never exceed 1/4
inch (0.635 cm)
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(b)(8)
Bench and floor stands. The angular exposure of
the grinding wheel periphery and sides for safety
guards used on machines known as bench and
floor stands should not exceed 90 deg. or onefourth of the periphery. This exposure shall begin
at a point not more than 65 deg. above the
horizontal plane of the wheel spindle
Whenever the nature of the work requires contact
with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the
spindle, the exposure shall not exceed 125 deg.
(b)(9)
Cylindrical grinders. The
maximum angular exposure of the
grinding wheel periphery and sides
for safety guards used on
cylindrical grinding machines shall
not exceed 180 deg.. This exposure
shall begin at a point not more than
65 deg. above the horizontal plane
of the wheel spindle
(c) Personal
protective
equipment
Employees using hand and power
tools and exposed to the hazard of
falling, flying, abrasive, and
splashing objects, or exposed to
harmful dusts, fumes, mists,
vapors, or gases shall be provided
with the particular personal
protective equipment necessary to
protect them from the hazard. All
personal protective equipment
shall meet the requirements and be
maintained according to Subparts
D and E of this part
(d) Switches
(d)(1)
All hand-held powered platen
sanders, grinders with wheels 2-inch
diameter or less, routers, planers,
laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears,
scroll saws, and jigsaws with blade
shanks one-fourth of an inch wide or
less may be equipped with only a
positive "on-off" control
(d)(2)
All hand-held powered drills, tappers,
fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical,
and angle grinders with wheels
greater than 2 inches in diameter, disc
sanders, belt sanders, reciprocating
saws, saber saws, and other similar
operating powered tools shall be
equipped with a momentary contact
"on-off" control and may have a lockon control provided that turnoff can
be accomplished by a single motion of
the same finger or fingers that turn it
on
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(d)(3)
All other hand-held powered tools, such as circular saws,
chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory
holding means, shall be equipped with a constant pressure
switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is
released
(d)(4)
The requirements of this paragraph shall become effective
on July 15, 1972
(d)(5)
Exception: This paragraph does not apply to concrete
vibrators, concrete breakers, powered tampers, jack
hammers, rock drills, and similar hand operated power
tools
[58 FR 35175, June 30, 1993; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996]
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(a)
Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe
hand tools
(b)
Wrenches, including adjustable, pipe, end, and socket
wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung to
the point that slippage occurs
(c)
Impact tools, such as drift pins, wedges, and chisels,
shall be kept free of mushroomed heads
(d)
The wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of
splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool
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(a) Electric power-operated tools
(a)(1)
Electric power operated tools shall either be of
the approved double-insulated type or
grounded in accordance with Subpart K of this
part
(a)(2)
The use of electric cords for hoisting or
lowering tools shall not be permitted
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(b)(1)
Pneumatic power tools shall be secured to the hose or whip
by some positive means to prevent the tool from becoming
accidentally disconnected
(b)(2)
Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed and
maintained on pneumatic impact (percussion) tools to
prevent attachments from being accidentally expelled
(b)(3)
All pneumatically driven nailers, staplers, and other similar
equipment provided with automatic fastener feed, which
operate at more than 100 p.s.i. pressure at the tool shall have
a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from
ejecting fasteners, unless the muzzle is in contact with the
work surface
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(b)(4)
Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except
where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and then only with effective
chip guarding and personal protective equipment which meets the
requirements of Subpart E of this part. The 30 p.s.i. requirement
does not apply for concrete form, mill scale and similar cleaning
purposes
(b)(5)
The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for hoses, pipes,
valves, filters, and other fittings shall not be exceeded
(b)(6)
The use of hoses for hoisting or lowering tools shall not be
permitted
(b)(7)
All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch inside diameter shall have a safety
device at the source of supply or branch line to reduce pressure in
case of hose failure
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(b)(8)
Airless spray guns of the type which atomize paints and fluids at
high pressures (1,000 pounds or more per square inch) shall be
equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices which
will prevent pulling of the trigger to prevent release of the paint or
fluid until the safety device is manually released
(b)(9)
In lieu of the above, a diffuser nut which will prevent high
pressure, high velocity release, while the nozzle tip is removed,
plus a nozzle tip guard which will prevent the tip from coming
into contact with the operator, or other equivalent protection, shall
be provided
(b)(10)
"Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles." The blast cleaning nozzles shall
be equipped with an operating valve which must be held open
manually. A support shall be provided on which the nozzle may
