Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 14
Personality
Today- Intro
Notes Tomorrow- “The
Doodle Test”
Psychology Today
Tuesday February 7th
Pig Test
Personality Test 1
Results at the end of the period
Introvert v Extrovert
Personality Test 2
Personality
Defined
• What components make up personality?
Tomorrow
Pig Test!!
A Self Assessment
VS
If you had to define yourself by
five characteristics…….
If you had to define yourself by
one characteristic…….
What is the difference between these two ?s
To Begin
 Personality:
A person’s unique pattern of
thinking, emotion, and behavior;
the consistency of who you are, have
been, and will become
In every situation, we can
usually expect the
same/similar reaction from the
same person every time
The Make-up of Personality
Temperament
Personality Traits
Personality
Personality Types
Character
Self-Concept
1. Temperament
Temperament:
Hereditary aspects of
personality, including
Sensitivity and moods
Also
• Irritability
• Distractibility
• Level of activity
2. Personality Traits
Personality Trait
Stable, enduring quality
that a person shows in
most situations
Often used to predict
behavior in future settings
Imagine if teachers and students had the
opportunity to pick classes based on matching
personality traits.
*Remember- personality traits are different from overall personality in
that traits deal with specific qualities while personality deals with overall
behavior
3. Personality Types
 Personality Type:
A combination of
several, specific traits,
used to categorize
people
A category of
personality traits that
result in the
identification of a
particular type by
society
Fig. 14.1 Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For example, several
possible personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has a Type A personality typically
possesses all or most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons are especially prone to heart disease
Personality Types and Other
Concepts
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian
disciple, believed that we are one of two personality
types:
Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is
focused inward
Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is
directed outward
4. Self- Concept
Self – Concept
All of your personal ideas,
perceptions, and feelings
about who you are.
Built out of daily
experiences, self-concepts
can greatly affect personal
adjustment to emotional
situations
5. Character
Character
Personal characteristics that have been
judged or evaluated by other members of
a society.
How other people judge us will have a profound
effect on our behavior (self-fulfilling prophecy)
What is Personality?
Personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling, and acting
four basic perspectives
Psychoanalytic
Trait
Humanistic
Social-cognitive
Pig Results
Oink Oink!
Monday
Sigmund
Freud
The Man
The Myth
Today
Psychology This Week
Happy Sigmund Freud Week!!!!!!!!
Monday
The Id, ego, and superego
Psychosexual stages of development
Wednesday
Defense Mechanisms et al….
Thursday
More Defense Mechanisms
Personality Testing
Round 3
Personality Theories: An
Overview
 Personality Theory:
System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles
proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus
on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal
conflicts and struggles
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn
what traits make up personality and
how they relate to actual behavior
Behavioristic Theories: Focus on
external environment and on effects
of conditioning and learning
Self
Social Learning Theories: Attribute
difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and
mental processes
Ideal self
Humanistic Theories: Focus on
private, subjective experience and
personal growth
Personality Theories
Understanding What Makes
You……You-According to the Professionals
PSYCHODYNAMICS
FOCUS ON THE INNER WORKINGS OF PERSONALITY,
ESPECIALLY INTERNAL CONFLICTS AND STRUGGLES
Psychoanalytic Perspective
“first comprehensive theory of personality”
University of Vienna 1873
Voracious Reader
Medical School Graduate
(1856-1939)
Specialized in Nervous
Disorders
Some patients’ disorders
had no physical cause!
The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory that
attributes our thoughts and actions to
unconscious motives and conflicts
Technique used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and interpret
unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Free Association
in psychoanalysis, a method of
exploring the unconscious
person relaxes and says whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial
or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
 Unconscious
According to Freud- a reservoir of
mostly unacceptable thoughts,
wishes, feelings and memories
Contemporary viewpointinformation processing of which we
are unaware
 Preconscious
information that is not conscious,
but is retrievable into conscious
awareness
Freud’s Theory of Personality
