Anatomy & Physiology
Larry Johnson, PhD
Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX
http://peer.tamu.edu
Objective
• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology
(function)
• Four Types of Tissues
• Fields of Anatomy
• Various Systems of body
Anatomy & Physiology Defined
Anatomy
The study of the structure of living things.
Physiology
The study of the function (mechanical,
physical, or biochemical function) of living things.
Anatomy - Physiology Analogy
Anatomy of a horse:
Is composed of its parts.
Physiology of the horse :
Is what the horse can
do with its anatomy.
Fields of Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross anatomy)
The study of anatomical structures that can
be seen with the naked eye.
Studies the human or animal body by
dissection.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of tiny anatomical structures that
must be viewed with a microscope.
Cytology: the study of cells
Histology: the study of the organization
of the four basic types of tissues
Introduction to HISTOLOGY
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm
CELL
Simplest animals consist of a single cell
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general
function and texture (texture = tissue)
TISSUE
ORGAN
e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelium, connective tissue
ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues;
larger functional unit
e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs
SYSTEM
e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
Four Basic Types of Tissue
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Functions of Epithelium
Covers organs
Lines viscera and
blood vessels
Secretory cells
of glands
Epithelia: Specialized for Functions
Absorption - Intestine
Secretion - Pancreas
Transport - Eye, Endothelium in vessels
Excretion - Kidney
Protection – Against
Mechanical Damage and
Dehydration
Sensory Reception –
Pain To Avoid
Injury, Taste Buds,
Olfactory, etc.
Contraction – Myoepithelium
Epithelia line air ways and
blood vessels in lungs
Small pieces of lungs from a non-smoker
and from a smoker
Connective Tissue
The HISTOLOGICAL GLUE which binds
the other tissues together to form
organs, specializations include blood,
cartilage, and bone.
Connective Tissue
Obesity
Fat cells of
connective
tissue
130 lbs
vs 300 lbs
Connective Tissue: Blood Cells
Red Cells
Carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide
from the body’s tissues.
White Cells
Transient inhabitants of the blood
Manufactured in bone marrow
Pass through the blood to
connective tissue where they
participate in defense against
biological and chemical invaders!
Platelets
Blood clotting
BLOOD - DIAGNOSTIC VALUE MOST EXAMINED
TYPES OF INFORMATION:
IDENTIFY NATURE OF DISEASE
VIRAL – T LYMPHOCYTES
BACTERIAL – NEUTROPHILS
PARASITIC – EOSINOPHILS
FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF
DISEASE
ALLOWS METHOD TO EVALUATE
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
TREATMENT
Muscular Tissue
Function
Generation of contractile force
Distinguishing Features
High concentration of contractile proteins
actin and myosin arranged either
diffusely in the cytoplasm or in regular
repeating units called sarcomeres
MUSCLE – Introduction
Contractivity is one of the fundamental properties
of protoplasm and is exhibited in varing degree by
nearly all cell types. In the cells of muscle, the
ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical
work has become highly developed. Locomotion
of multicellular animals, beating of their hearts,
and movement of their internal organs depends on
muscles of different types.
Nervous Tissue
Functions
Specialized for the
transmission, reception,
and integration of
electrical impulses
Distinguishing Features
Neurons: very large excitable cells with long
processes called axons and dendrites.
The axons make contact with other neurons or
muscle cells at a synapse where the impulses are
either electrically or chemically transmitted to other
neurons or various target cells (e.g., Muscle).
Communication:
Function of the Nervous System
Dependent upon
special signaling
properties of neuron
Long processes of
neurons (e.g., 1 meter
motor neuroaxon)
Four Basic Types of Tissue
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
EPITHELIUM
Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
MUSCULAR
TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS
TISSUE
Gross Anatomy of Four Basic
Types of Tissue
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR
TISSUE
NERVOUS
TISSUE
Gross anatomy of four basis
tissues
EPITHELIUM
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fields of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
The study of body structures as they appear on
the surface of the body.
Applied Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy
Radiological Anatomy
Kinesiology
Fields of Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
The study of the formation of
parts of the body.
Neuroanatomy
The study of gross and
microscopic structures of the
nervous system.
Integument or Skin System
Organ: 2 or more types of tissues making a larger functional unit
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin
Dermis
Beneath the epidermis
Consists of connective
tissue
Hypodermis
Lowest layer of skin
Mainly houses fat
Functions of Skin
•
•
•
•
•
Protects against injury and desiccation
Maintenance of water balance
Excretes various substances
Thermoregulation
Receives stimuli
– Temperature
– Pain
– Pressure
• Basis of recognition and yields
clues to one’s well being
• Fat metabolism in the hypodermis
Musculoskeletal System
Muscles: system of levers that aid muscle action
– Smooth Muscle
– Skeletal Muscle
– Cardiac Muscle
Bones: provide support and protection
– Long bones
– Short bones
– Flat bones
– Irregular bones
Parts of the
Musculoskeletal System
Joints
Form the junction between
two or more bones
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Attach muscles to bone
Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, large and multinucleated
cells, striated
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated and
branched cells, striated
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated,
non-striated
Functions of Muscle
Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and
Extension (open angle)
? and ?