be mounted when it is not in use
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(c)(1)
All fuel powered tools shall be stopped while
being refueled, serviced, or maintained, and
fuel shall be transported, handled, and stored
in accordance with Subpart F of this part
(c)(2)
When fuel powered tools are used in enclosed
spaces, the applicable requirements for
concentrations of toxic gases and use of
personal protective equipment, as outlined in
Subparts D and E of this part, shall apply
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(d)(1)
The fluid used in hydraulic powered tools shall be
fire-resistant fluids approved under Schedule 30 of
the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the
Interior, and shall retain its operating
characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to
which it will be exposed
(d)(2)
The manufacturer’s safe operating pressures for
hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and other fittings shall
not be exceeded
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(e)(1)
Only employees who have been trained in the operation of the
particular tool in use shall be allowed to operate a powderactuated tool
(e)(2)
The tool shall be tested each day before loading to see that safety
devices are in proper working condition. The method of testing
shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended
procedure
(e)(3)
Any tool found not in proper working order, or that develops a
defect during use, shall be immediately removed from service and
not used until properly repaired
(e)(4)
Personal protective equipment shall be in accordance with
Subpart E of this part
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(e)(5)
Tools shall not be loaded until just prior to the intended firing
time. Neither loaded nor empty tools are to be pointed at any
employees. Hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end
(e)(6)
Loaded tools shall not be left unattended
(e)(7)
Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle materials
including, but not limited to, cast iron, glazed tile, surfacehardened steel, glass block, live rock, face brick, or hollow tile
(e)(8)
Driving into materials easily penetrated shall be avoided unless
such materials are backed by a substance that will prevent the pin
or fastener from passing completely through and creating a flying
missile hazard on the other side
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(e)(9)
No fastener shall be driven into a spalled area caused by an
unsatisfactory fastening
(e)(10)
Tools shall not be used in an explosive or flammable
atmosphere
(e)(11)
All tools shall be used with the correct shield, guard, or
attachment recommended by the manufacturer
(e)(12)
Powder-actuated tools used by employees shall meet all
other applicable requirements of American National
Standards Institute, A10.3- 1970, Safety Requirements for
Explosive-Actuated Fastening Tools
[53 FR 36009, Sept. 16, 1988; 58 FR 35175, June 30, 1993]
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(a) Power
All grinding machines shall be supplied with
sufficient power to maintain the spindle speed at
safe levels under all conditions of normal
operation.
(b) Guarding
(b)(1)
Grinding machines shall be equipped with safety
guards in conformance with the requirements of
American National Standards Institute, B7.1-1970,
Safety Code for the Use, Care and Protection of
Abrasive Wheels, and paragraph (d) of this section.
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(b)(2)
"Guarding design." The safety guard shall cover the spindle end,
nut, and flange projections. The safety guard shall be mounted so
as to maintain proper alignment with the wheel, and the strength
of the fastenings shall exceed the strength of the guard, except:
(b)(2)(i)
Safety guards on all operations where the work provides a
suitable measure of protection to the operator, may be so
constructed that the spindle end, nut, and outer flange are
exposed; and where the nature of the work is such as to entirely
cover the side of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may be
omitted and
(b)(2)(ii)
The spindle end, nut, and outer flange may be exposed on
machines designed as portable saws
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(c) Use of abrasive wheels
(c)(1)
Floor stand and bench mounted abrasive wheels, used for external
grinding, shall be provided with safety guards (protection hoods).
The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery
and sides shall be not more than 90 deg, except that when work
requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the
spindle, the angular exposure shall not exceed 125 deg. In either
case, the exposure shall begin not more than 65 deg. above the
horizontal plane of the spindle. Safety guards shall be strong
enough to withstand the effect of a bursting wheel.
(c)(2)
Floor and bench-mounted grinders shall be provided with work
rests which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Such
work rests shall be kept at a distance not to exceed one-eighth inch
from the surface of the wheel.
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(c)(3)
Cup type wheels used for external grinding shall be protected by
either a revolving cup guard or a band type guard in accordance
with the provisions of the American National Standards Institute,
B7.1-1970 Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of
Abrasive Wheels. All other portable abrasive wheels used for
external grinding, shall be provided with safety guards
(protection hoods) meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(5) of
this section, except as follows:
(c)(3)(i)
When the work location makes it impossible, a wheel equipped
with safety flanges, as described in paragraph (c)(6) of this section,
shall be used
(c)(3)(ii)
When wheels 2 inches or less in diameter which are securely