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Id: Innate biological instincts and urges;
self-serving & irrational
 Totally unconscious
Works on Pleasure Principle:
 Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable) satisfied
NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences
The Id, Ego, and Superego
 Superego:
 Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego
Superego comes from our parents or caregivers;
•
guilt comes from the superego
Two parts
• Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has been
punished (e.g., what we shouldn’t do or be)
• Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego; reflects behavior
one’s parents approved of or rewarded (e.g., what we should
do or be)
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Ego: Executive
 Directs id energies
 Partially conscious and partially unconscious
 Works on Reality Principle:
• Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate
Freud’s Theory of Personality
ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO
IN AMERICAN POP CULTURE
What is the function
of the Ego?
What is the function of the
Superego?
What is the function
of the Id?Table 12.2 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
1. Satisfy the Ids impulses
2. Do not offend to morals
of the Superego
Oh hey guys!
Are you ready for things to
get weird?
P.s. Did you know that I had cancer of the
mouth from smoking too many cigars?
--Maybe mother should have stopped
offering me her nipple so damn much!
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
of Development
 According to Freud, personality develops in stages; everyone goes through
same stages in same order. Majority of personality is formed before age 6
 Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing pleasure
 Identification
 the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into
their developing superegos
 Fixation
 a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies (Id) at an earlier
psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Freudian Personality
Development: Oral Stage
 1. Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infants’
pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If
a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will
develop
Physical Focus:
 Mouth
Psychological Theme:
 Dependency
 Too much (oral fixations):
lead to highly dependent and gullible personality type
Too little (frustration):
 mistrusting pessimistic, suspicious
Freudian Personality
Development: Anal Stage
 2. Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of
elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by
letting go or holding on. Ego develops. Harsh or lenient toilet
training can make a child:
Psychical Focus :
Anus (potty training)
Psychological Theme:
 Self-control/Obedience
Too Strict: Anal Retentive
Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean
Too Lenient: Anal Expulsive
Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel
Freudian Personality
Development: Phallic Stage
3. Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices
and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent
Can lead to:
 Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother’s
affection. Boy may feel threatened by father (castration anxiety). To resolve, boy
must identify with his father (i.e., become more like him and adopt his heterosexual
beliefs)
 Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her mother. Girl identifies
with her mother more slowly because she already feels castrated
Physical Focus:
Penis
Psychological Theme:
morality and sexuality
Resolved conflict:
identification with the opposite sex
Unresolved conflict
confusion and promiscuity
Freudian Personality Development:
Latency and Genital Stages
 4. Latency: Ages 6-Puberty. Psychosexual development
is dormant. Same sex friendships and play occur here
5. Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization
of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual
urges re-awaken
 Physical focus:
 genitals
 Psychological Theme:
 maturity, enhancement of life, creation of life
 Resolved conflict:
 balance of love and work
 Unresolved conflict:
 obsessed search for love
Psychology Today
Psychosexual Refresher
From stage 1- 5
What’s the dealio?
Psychosexual Evaluation
Where Freud lost his way…..
and his followers
Ego Defense Mechanisms
How to reduce anxiety
Q
U
I
Z
T
H
U
R
S
D
A
Y
1
3
2
4
5
Personality
Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage
Focus
Oral
(0-18 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
(18-36 months)
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
elimination; coping with demands for
control
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with
incestuous sexual feelings
Phallic
(3-6 years)
Latency
(6 to puberty)
Dormant sexual feelings
Genital
(puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests
Evaluation of
Psychoanalytic Theory
 Freud overemphasized sexuality and placed little
