Chapter 8
Terrorism
Deep Thought
• Has terrorism increased?
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Reminders:
Ch. 8 Rdg Notes/Quiz Monday!
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Multinational States
• States with 2 or more ethnic groups with traditional of self
determination that agree to coexist peacefully.
• Examples:
• United Kingdom
• Russia
• Bad Example:
• Cyprus
Cyprus
Turks
Greeks
Multinational Russia
Terrorism
• Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a
population or coerce a government into granting its demands
• Violence considered necessary for widespread attention
• “Terror” was first applied to Maximilien Robespierre in the
French Revolution in 1794
Terrorism vs. Assassinations
• Assassination=murder of a leader in order to achieve political
aims
– 4 US presidents
– Emperor Julius Caesar
– Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Terrorism=attacks aimed at ordinary people rather than
military or political leaders
American Terrorists
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Theodore J. Kaczynski—Unabomber 1978-1995
Timothy McVeigh—OKC Bombing--1995
John Allen Muhammad and Lee Malvo—DC Snipers--2002
Eric Robert Rudolph—Atlanta 1996 Olympics Bombing
Ku Klux Klan
Terrorism in the 1990s
• 1988 Pam Am flight 103 over Scotland
• 1993 Car bomb outside World Trade Center
• 1995 Car bomb outside Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in
Oklahoma City
• 1996 Truck bomb in Dhahran Saudi Arabia outside US soldier
apartments
• 1998 US embassies bombed in Kenya and Tanzania
• 2000 USS Cole bombed at port in Aden, Yemen
September 11th, 2001
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3000 fatalities
American Airlines flight 11, WTC North Tower -93 deaths
United Airlines flight 175, WTC South Tower- 65 deaths
World Trade Center-2605 deaths
American Airlines flight 77, Pentagon- 64 deaths
Pentagon- 125 deaths
United Airlines flight 93, Shanksville, Pennsylvania- 44 deaths
World Trade Center
June, 2000
Ikonos satellite image of World Trade Center on June 30, 2000
World Trade Center Site September 15,
2001
World Trade Center, Sept. 11, 2001
World Trade Center
Topographic Map: Sept. 19, 2001
Fig. 8-14: Elevations above sea level are depicted in green; those below sea level are in red.
Osama bin Laden
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Inherited millions from his father, a Yemeni
1980s moved to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviets
1989-1991 Saudi Arabia, expelled for opposing the gov’t.
1994 expelled from Sudan, returned to Afghanistan
1996-Osama bin Laden issued a declaration of war against US,
creates Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda
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“the foundation”
20,000 members
34 countries
Cells, “sleeper cells”
Support: reconnaissance, logistical, attacks
Local franchises with country-specific issues such as Jemaah
Islamiyah in Indonesia
State Support for Terrorism
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Three increasing levels of involvement:
1. providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists
2. supplying weapons, money and intelligence
3. planning attacks using terrorists
Afghanistan
• US attacked in 2001
• Taliban sheltered al Qaeda and
Osama bin Laden
• 2011 Osama bin Laden killed by
US
Iraq
• US attacked in 2003
• US justified because claimed
Hussein had chemical WMDs
• No evidence of WMDs
• US justified because deposing a
dictator
• Little international support
Iran
• Hostility with the US since 1979
• Ayatollah seized the US embassy
1979, hostages until 1981
• US accused Iran of harboring Al
Qaeda
• Evidence that Iran was
developing nuclear weapons
program