mounted on the end of a steel mandrel are used
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(c)(4)
Portable abrasive wheels used for internal grinding
shall be provided with safety flanges (protection
flanges) meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(6)
of this section, except as follows:
(c)(4)(i)
When wheels 2 inches or less in diameter which are
securely mounted on the end of a steel mandrel are
used
(c)(4)(ii)
If the wheel is entirely within the work being ground
while in use
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(c)(5)
When safety guards are required, they shall be so mounted as to
maintain proper alignment with the wheel, and the guard and its
fastenings shall be of sufficient strength to retain fragments of the
wheel in case of accidental breakage. The maximum angular
exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides shall not
exceed 180 deg
(c)(6)
When safety flanges are required, they shall be used only with
wheels designed to fit the flanges. Only safety flanges, of a type
and design and properly assembled so as to ensure that the pieces
of the wheel will be retained in case of accidental breakage, shall
be used
(c)(7)
All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring-tested
before mounting to ensure that they are free from cracks or defects
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(c)(8)
Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle and
shall not be forced on. The spindle nut shall be
tightened only enough to hold the wheel in place
(c)(9)
All employees using abrasive wheels shall be
protected by eye protection equipment in
accordance with the requirements of Subpart E of
this part, except when adequate eye protection is
afforded by eye shields which are permanently
attached to the bench or floor stand
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(d) Guarding
All portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with
guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper guard
shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the
minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel
cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth,
except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction
and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the
work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to
the covering position
(e) Personal protective equipment
All personal protective equipment provided for use shall conform
to Subpart E of this part
(f) Other requirements
All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet other applicable
requirements of American National Standards Institute, 01.1-1961,
Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery
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(g) "Radial saws.“
(g)(1)
The upper hood shall completely enclose the upper portion of the
blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor.
The upper hood shall be constructed in such a manner and of such
material that it will protect the operator from flying splinters,
broken saw teeth, etc., and will deflect sawdust away from the
operator. The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade shall
be guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device that will
automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain
in contact with stock being cut to give maximum protection
possible for the operation being performed.
(h) "Hand-fed crosscut table saws"
(h)(1)
Each circular crosscut table saw shall be guarded by a hood which
shall meet all the requirements of paragraph (i)(1) of this section
for hoods for circular ripsaws
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(i) "Hand-fed ripsaws"
(i)(1)
Each circular hand-fed ripsaw shall be guarded by a hood which shall
completely enclose the portion of the saw above the table and that portion
of the saw above the material being cut. The hood and mounting shall be
arranged so that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness
of and remain in contact with the material being cut but it shall not offer
any considerable resistance to insertion of material to saw or to passage of
the material being sawed. The hood shall be made of adequate strength to
resist blows and strains incidental to reasonable operation, adjusting, and
handling, and shall be so designed as to protect the operator from flying
splinters and broken saw teeth. It shall be made of material that is soft
enough so that it will be unlikely cause tooth breakage. the hood shall be
so mounted as to insure that its operation will be positive, reliable, and in
true alignment with the saw; and the mounting shall be adequate in
strength to resist any reasonable side thrust or other force tending to
throw it out of line.
[58 FR 35175, June 30, 1993; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996]
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(a) General requirements
(a)(1)
The manufacturer’s rated capacity shall be
legibly marked on all jacks and shall not be
exceeded
(a)(2)
All jacks shall have a positive stop to prevent
overtravel
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(c) Blocking
When it is necessary to provide a firm
foundation, the base of the jack shall be
blocked or cribbed. Where there is a possibility
of slippage of the metal cap of the jack, a wood
block shall be placed between the cap and the
load.
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(d)
(d)(1)
"Operation and maintenance"
(d)(1)(i)
After the load has been raised, it shall be cribbed,
blocked, or otherwise secured at once
(d)(1)(ii)
Hydraulic jacks exposed to freezing temperatures shall
be supplied with an adequate antifreeze liquid
(d)(1)(iii)
All jacks shall be properly lubricated at regular
intervals
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(d)(1)(iv)
Each jack shall be thoroughly inspected at times which