emphasis on other aspects of the child’s experience.
 Freud’s theory is largely not testable.
Particularly, the concept of the unconscious is not provable.
 According to Freud, the only way that people in
psychological distress can get relief is to undergo length
therapy, to identify unresolved conflicts from infancy and
childhood.
 Freud’s view of people is overly negative and
pessimistic.
1. Satisfy the Ids impulses
2. Do not offend to morals
of the Superego
Psychology Today
Defense Mechanism Review
Defense Mechanisms Quiz
Can use:
Notes
Handout
Your brain
The Cause of Anxiety
 Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between
superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for
immediate gratification
 Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely
control
 Neurotic- A psychological state characterized by excessive anxiety or insecurity
 Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superego
 The guilt of the conscience
 Defense mechanism:
 a process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person
from anxiety
Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts,
feelings, and memories from
consciousness
Suppression
Actively pushing anxiety provoking thoughts out of
one’s personal awareness
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Outright refusal to admit or recognize that
something has occurred or is currently
occurring.
EX: Denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is
correct and seeking a second opinion
Defense Mechanisms
Regression
 An individual retreats to a more
infantile psychosexual stage where
some psychic energy remains
fixated
Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
the ego unconsciously switches
unacceptable impulses into their
opposites
people may express feelings that are the opposite of their
anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
EX: A person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up
being particularly courteous and friendly towards them
Defense Mechanisms
Projection
 People disguise their own
threatening impulses by
attributing them to others
EX: when losing an argument, you state "You're
just Stupid;"
Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization
 Self-justifying
explanations in place of the
real, more threatening,
unconscious reasons for
one’s actions
EX: stating that you were fired
because you didn't kiss up to the boss,
when the real reason was your poor
performance
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or
aggressive impulses toward a more
acceptable or less threatening object or
person
EX: slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at
your spouse after an argument with your boss
Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation
people re- channel their unacceptable
impulses into socially approved
activities
EX: V=lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy
Defense Mechanism Word
Bank
A. Repression
E. Rationalization
B. Regression
F. Sublimation
C. Reaction
Formation
G. Projection
D. Displacement
The Cause of Anxiety
 Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between
superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for
immediate gratification
 Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely
control
 Neurotic- A psychological state characterized by excessive anxiety or insecurity
 Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superego
 The guilt of the conscience
 Defense mechanism:
 a process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person
from anxiety
Psychology Today
Unit 6 Folder Check
Notes!!!!
Personality Tests
Computer tests
Doodle Tests
Projective Tests
Freud Psychosexual Stages
Unit 6 Essential Questions
Unit 6 Crossword
Alfred Adler
1870-1937
Student and follower of Freud
Disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on the
unconscious
Disagreed on the importance of sexuality
Believed personality is governed by social
urges not biological ones
Theory of Superiority and
Compensation
Ink Blots and Hidden Plots
Projective Tests
Psychological tests that use ambiguous or
unstructured stimuli;
Person needs to describe the stimuli or make up
stories about them
Used by Psychoanalysts to “tap” into the unconscious
“Projection”
Defense mechanism used when we project how
we feel on to something else
Assessing the
Unconscious
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
1935
 Henry Murray, Christian Morgan
Harvard University Psychological Clinic
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and
interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous
scenes
Interpretation
Content of the story
Feeling or tone of the story
The behavior of the client telling the story
Assessing the
Unconscious- TAT
Assessing the
Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Swiss Psychiatrist Herman Rorschach
1921
The most widely used projective test
A set of 10 inkblots
Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their
interpretations of the blots
 Interpretation:




