Supernationalism
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Why Do States Cooperate
with Each Other?

Future of world’s sovereign
states challenged by
globalization

States are willingly
transferring authority to
regional organizations

Established primarily through
economic cooperation
Supranationalism

Definition

Growing trend to organize political
and economic affairs at the
international level rather than
national level

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Refer to entities in which three or
more countries form an alliance for
cultural, economic, or military
reasons.
Created so that states can
collectively reach a common goal
they may not be able to reach
independently

Issues
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If a country threatens other states,
supranational organizations may
impose sanctions

Punishments in the form of
economic and/or diplomatic limits

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Example: Iraq
Growth of Supranational alliances
challenges conceptions of state
sovereignty

Often must give up some powers

Example: European Union
 Countries were reluctant to
give up their currencies and
covert to the Euro
Political and Military Cooperation

International and regional organizations
were established primarily to prevent a
third world war in the twentieth century
and protect countries from a foreign
attack
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Some examples:
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League of Nations (post WWI)
United Nations
Warsaw Pact
NATO
ASEAN
European Union
African Union
United Nations

Created at the end of WWII
by Allies

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Three major increases

Comprised 49 states in 1945
By 2007 had 192 members

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1955: liberated European
countries
1960: 17 new countries from
Africa
1990s: 26 former communist
countries and microstates
Today more than 200 member
states

Most extensive supranational
organization ever established
United Nations

Members can vote to establish a
peace-keeping force

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UN often lacks enough troops to
maintain peace
Any one of 5 members of
permanent security council can
veto peace operations
Tries to maintain neutrality

Can request states to contribute
military forces
Plays an important part in trying
to separate warring groups in
Eastern Europe, Middle East,
and sub-Saharan Africa
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Difficult in many cases
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
Despite shortcomings represents
a forum where all states can meet
and vote on issues without
resorting to war
Regional Military Alliances

In addition to joining the United
Nations, many states joined
military regional alliances after
WWII

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Led to emergence of two
superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Era of Two Superpowers

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Both U.S. and U.S.S.R. deployed
forces into different regions of the
world
Balance of power

Roughly equal strength between
opposing alliances

Both demonstrated they would
use military power if needed

U.S.S.R.
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Hungary, Czechoslovakia
U.S.

Dominican Republic, Grenada
Panama
Military Cooperation in Europe

Post WWII most European States
joined one of two military alliances
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NATO
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Designed to maintain a bipolar balance
in Europe
Agreement between 16 states
Prevent Soviet Union from
overrunning West Germany and other
smaller countries
Expanded to include former
Communist countries
Warsaw Pact
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Military agreement among Communist
Eastern European to defend each
other
7 members in 1955
Provided Soviet Union with a buffer of
allied states between it and Germany
disbanded
Regional Organizations
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Organization on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
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Includes U.S., Canada, and Russia
Plays limited role
35 states in Western Hemisphere
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Cuba was a member, suspended 1962
Promotes social, cultural, political,
and economic links among member
states
53 Countries
Established in 2002
Replaced Organization of African
Unity (1963)
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Especially in Caucasus and Balkans
Organization of American States
(OAS)
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Forum for countries concerned
with conflicts
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Founded in 1975
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Africa Union (AU)
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56 members
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New organization has placed more
emphasis on promoting economic
integration in Africa
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Founded to seek an end to Colonialism
and apartheid in Africa
China’s involvement?
Commonwealth
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UK and 52 once British colonies
Economic and cultural cooperation
Economic Cooperation

Economic power is
becoming more important
than military power

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China, Japan and Germany
superpowers
Russia has slipped in strength
Leading superpower not US
or Russia but the EU led by
Germany
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Economic supranationalism

the integration of three of
more states for achieving
collective economic goals

Example: European Union
European Union

Formerly known as:

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Main goal is to promote development
within the member states through
economic cooperation

Became European Union in 1992
Also called Common Market
European Community

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A European parliament is elected by the
people in each of the member states
simultaneously
European Economic Community
(1958)
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Once more states joined
Established in 1958
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Included: Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
West Germany
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Designed to heal scars of WWII
Had economic, political, cultural, and
judicial integration goals
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The Euro
Might become a military alliance as well
in future
Members of EU
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Members
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Original countries
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Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands,
West Germany
1980s- 12 countries
21st century- 27 countries
New member states
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Croatia is expected to become
the 28th member state of the
EU on 1 July 2013
There are five candidate
countries: Iceland,
Macedonia, Montenegro
Serbia and Turkey.
New World Order

During Cold War, world
divided into pro-communist
and anti-communist
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Economically
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Many superpowers dominate
the market

World power was balanced in
such a bi-polar world
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Geopolitical transition has
occurred since fall of Soviet
Union
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United States
European Union
China
Militarily
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United States maintains
superpower status
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Increasingly challenged by
terrorism and other types of
warfar
WHY HAS TERRORISM
INCREASED?
Terrorism by individuals or organizations