depend upon the service conditions. Inspections shall
be not less frequent than the following:
(d)(1)(iv)(a)
For constant or intermittent use at one locality, once
every 6 months
(d)(1)(iv)(b)
For jacks sent out of shop for special work, when sent
out and when returned
(d)(1)(iv)(c)
For a jack subjected to abnormal load or shock,
immediately before and immediately thereafter
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(d)(1)(v)
Repair or replacement parts shall be examined
for possible defects
(d)(1)(vi)
Jacks which are out of order shall be tagged
accordingly, and shall not be used until repairs
are made
[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6,
1979; 55 FR 42328, Oct. 18, 1990; 58 FR 35176,
June 30, 1993]
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(a) "General requirements –
(a)(1)
"Application." This section applies to compressed air
receivers, and other equipment used in providing and
utilizing compressed air for performing operations
such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting, and chipping. On
the other hand, however, this section does not deal
with the special problems created by using compressed
air to convey materials nor the problems created when
men work in compressed air as in tunnels and caissons.
This section is not intended to apply to compressed air
machinery and equipment used on transportation
vehicles such as steam railroad cars, electric railway
cars, and automotive equipment.
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(a)(2)
"New and existing equipment"
(a)(2)(i)
All new air receivers installed after the effective
date of these regulations shall be constructed in
accordance with the 1968 edition of the A.S.M.E.
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII
(a)(2)(ii)
All safety valves used shall be constructed,
installed and maintained in accordance with the
A.S.M.E. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII Edition 1968
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(b)(1)
"Installation." Air
receivers shall be so
installed that all drains,
handholes, and manholes
therein are easily
accessible. Under no
circumstances shall an air
receiver be buried
underground or located in
an inaccessible place
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(b)(2)
"Drains and traps." A drain pipe and
valve shall be installed at the lowest
point of every air receiver to provide
for the removal of accumulated oil and
water. Adequate automatic traps may
be installed in addition to drain valves.
The drain valve on the air receiver
shall
be opened and the receiver completely
drained frequently and at such
intervals as to prevent the
accumulation of excessive amounts of
liquid in the receiver.
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(b)(3)(i)
Every air receiver shall be
equipped with an indicating
pressure gage (so located as to
be readily visible) and with
one or more springloaded
safety valves. The total
relieving capacity of such
safety valves shall be such as
to prevent pressure in the
receiver from exceeding the
maximum allowable working
pressure of the receiver by
more than 10 percent
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(b)(3)(ii)
No valve of any type
shall be placed between
the air receiver and its
safety valve or valves
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(b)(3)(iii)
Safety appliances, such as
safety valves, indicating
devices and controlling
devices, shall be
constructed, located, and
installed so that they
cannot be readily
rendered inoperative by
any means, including the
elements
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(b)(3)(iv)
All safety valves shall
be tested frequently and
at regular intervals to
determine whether they
are in good operating
condition
[58 FR 35176, June 30,
1993]
(A) "GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS"
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(a)(1)
This section covers all
types and shapes of
power-transmission belts,
except the following when
operating at two hundred
and fifty (250) feet per
minute or less:
(a)(1)(i)
Flat belts 1 inch (2.54 cm)
or less in width
(A) "GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS"
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(a)(1)(ii)
flat belts 2 inches (5.08
cm) or less in width
which are free from
metal lacings or
fasteners
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(a)(1)(iii)
round belts 1/2 inch
(1.27 cm) or less in
diameter; and
(a)(1)(iv)
single strand V-belts,
the width of which is
thirteen thirty-seconds
(13/32) inches or less
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(a)(2)
Vertical and inclined belts
(paragraphs (e)(3) and (4)
of this section) if not more
than 2 1/2 inches (6.35
cm) wide and running at a
speed of less than one
thousand (1,000) feet per
minute, and if free from
metal lacings or fastening
may be guarded with a
nip-point belt and pulley
guard
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(a)(3)
For the Textile Industry,
because of the presence of
excessive deposits of lint,
which constitute a serious
fire hazard, the sides and
face sections only of nippoint belt and pulley guards
are required, provided the
guard shall extend at least 6
inches (15.24 cm) beyond the
rim of the pulley on the inrunning
and off-running sides of the
belt and at least 2 inches (5.08
cm) away from the rim and
face of the pulley in all other
directions.
 (a)(4)
 This section covers the
principal features with
which power transmission
safeguards shall comply.
(B) "PRIME-MOVER
GUARDS" 
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(b)(1)
"Flywheels." Flywheels
located so that any part is 7
feet (2.128 m) or less above
floor or platform shall be
guarded in accordance with
the requirements of this
subparagraph:
(b)(1)(i)
With an enclosure of sheet,
perforated, or expanded
metal, or woven wire