1) Location- Does the subject respond to the whole inkblot or specific parts of it?
2) Quality- Does the subject respond to the color, shade, or what they perceive as movement?
3) Content- Does the subject perceive animals, humans, and animate or inanimate objects?
4) Conventionality- How do the responses compare statistically with average responses?
Psychology This Week
 Monday
Neo-Freudians
 Wednesday
Trait Theory
Why Freud lost his peeps
 Tuesday
Humanism
Carl Roger
Abe Maslow- The
Hierarchy of Needs
 Thursday
Projective Personality Tests
Rorschach
TAT
 Friday
Review
Unit 6 Test- Next Tuesday March 6!!!
Psychology Today
Neo-Freudians
VS
Freud
What do you Know Already
What are 10 concepts
you can relate back to
Sigmund Freud?
15?, 20?
What You Know?
Analyzing Freud
1 Agree?
1 Disagree?
1 Like?
1 Dislike?
Neo-Freudians
What are they?
Psychologists who agreed with the basis of Freud's
psychoanalytic theory
Stressed the importance of early Childhood Development
Issues that Motivated Neo-Freudian Thinking
 Freud's emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivator
 Freud's negative view of human nature
 Freud's belief that personality is entirely shaped by early childhood
experiences
 Freud's lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on
behavior and personality
Karen Horney
1852-1952
Student & follower of Freud’s work
Accepted Freud’s belief in the unconscious
Rejected Freud’s sexist view on “male dominance”
in personality development
Freud believed that personality development of the
id and superego were reliant upon a penis and of
moral development through father
Concept of Self
Horney's Concept of the
Self
Childhood is centered around the development and balance of the
“self”
 The actual self:
 The person you are towards others
The “expected self”
 The real self:
 Who you know you really are
who you are truly (the subjective view of the actual self).
 The despised real self:
 Negative view of the self, based on the lack of love and acceptance by
others
Unconscious urges
 The ideal self:
 The perfect self you strive to be
The perfect you regardless of personal or public opinion.
Actual Self
Real Self
Ideal Self
Despised Real Self
Horney on Mean Girls?
The Despised
Real Self
The Actual
Self
The Real Self
Alfred Adler
1870-1937
Student and follower of Freud
Disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on the
unconscious
Disagreed on the importance of sexuality
Believed personality is governed by social
urges not biological ones
Theory of Superiority and
Compensation
Adler’s Theory
The Goal
Struggle to overcome
imperfections
An upward drive for
competence and
completion
A mastery of
shortcomings
Motivated by
Feelings of inferiority developed
during childhood when we are
weak and powerless
Personality Development:
Take on and create personality traits that allow us to
compensate for our limitations
This leads to a unique style of life (personality pattern)
Developed by age 5
Creative Self: Humans create their personalities through
choices and experiences
Overcompensating Self
Inferiority
Let’s Play a Game!
Have you ever noticed how just how similar
many characters from different movies are?
If you pay close attention to two
different movies from the same
genre, you can usually find very
familiar similarities between the
characters in the movie
For
Example
Here’s your Game:
Directions: For every movie genre listed below,
come up with as many similarities for most
movies in that category that you can.
For example: in every action movie there is a
hero, who at some point, is fighting with his
shirt off or with his ripped muscles showing.
Now it’s your turn…………..
Genres
Action Hero
Horror
Love story
War
Comedy
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian
Psychodynamic Theorist
•Belief in the unconscious
Student of Freud
Accepted broad aspects of
Freud’s theory but revised parts
of it
Persona’s and Archetypes
Carl Jung
3 Levels of Consciousness:
Ego:
 conscious level; carries out daily
activities;
Freud’s Conscious
Personal Unconscious:
 individual’s thoughts, memories,
wishes, impulses;
Freud’s Preconscious +
Unconscious
Collective Unconscious:
 storehouse of memories inherited from
the common ancestors of the whole
human race;
no counterpart in Freud’s theory
Ego
*Ego masked by
Persona
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
(Shared by All)
Jung’s Collective
Unconscious
Mental Storehouse for memories and images
shared by ALL humans
All humans experience (subjectively or objectively)
birth, death, power, god, mothers, fathers, animals,
evil, etc……..
A Universal idea, image, or pattern of life that cause behavioral and
emotional changes in various situations
The Persona
Ego
The public self used to mask
the ego and hides true feelings
Persona
Jung Archetypes
Anima
- The female principle
The Child
- Innocence
The Hero
- Morality and
strength
Animus
- The male principle
The Wise Old Man
- Knowledge and
wisdom
The Shadow
- All that is evil
Today
NeoFreudians
Jung
Horney
Different “self’s”
combine to create
personality
Adler
Overcompensation is
the root cause of
personality
Personality is triggered
by current situations
and archetypes from
the collective
unconscious shared by
all
Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung
(cont.)
Anima: Archetype representing female principle
Animus: Archetype representing male principle
Self Archetype: Represents unity and balance
Mandala: Circular design representing balance,
unity, and completion
Symbolized in every culture
Evaluating the
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Important within its historical context
Researchers find little support that defense
mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive
impulses
History does not support Freud’s idea that
sexual repression causes psychological
disorder
The Trait Perspective
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior
a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by
self-report inventories and peer reports
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or
agree-disagree items) on which people
respond to items designed to gauge a wide
range of feelings and behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits
The Trait Perspective
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
UNSTABLE
Hans and Sybil
Eysenck use two
primary personality
factors as axes for
EXTRAVERTED describing personality
sanguine
variation
Sociable