Terrorism is the systematic use
of violence by a group in order
to intimidate a population or
coerce a government into
granting its demands

Terrorists attempt to achieve
their objectives through
organized acts that spread fear
and anxiety throughout the
population

Terrorists consider violence
necessary as a means of bringing
widespread publicity to goals
Terrorism by Individuals and
Organizations
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Term terror first used during
French Revolution 1793
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Today Terrorism used to describe
actions of groups operating
outside government
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Distinguishing terrorism from
other acts of violence sometimes
difficult
Terrorism against Americans
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1988: Pan Am Flight 103
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Lockerbie, Scotland
Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on the
ground
1993: World Trade Center
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1996: Saudi Arabia
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Car bomb
Damaged building
Killed 6, injured 1,000
1995: Oklahoma City
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1998: US Embassies
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Car bomb
Killed 168 people in Federal Building
Both Kenya and Tanzania
Bombed
Killed 190, wounded 5,000
2000: USS Cole
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Truck bomb killed 19 US Soldiers,
injured more than 100
Targeted American apartment complex
Bombed while in Yemen
Killed 17 US Servicemen
Others
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Ted Kaczynski – the unabomber
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Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others
Pan Am Flight 103
World Trade Center 1993
Oklahoma City 1995
1996 Saudi Arabia
1998: US Embassies
2000 USS Cole
September 11, 2001
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WTC and Pentagon attacked
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Over 3,000 died
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93 on American Airlines Flight 11
65 on United Airlines Flight 175
2,605 at the WTC
64 on American Airlines Flight 77
125 at the Pentagon
44 on United Airlines Flight 93
Al-Qaeda
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Responsible for most attacks in
1990s, as well as Sept.11
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Founded by Osama bin Laden
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Moved to Sudan but was
expelled for attacks against
American in 1994
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Issued a declaration of war
against US in 1996 because of US
support of Israel and supporting
Saudi Arabian monarchy
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Issued a fatwa (religious decree)
arguing the Muslims had a duty
to wage a Holy War against the
U.S.
Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s
to support fight against Soviet
Union
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Saudi billionaire
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Called the fight a jihad
Recruited Muslim militants
Returned to Saudi Arabia after
war ended, but was expelled
Al-Qaeda
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Means “foundation”
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Created in 1990 to unite
jihad fighters
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Membership around 20,000
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Located in 34 countries
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Several “cells”
Most live in ordinary society,
called sleepers
Implicated in several
bombings
Not a single unified
organization
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Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Britain,
Egypt, Jordan
Number unknown
Use religion to justify
attacks
Al-Qaeda cells
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Cells
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Spain
Kenya
Jemmah Isamiyah
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Southeast Asia
Concentrated in Indonesia
Several bombings
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Oct 12, 2002- killed 202
Aug 5, 2003- killed 12
Sept 9, 2004- killed 11
Oct 1, 2005- killed 23
State Support for
Terrorism
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Several Middle East states have
supported terrorism in recent
years by:
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Provide sanctuary for terrorists
wanted by other countries
Supply weapons, money, and
intelligence to other terrorists
Plan attacks using terrorists
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Libya
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Accused of sponsoring terrorists in
1986 bombing of Germany nightclub
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US relations poor with Libya since
1981
U.S. responded with air strikes in
Tripoli and Benghazi
Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan
Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on
UTA Flight 772
UN Sanctions followed
Libya “renounced” terrorism in 2003
Afghanistan

Civil war began in 1973 when king was
overthrown
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Removal of Taliban unleashed new
struggle for control of Afghanistan
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5 years later a bloody coup was led by
Soviet Union
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Sent in 115,000 troops into Afghanistan
in 1979 to quell the Muslim
fundamentalists rebellion
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the
Soviet-backed government fell by 1992
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Taliban gained control over most of the
country
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6 years of Taliban rule came to an end
in 2001 following US invasion
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Went after terrorists
Taliban harbored bin Laden
Taliban were able to regroup
Iraq
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Saddam became president in 1979
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Iraq is divided into 150 tribes
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Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate
in 1988
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1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds
1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait
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Led to Operation Desert Storm (U.S.
led)
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Allowed to stay in power as long as he
disabled weapons program
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U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda
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U.S. invaded in 2003
Changed to a focus on a new regime
change after no WMDs found
Most Iraqis have loyalty to tribes not
government
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Ethnic groups split into regions
Sunni vs Shiite war
Iran
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Hostile with U.S. since 1979
revolution
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The pro-US shah was overthrown
Ayatollah Khomeini proclaimed
Iran an Islamic Republic
Rewrote constitution of Iran
Today US worried about:
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Iran harboring and aiding terrorists
Building nuclear weapons
Pakistan
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Created after Partition in 1947
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War of Terror has spilled into
Pakistan
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Pakistan is multi-ethnic state
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Overwhelmingly Muslim
Taliban controls border with
Afghanistan
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Rugged, mountainous area
Hid bin Laden in Pakistan