(b)(1)(ii)
With guard rails placed not less
than 15 inches (38.1 cm) nor more
than 20 inches (50.8 cm) from rim.
When flywheel extends into pit or
is within 12 inches (30.48 cm) of
floor, a standard toeboard shall
also be provided
(b)(1)(iii)
When the upper rim of flywheel
protrudes through a working
floor, it shall be entirely enclosed
or surrounded by a guardrail and
toeboard


(b)(1)(iv)
For flywheels with smooth rims 5 feet (1.52
m) or less in diameter, where the preceding
methods cannot be applied, the following
may be used: A disk attached to the flywheel
in such manner as to cover the spokes of the
wheel on the exposed side and present a
smooth surface and edge, at the same time
providing means for periodic inspection. An
open space, not exceeding 4 inches (10.16
cm) in width, may be left between the
outside edge of the disk and the rim of the
wheel if desired, to facilitate turning the
wheel over. Where a disk is used, the keys or
other dangerous projections not covered by
disk shall be cut off or covered. This
subdivision does not apply to flywheel with
solid web centers.


(b)(1)(v)
Adjustable guard to be
used for starting engine
or for running
adjustment may be
provided at the
flywheel of gas or oil
engines. A slot opening
for jack bar will be
permitted




(b)(1)(vi)
Wherever flywheels are above
working areas, guards shall be
installed having sufficient
strength to hold the weight of the
flywheel in the event of a shaft or
wheel mounting failure
(b)(2)
"Cranks and connecting rods."
Cranks and connecting rods,
when exposed to contact, shall be
guarded in accordance with
paragraphs (m) and (n) of this
section, or by a guardrail as
described in paragraph (o)(5) of
this section


(b)(3)
"Tail rods or extension
piston rods." Tail rods or
extension piston rods shall
be guarded in accordance
with paragraphs (m) and
(o) of this section, or by a
guardrail on sides and
end, with a clearance of
not less than 15 (38.1 cm)
nor more than 20 inches
(50.8 cm) when rod is fully
extended
(C) "SHAFTING" 



(c)(1)
"Installation"
(c)(1)(i)
Each continuous line of
shafting shall be
secured in position
against excessive
endwise movement


(c)(1)(ii)
Inclined and vertical
shafts, particularly
inclined, shall be
securely held in
position against
endwise thrust




(c)(2)
"Guarding horizontal shafting."
(c)(2)(i)
All exposed parts of horizontal
shafting 7 feet (2.128 m) or less
from floor or working platform,
excepting runways used
exclusively for oiling, or running
adjustments, shall be protected by
a stationary casing enclosing
shafting completely or by a trough
enclosing sides and top or sides
and bottom of shafting as location
requires



(c)(2)(ii)
Shafting under bench machines
shall be enclosed by a stationary
casing, or by a trough at sides and
top or sides and bottom, as
location requires. The sides of the
trough shall come within at least 6
inches (15.24 cm) of the underside
of table, or if shafting is located
near floor within 6 inches (15.24
cm) of floor. In every case the
sides of trough shall extend at
least 2 inches (5.08 cm) beyond the
shafting or
protuberance




(c)(3)
"Guarding vertical and
inclined shafting." Vertical
and inclined shafting 7 feet
(2.128 m) or less from floor
or working platform,
excepting maintenance
runways, shall be enclosed
with a stationary casing in
accordance with
requirements of paragraphs
(m) and (o) of this section
(c)(4)
"Projecting shafts ends"




(c)(4)(i)
Projecting shaft ends shall
present a smooth edge
and end and shall not
project more than one-half
the diameter of the shaft
unless guarded by nonrotating caps or safety
sleeves
(c)(4)(ii)
Unused keyways shall be
filled up or covered


(c)(5)
"Power-transmission apparatus
located in basements." All
mechanical power transmission
apparatus located in basements,
towers, and rooms used
exclusively for power
transmission equipment shall be
guarded in accordance with this
section, except that the
requirements for safeguarding
belts, pulleys, and shafting need
not be complied with when the
following requirements are met:




(c)(5)(i)
The basement, tower, or
room occupied by
transmission equipment is
locked against unauthorized
entrance
(c)(5)(ii)
The vertical clearance in
passageways between the
floor and power
transmission beams, ceiling,
or any other objects, is not
less than 5 ft. 6 in. (1.672 m)


(c)(5)(iii)
The intensity of
illumination conforms
to the requirements of
ANSI A11.1-1965 (R1970)


(c)(5)(v)
The route followed by
the oiler is protected in
such manner as to
prevent accident



(d) "Pulleys"
(d)(1)
"Guarding." Pulleys, any parts of which are 7 feet
(2.128 m) or less from the floor or working
platform, shall be guarded in accordance with the
standards specified in paragraphs (m) and (o) of
this section. Pulleys serving as balance wheels
(e.g., punch presses) on which the point of contact
between belt and pulley is more than 6 ft. 6 in.
(1.976 m) from the floor or platform may be
guarded with a disk covering the spokes.