Functions of Muscle
Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and
Extension (open angle)
Flexion and Extension
Functions of Cartilage
Flexible Support
Return to original shape
(ears, nose, and
respiratory)
Slides across each other
easily while bearing
weight (joints, articular
surfaces of bones)
Cushion – cartilage has
limited compressibility
(joints)
No nerves, so no pain
during compression
of cartilage.
Functions of Bone
Skeletal support for land animals
Protective Enclosure
Skull to protect brain
Long bone to protect hemopoietic cell
Calcium Regulation
Parathyroid hormone (bone resorption) and calcitonin
hormone (prevents resorption) are involved in tight
calcium regulation
¼ free Ca 2+ in blood is exchanged each minute
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation in the body
Function of the Immune System
Protects against foreign
invaders into body
Produces / protects the
body’s germ free
environment
Bone marrow
PROTECTION AGAINST
FOREIGN INVADERS INTO BODY
Three Key Steps of Combating
Infections
reak the cycle of transmission
ill the infectious agent
ncrease host resistance
e.g., increase immunity
of host
LINES OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE PHYSICAL BARRIER
– SKIN - STRATUM
CORIUM
– HCL IN STOMACH
– MUCUS IN
INTESTINES
reak the cycle
of transmission
LINES OF DEFENSE
SECOND LINE – PHAGOCYTES work on
NEUTROPHILS to
ill the infectious agent
MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGE
LINES OF DEFENSE
PHAGOCYTES at work
– NEUTROPHILS
– MACROPHAGES
ncrease host resistance
through IMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF
IMMUNITY
•ACQUIRED - requires exposure to antigens
•SPECIFICITY - response is unique to exposure
•MEMORY - remembers previous exposure
Parts of the Immune System
Lymph Nodes
Filters and traps foreign particles
Contain white blood cells
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue
Protects against bacteria
Parts of the Immune System
The Thymus
Helps with
development and
maintenance of
immunologic cells
The Spleen
Clears out old red
blood cells
Foreign Invaders in the Body
Stopping Spread of Invaders
Function of the GI Tract
Movement of Food
Secretion of Digestive Juices
Absorption of digested foods,
water, and electrolytes.
The Digestive System
Includes all the organs
involved in prehension
(process of seizing or
grasping or otherwise
getting food into the
mouth), digestion, and
absorption of food and
elimination of solid
waste materials.
Prehension
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Parts of the
Digestive System
Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Different Stomachs
Horses, dogs, cats, pigs,
and humans have a
single chambered
stomach.
Cattle have ruminant
stomachs with four
different chambers!
Digestive system of the horse
The Respiratory System
All higher animals require a mechanism to:
1. Obtain O2 from the environment
2. Get rid of CO2
Plumbing inside the body = Anatomy
Gas Exchange?
Oxygen diffuses out and
Carbon Dioxide diffuses
into the air space of the
alveolus
Diffusion: spontaneous
process of equalization of
physical states (e.g., heat
spreading in a room)
Diffuse: to spread in all
directions
Alveolus
(Air)
Capillary
(Blood)
Oxygen
CO2
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
HEART PRODUCES BLOOD
PRESSURE (SYSTOLE)
Vessels are
structurally
adapted to
physical
and metabolic
requirements.
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
ELASTIC ARTERIES - CONDUCT BLOOD
AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE DURING
DIASTOLE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
MUSCULAR ARTERIES DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN
PRESSURE
ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL
RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE
BLOOD
CAPILLARIES - EXCHANGE
NUTRIENTS AND WASTE
VENULES - COLLECT BLOOD FROM
CAPILLARIES (EDEMA)
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
VEINS - TRANSMIT BLOOD TO LARGE
VEINS RESERVOIR
LARGER VEINS - RECEIVE LYMPH AND
RETURN BLOOD TO HEART, BLOOD
RESERVOIR
VOLUME:
5-6 L = 12-13
PINTS/PERSON
Endocrine System
An information signal system!
Series of small organs that
involve the release of
hormones
Important for regulating
metabolism,
growth/development, tissue
function, and mood.
The Special Systems
The Eye (sight)
The Ear (hearing and balance)
The Tongue (taste)
The Nasal Cavity (smell)
Conclusions
• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology
(function)
• Four Types of Tissues
• Fields of Anatomy
• Various Systems of body
Questions?