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active
melancholic choleric
INTROVERTED
phlegmatic
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Leadership
STABLE
The Trait Perspective
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
Trait Dimension
Description
Emotional Stability
Calm versus anxious
Secure versus insecure
Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion
Sociable versus retiring
Fun-loving versus sober
Affectionate versus reserved
Openness
Imaginative versus practical
Preference for variety versus
preference for routine
Independent versus conforming
Extraversion
Soft-hearted versus ruthless
Trusting versus suspicious
Helpful versus uncooperative
Organized versus disorganized
Careful versus careless
Disciplined versus impulsive
Conscientiousness
The Trait Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality tests
originally developed to identify emotional
disorders (still considered its most
appropriate use)
now used for many other screening
purposes
The Trait Perspective
Empirically Derived Test
a test developed by testing a pool of
items and then selecting those that
discriminate between groups
such as the MMPI
The Trait Perspective
Clinically
significant
range
Hypochondriasis 1
(concern with body symptoms)
Depression2
(pessimism, hopelessness)
After
treatment
(no scores
in the clinically
significant range
Hysteria 3
(uses symptoms to solve problems)
Psychopathic deviancy 4
(disregard for social standards)
Before
treatment
(anxious,
depressed,
and
displaying
deviant
behaviors)
Masculinity/femininity 5
(interests like those of other sex)
Paranoia 6
(delusions, suspiciousness)
Psychasthenia 7
(anxious, guilt feelings)
Schizophrenia 8
(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)
Hypomania 9
(overactive, excited, impulsive)
Social introversion 10
(shy, inhibited)
0
30
40
50
60
T-score
70
80
Minnesota
Multiphasic
Personality
Inventory
(MMPI) test
profile
Evaluating the Trait
Perspective
Situational influences on behavior are
important to consider
People can fake desirable responses on
self-report measures of personality
Averaging behavior across situations
seems to indicate that people do have
distinct personality traits
Unit 6 Folder Check
Notes!!!!
Personality Tests
Computer tests
Doodle Tests
Projective Tests
Freud Psychosexual Stages
Unit 6 Essential Questions
Unit 6 Crossword
Psychology Today
Humanism
Rogers
Maslow
Personality Theories: An
Overview
 Personality Theory:
System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles
proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus
on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal
conflicts and struggles
Social Learning Theories: Attribute
difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and
mental processes
Behavioristic Theories: Focus on
external environment and on effects
of conditioning and learning
Humanism
A Modern Day Approach to
understanding Personality
The View of a Humanist
Reject:
- Unconscious theory
-Freudian Belief that personality
is the core of a battle ground
between id and superego
- Behavior is instinctual
Accept:
-Behavior is self-driven (free
choice) anti-behaviorism
The Core
A positive image of
what it means to be a
human
-Human nature is inherently good
-anti Psychoanalytic
-Peak Experiences and Personal
Growth
What is It?
Humanism
A Approach to psychology that focuses
on human experience and growth
The person you are today is largely the
product of all the choices you’ve made
How A Humanist Explains
Behavior
Subjective Experience
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not
as it exists objectively
There are as many worlds as there are people
“In order to understand behavior, we must learn
how the person subjectively views the world”
Humanistic Perspective
 Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
“We are like an acorn, we need water, sun, and nutrients
to grow into a big oak tree”
requires three conditions:
• genuineness
• acceptance - unconditional positive regard
• empathy
 Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another
person
Genuineness
Being open with
your own feelings.
•Dropping your
facade.
•Being transparent
and self-disclosing.
Acceptance
Unconditional
Positive Regard:
An attitude of
acceptance regardless
of circumstances.
Accepting yourself or
others completely.
Empathy
Listening, sharing,
understanding and
mirroring feelings
and reflecting their
meanings.
Preschool study
Carl Rogers’ Self Theory
 Goal
To become a Fully Functioning Person
(Develop Genuineness, Acceptance, and Empathy)
Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest feelings and
impulses
 How
By Developing a Congruent Self:
Flexible and changing perception of one’s true identity
Three “Selfs”
Ideal Self
Self-image
True-self
Who we’d like to be
Who We think we are
Who we really are
Fig. 14.7 Incongruence occurs when there is a mismatch between any of these three entities: the ideal self
(the person you would like to be), your self-image (the person you think you are), and the true self (the
person you actually are). Self-esteem suffers when there is a large difference between one’s ideal self and
self-image. Anxiety and defensiveness are common when the self-image does not match the true self.
Humanistic Perspective
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves, in an answer to the question,
“Who am I?’
Self-Esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
Growth and
Fulfillment
Genuineness
Acceptance
Empathy
Congruency
“A Fully
Functioning Person
Develop a True Self Image
-Who you are
-What you are
-What you want to be
High Self Esteem and
Positive Self Regard
Unconditional
Positive Regard
“unshakable love”
Conditional Regard
Low Self-Esteem
Incongruent Self image
Selfish
Non Accepting
World View
Stunted
Growth No
Fulfillment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
Humanistic Perspective
 Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
 studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people
(e.g., Lincoln)
 Regardless of who you are, or where you’re from
we all have the same opportunity to live a rich,
creative and satisfying life
 Self-Actualization
 The psychological motivation to fulfill one’s potential
 The ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and
psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
Basic Human Needs
Needs for Survival
 Food
 Air
 Water
 Clothing
Physiological Needs
 Sex
Safety and Security
Safety Needs