(d)(2)
"Location of pulleys"
(d)(2)(i)
Unless the distance to the nearest fixed pulley,
clutch, or hanger exceeds the width of the belt
used, a guide shall be provided to prevent the
belt from leaving the pulley on the side where
insufficient clearance exists




(d)(3)
"Broken pulleys." Pulleys with cracks, or pieces
broken out of rims, shall not be used
(d)(4)
"Pulley speeds." Pulleys intended to operate at
rim speed in excess of manufacturers normal
recommendations shall be specially designed
and carefully balanced for the speed at which
they are to operate






(e)(1)
"Horizontal belts and ropes"
(e)(1)(i)
Where both runs of horizontal belts are 7 feet (2.128 m)
or less from the floor level, the guard shall extend to at
least 15 inches (38.1 cm) above the belt or to a standard
height (see Table O-12), except that where both runs of
a horizontal belt are 42 inches (106.68 cm) or less from
the floor, the belt shall be fully enclosed
(e)(1)(ii)
In powerplants or power-development rooms, a
guardrail may be used in lieu of the guard required by
paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section




(e)(2)
"Overhead horizontal belts"
(e)(2)(i)
Overhead horizontal belts, with lower parts 7
feet (2.128 m) or less from the floor or platform,
shall be guarded on sides and bottom in
accordance with paragraph (o)(3) of this section








(e)(2)(ii)
Horizontal overhead belts more than 7 feet (2.128
m) above floor or platform shall be guarded for
their entire length under the following conditions:
(e)(2)(ii)(a)
If located over passageways or work places and
traveling 1,800 feet or more per minute
(e)(2)(ii)(b)
If center to center distance between pulleys is 10
feet (3.04 m) or more
(e)(2)(ii)(c)
If belt is 8 inches (20.32 cm) or more in width




(e)(2)(iii)
Where the upper and lower runs of horizontal
belts are so located that passage of persons
between them would be possible, the passage
shall be either:
(e)(2)(iii)(a)
Completely barred by a guardrail or other
barrier in accordance with paragraphs (m) and
(o) of this section or


(e)(2)(iii)(b)
Where passage is regarded as necessary, there
shall be a platform over the lower run guarded
on either side by a railing completely filled in
with wire mesh or other filler, or by a solid
barrier. The upper run shall be so guarded as to
prevent contact therewith either by the worker
or by objects carried by him. In power plants
only the lower run of the belt need be guarded.








(e)(2)(iv)
Overhead chain and link belt drives are governed by the
same rules as overhead horizontal belts and shall be
guarded in the same manner as belts
(e)(3)
"Vertical and inclined belts"
(e)(3)(i)
Vertical and inclined belts shall be enclosed by a guard
conforming to standards in paragraphs (m) and (o) of this
section
(e)(3)(ii)
All guards for inclined belts shall be arranged in such a
manner that a minimum clearance of 7 feet (2.128 m) is
maintained between belt and floor at any point outside of
guard






(e)(4)
"Vertical belts." Vertical belts running over a lower pulley more
than 7 feet (2.128 m) above floor or platform shall be guarded at
the bottom in the same manner as horizontal overhead belts, if
conditions are as stated in paragraphs (e)(2)(ii)(a) and (c) of this
section
(e)(5)
"Cone-pulley belts"
(e)(5)(i)
The cone belt and pulley shall be equipped with a belt shifter so
constructed as to adequately guard the nip point of the belt and
pulley. If the frame of the belt shifter does not adequately guard
the nip point of the belt and pulley, the nip point shall be further
protected by means of a vertical guard placed in front of the
pulley and extending at least to the top of the largest step of the
cone




(e)(5)(ii)
If the belt is of the endless type or laced with rawhide
laces, and a belt shifter is not desired, the belt will be
considered guarded if the nip point of the belt and
pulley is protected by a nip point guard located in
front of the cone extending at least to the top of the
largest step of the cone, and formed to show the
contour of the cone in order to give the nip point of the
belt and pulley the maximum protection
(e)(5)(iii)
If the cone is located less than 3 feet (0.912 m) from the
floor or working platform, the cone pulley and belt
shall be guarded to a height of 3 feet (0.912 m)
regardless of whether the belt is endless or laced with
rawhide






(e)(6)
"Belt tighteners"
(e)(6)(i)
Suspended counterbalanced tighteners and all
parts thereof shall be of substantial construction
and securely fastened; the bearings shall be
securely capped. Means must be provided to
prevent tightener from falling, in case the belt
breaks
(e)(6)(ii)
When suspended counterweights are used and not
guarded by location, they shall be so encased as to
prevent accident








(f)(1)
"Gears." Gears shall be guarded in accordance with one of the
following methods:
(f)(1)(i)
By a complete enclosure or
(f)(1)(ii)
By a standard guard as described in paragraph (o) of this section,
at least 7 feet (2.128 m) high extending 6 inches (15.24 cm) above
the mesh point of the gears or
(f)(1)(iii)
By a band guard covering the face of gear and having flanges
extended inward beyond the root of the teeth on the exposed side
or sides. Where any portion of the train of gears guarded by a
band guard is less than 6 feet (1.824 m) from the floor a disk guard
or a complete exposure to the height of 6 feet (1.824 m) shall be
required
(f)(2)
 "Hand-operated gears." Paragraph (f)(1) of this
section does not apply to hand- operated gears
used only to adjust machine parts and which
do not continue to move after hand power is
removed. However, the guarding of these gears
is highly recommended


(f)(3)
"Sprockets and chains." All sprocket wheels
and chains shall be enclosed unless they are
more than 7 feet (2.128 m) above the floor or
platform. Where the drive extends over other
machine or working areas, protection against
falling shall be provided. This subparagraph
does not apply to manually operated sprockets.


(f)(4)
"Openings for oiling." When frequent oiling
must be done, openings with hinged or sliding
self-closing covers shall be provided. All points
not readily accessible shall have oil feed tubes
if lubricant is to be added while machinery is in
motion

The driving point of all friction drives when
exposed to contact shall be guarded, all arm or
spoke friction drives and all web friction drives
with holes in the web shall be entirely enclosed,
and all projecting belts on friction drives where
exposed to contact shall be guarded




(h)(1)
All projecting keys, setscrews, and other projections in
revolving parts shall be removed or made flush or
guarded by metal cover. This subparagraph does not
apply to keys or setscrews within gear or sprocket
casings or other enclosures, nor to keys, setscrews, or
oilcups in hubs of pulleys less than 20 inches (50.8 cm)
in diameter where they are within the plane of the rim
of the pulley
(h)(2)
It is recommended, however, that no projecting
setscrews or oilcups be used in any revolving pulley or
part of machinery




(i)(1)
"Collars." All revolving collars, including split
collars, shall be cylindrical, and screws or bolts
used in collars shall not project beyond the largest
periphery of the collar
(i)(2)
"Couplings." Shall couplings shall be so
constructed as to present no hazard from bolts,
nuts, setscrews will, however, be permitted where
they are covered with safety sleeves or where they
are used parallel with the shafting and are
countersunk or else do not extend beyond the
flange of the coupling

All drip cups and pans shall be securely
fastened


(k)(1)
"Guards." Clutches, cutoff
couplings, or clutch
pulleys having projecting
parts, where such clutches
are located 7 feet (2.128 m)
or less above the floor or
working platform, shall be
enclosed by a stationary
guard constructed in
accordance with this
section. A "U" type guard
is permissible


(k)(2)
"Engine rooms." In engine
rooms a guardrail,
preferably with toeboard,
may be used instead of the
guard required by
paragraph (k)(1) of this
section, provided such a
room is occupied only by
engine room attendants




(l)(1)
"Belt shifters"
(l)(1)(i)
Tight and loose pulleys on
all new installations made on
or after August 31, 1971,
shall be equipped with a
permanent belt shifter
provided with mechanical
means to prevent belt from
creeping from loose to tight
pulley. It is recommended
that old installations be
changed to conform to this
rule


(l)(1)(ii)
Belt shifter and clutch
handles shall be rounded
and be located as far as
possible from danger of
accidental contact, but
within easy reach of the
operator. Where belt shifter
are not directly located over
a machine or bench, the
handles shall be cut off 6 ft. 6
in. (1.976 m) above floor
level




(l)(2)
"Belt shippers and shipper
poles." The use of belt
poles as substitutes for
mechanical shifter is not
recommended
(l)(3)
"Belt perches." Where
loose pulleys or idlers are
not practicable, belt
perches in form of
brackets, rollers, etc., shall
be used to keep idle belts
away from the shafts


(l)(4)
"Belt fasteners." Belts
which of necessity must
be shifted by hand and
belts within 7 feet (2.128
m) of the floor or working
platform which are not
guarded in accordance
with this section shall not
be fastened with metal in
any case, nor with any
other fastening which by
construction or wear will
constitute an accident
hazard






(m)(1)
Materials
(m)(1)(i)
Standard conditions shall be
secured by the use of the
following materials.
Expanded metal, perforated
or solid sheet metal, wire
mesh on a frame of angle
iron, or iron pipe securely
fastened to floor or frame of
machine
(m)(1)(ii)
All metal should be free
from burrs and sharp edges