Protection

Stability

Pain Avoidance

Routine/Order
Love and Belonging
Love and Belongingness

Affection

Acceptance

Inclusion
Self- Esteem
Esteem

Self-Respect

Self-Esteem

Respected by Others
Self-Actualization


Achieve full potential
Fulfillment
Summary
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belonging
Safety
Physiological
Scoring the Survey
 Below 15, room to grow!
 Unhealthy personality traits due to a lack of fulfilling physiological needs.
Work on this!
 15-29 low self-actualization
 You have a tendency to place others needs much more ahead of your own
and have a difficult time finding companionship.
 30-44 medium self-actualization
 Average level of self-actualization and getting stronger. You have a
balance between fulfilling your own needs and still caring about others.
 45-60 high self-actualization
 Healthy personality that is well adjusted and maintains a heightened level
of appreciation for yourself and the world around you.
Humanistic Perspective
Individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group
goals and defining one’s identity in terms of
personal attributes rather than group
identifications
Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group
(often one’s extended family or work group)
and defining one’s identity accordingly
Humanistic Perspective
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept
Individualism
Collectivism
Self
Independent
(identity from individual traits)
Interdependent
identity from belonging)
Life task
Discover and express one’s
uniqueness
Me--personal achievement and
fullfillment; rights and liberties
Maintain connections, fit in
Coping method
Change reality
Accommodate to reality
Morality
Defined by individuals
(self-based)
Defined by social networks
(duty-based)
Relationships
Many, often temporary or casual;
confrontation acceptable
Few, close and enduring;
harmony valued
Attributing
behaviors
Behavior reflects one’s personality
and attitudes
Behavior reflects social
and roles
What matters
We--group goals and solidarity;
social responsibilities and
relationships
Evaluating the
Humanistic Perspective
Concepts like self-actualization are vague
Emphasis on self may promote selfindulgence and lack of concern for others
Theory does not address reality of human
capacity for evil
Theory has impacted popular ideas on
child-rearing, education, management,
etc.
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Internal personal/
cognitive factors
(liking high-risk
activities)
Behavior
(learning to
bungee jump)
Environmental
factors
(bungee-jumping
friends)
Reciprocal
Determinism
the interacting
influences
between
personality and
environmental
factors
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Personal Control
our sense of controlling our
environments rather than feeling
helpless
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside
forces beyond one’s personal control
determine one’s fate
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that one controls one’s
own fate
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive
resignation an animal or human learns
when unable to avoid repeated aversive
events
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Learned Helplessness
Uncontrollable
bad events
Perceived
lack of control
Generalized
helpless behavior
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of optimal human
functioning
aims to discover and promote
conditions that enable individuals and
communities to thrive
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
Built from research on learning and
cognition
Fails to consider unconscious motives and
individual disposition
Today, cognitive-behavioral theory is
perhaps predominant psychological
approach to explaining human behavior