(m)(2)
"Methods of manufacturer"
(m)(2)(i)
Expanded metal, sheet or
perforated metal, and wire
mesh shall be securely
fastened to frame


(o)(1)
Minimum
requirements." The
materials and
dimensions specified in
this paragraph shall
apply to all guards,
except horizontal
overhead belts, rope,
cable, or chain guards
more than 7 feet (2.128
m) above floor, or
platform


(o)(1)(i)(a)
All guards shall be
rigidly braced every 3
feet (0.912 m) or
fractional part of their
height to some fixed
part of machinery or
building structure.
Where guard is exposed
to contact with moving
equipment additional
strength may be
necessary




(o)(2)
"Wood guards"
(o)(2)(i)
Wood guards may be used in the woodworking
and chemical industries, in industries where the
presence of fumes or where manufacturing
conditions would cause the rapid deterioration of
metal guards; also in construction work and in
locations outdoors where extreme cold or extreme
heat make metal guards and railings undesirable.
In all other industries, wood guards shall not be
used.




(o)(3)
"Guards for horizontal overhead belts"
(o)(3)(i)
Guards for horizontal overhead belts shall run the
entire length of the belt and follow the line of the
pulley to the ceiling or be carried to the nearest
wall, thus enclosing the belt effectively. Where
belts are so located as to make it impracticable to
carry the guard to wall or ceiling, construction of
guard shall be such as to enclose completely the
top and bottom runs of belt and the face of pulleys



(o)(3)(iii)
Suitable reinforcement shall be provided for the ceiling rafters or
overhead floor beams, where such is necessary, to sustain safely the
weight and stress likely to be imposed by the guard. The interior surface
of all guards, by which is meant the surface of the guard with which a
belt will come in contact, shall be smooth and free from all projections of
any character, except where construction demands it;
protruding shallow roundhead rivets may be used. Overhead belt guards
shall be at least one quarter wider than belt which they protect, except
that this clearance need not in any case exceed 6 inches (15.24 cm) on each
side. Overhead rope drive and block and roller-chain-drive guards shall
be not less than 6 inches (15.24 cm) wider than the drive on each side. In
overhead silent chain-drive guards where the chain is held from lateral
displacement on the sprockets, the side clearances required on drives of
20 inch (50.8 cm) centers or under shall be not less than 1/4 inch (0.635
cm) from the nearest moving chain part, and on drives of over 1/2 inch
(1.27 cm) from the nearest moving chain part.






(o)(4)
"Guards for horizontal overhead rope and
chain drives." Overhead-rope and chain- drive
guard construction shall conform to the rules
for overhead-belt guard
(o)(5)
"Guardrails and toeboards"
(o)(5)(i)
Guardrail shall be 42 inches (106.68 cm) in
height, with midrail between top rail and floor





(o)(5)(ii)
Posts shall be not more than 8 feet (2.432 m) apart; they are to be
permanent and substantial, smooth, and free from protruding nails, bolts,
and splinters. If made of pipe, the post shall be 1 1/4 inches (3.175 cm)
inside diameter, or larger. If made of metal shapes or bars their section
shall be equal in strength to that of 1 1/2 (3.81 cm) by 1 1/2 (3.81 cm) by
3/16 inch angle iron. If made of wood, the posts
shall be two by four (2 X 4) inches or larger. The upper rail shall be two
by four (2 X 4) inches, or two one by four (1 X 4) strips, one at the top and
one at the side of posts. The midrail may be one by four (1 X 4) inches or
more. Where panels are fitted with expanded metal or wire mesh as
noted in Table O-12 the middle rails may be omitted. Where guard is
exposed to contact with moving equipment, additional strength may be
necessary
(o)(5)(iii)
Toeboards shall be 4 inches (10.16 cm) or more in height, of wood, metal,
or of metal grill not exceeding 1 inch (2.54 cm) mesh










(p)(1)
"General." All power-transmission equipment shall be inspected at
intervals not exceeding 60 days and be kept in good working
condition at all times
(p)(2)
"Shafting"
(p)(2)(i)
Shafting shall be kept in alignment, free from rust and excess oil
or grease
(p)(2)(ii)
Where explosives, explosive dusts, flammable vapors or
flammable liquids exist, the hazard of static sparks from shafting
shall be carefully considered
(p)(3)
"Bearings." Bearings shall be kept in alignment and properly
adjusted






(p)(4)
"Hangers." Hangers shall be inspected to make
certain that all supporting bolts and screws are
tight and that supports of hanger boxes are
adjusted properly
(p)(5)
"Pulleys"
(p)(5)(i)
Pulleys shall be kept in proper alignment to
prevent belts from running off


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