TIME PERIOD 2
1607-1754
SPANISH ROYAL DECREES & THE NEW
WORLD
Laws of the Indies
Law of Burgos (1512) 1st codified laws governing behavior of Spanish towards
native people in the Americas.
• Forbade mistreatment of natives
• Encouraged conversion to Christianity
• Legalized encomiendas (40-150 people) where Indians worked for colonial
masters for pay.
• Forbade punishment by encomienderos (only town officials).
• ** little of no enforcement or follow through= protests.
The New Laws (1542)- prohibited enslavement on encomiendas & gradual
abolition of the encomienda system.
• Natives are “free persons” no longer required to forced labor…only to pay
tribute.
• Wages in exchange for labor.
• Ordered encominedas (land) be turned over to the crown.
• ** caused great revolt among landowning encomienderos in the New
World.
• ** the New Laws were unsuccessful at outlawing encomiendas however; it
did free thousands of native workers.
THE SPANISH IN NORTH AMERICA
• Juan Ponce de Leon (1513) arrived in “La Florida”.
• Found @ 150,000 to 300,000 Native Americans
Spanish Conflict with Natives & other Europeans
• 1560’s- Spain expelled French Huguenots from (Jacksonville)
to north east Florida.
• 1586- Sir Francis Drake (Sea Dog)burned Spanish settlement
at St. Augustine.
Methods of Conquest
• 1500-1600’s-Spanish crown granted missionaries the right to
live among the Timucua and Guale villagers
• Spanish crown encouraged settlement through the
encomienda system until the mid to late 1600’s.
• By the 1630’s the mission system extended into the
panhandle of Fla. (Apalachee District)
THE APALACHEE INDIANS
The Apalachee Indians—one of the most powerful
tribes in Fla.
Territory- Modern day Florida-Georgia line to the Gulf
of Mexico.
• Apalachee farmers grew corn and carried surplus
crops east along the Camino Real (royal road) that
connected western Spanish mission system with St.
Augustine.
• Spanish settlers drove cattle east across the St.
John’s River and had ranches as far west as
Apalachee.
• * The Spanish had a tenuous grip on Fla.
THE SPANISH IN THE WEST
• 1598– Juan de Onate (83 wagons, 400 settlers, soldiers, &
missionaries) from Mexico went into N. Mexico.
• Battle of Acoma (1599)
• Acoma (“sky city”) was sacked by the Spanish; half of 1500
inhabitants killed. The Spanish severed a foot from every
surviving male over age 15 and enslaved the women &
children.
• 1610- Santa Fe (1st permanent European settlement in the
Southwest established).
• Few Spanish settled the area (only 3,000 by 1680’s)
• Puebloan population decreased (1600-60,000 to 17,000 by
1680).
• ** AFTER Popes Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt)—shifted to the
missions as engines of colonization.
• missions established in New Mexico , Texas, & California (21 in
all in California) by Spanish friars (Father Junipero Sera)
THE SPANISH IN TEXAS
• Province of New Spain from 1690 to 1821.
• 1690—Alonso de Leon & Spanish missionaries set up first
mission in Texas after looking for a supposed French fort
in the area.
• Local Hasinai Indians called “Tejas” by the Spanish.
• The Spanish attempted to set missions among different
tribes—who began to resist & steal cattle & horses too.
• Smallpox swept the Indian populations---survivors rose up
against missions (Caddo Indians).
• Missionaries burned the mission, buried the mission bell,
and returned to Mexico.
• Spain ignored Texas area for 20 years.
THE SPANISH & AFRICAN SLAVERY
• Due to massive loss of Indian laborers lives (disease,
violence, and ending of encomienda), the Spanish
imported massive numbers of African slaves to the New
World.
• Slaves used especially in Caribbean Spanish colonies to
work on sugar plantations.
• Casta System of Racial Hierarchy: developed by the
Spanish to legally define a person’s race by the % of
non-white blood.
• In Spanish held lands, people with dark skin were viewed
as inferior.
• * This classification & degradation by race will influence
British North America also!
THE PLANTING OF THE
ENGLISH IN AMERICA
…FOR I SHALL
1500-1733
YET SEE I T (VI RGI NI A) AN ENGLI SH NATI ON.
SI R WALTER RALEI GH, 1602
ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
• 100 years after Columbus- New World was
transformed.
• European crops & livestock introduced
• Depopulation of native peoples
• Growth of African slavery (Caribbean & Brazilian
sugar plantations).
• Spain held most of the New World (Florida & NM
southward)
THREE POWERS VIE FOR POWER IN
NORTH AMERICA
• Spanish – Santa Fe (1610)
• French – Quebec (1608)
• English- Jamestown (1607)
ENGLAND
• 1500’s England not interested in empire (Spain’s
ally at this point)
Internal conflicts Preoccupy the English
• Religious- 1530-Henry VIII broke with Roman
Catholic Church (English Protestant
Reformation)= religious warfare between
Catholics & Protestants
• 1558- Queen Elizabeth- intensified religious
tension with Spain
• England put down the Irish revolt, seized land
through violence, pushed Irish out.
• The same tactics they will use in North America;
idea of the“SAVAGE NATIVE” -
ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND
• Encouraged “buccaneers” or “sea dogs” raid
Spanish ships (Sir Francis Drake -most famous)
• Goals: Protestantism & Plunder
English Attempts to colonize
• Newfoundland collapsed when (Sir Humphrey Gilbertdied at sea 1583)– inspired half-brother Sir Walter
Raleigh)
ROANOKE (THE LOST COLONY)
• 1584- English claimed new colony of Virginia for
England- returned to England with 2 Indians & maps.
• 1585- (Sir Walter Raleigh)- sends 100 men to settle
North Carolina’s Roanoke island (coast of Virginia)–
settlement leaves for England after less than a year
(food shortages & Indians).
• 1587- Sir Walter Raleigh sent 3 more ships, 117 colonists
(17 women & 9 children) to Roanoke— John White
named Governor
• Governor White took his daughter, Eleanor & her
husband Ananais Dare.
• Aug. 18, 1587- Virginia Dare was born (1st English
child born in the New World).
• Aug. 1587- White returned to England to get supplies
(he could not get back for three years)
• Instructed colonists to carve location on a tree if they
relocated (carve a cross if in danger).
• White returned Aug. 18, 1590-colony had vanished!
• “CROATOAN” WAS CARVED IN A TREE
DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
1588- England defeated the invading Spanish
Armada.
How?
1. Maneuverable ships piloted by “seadogs”
2. “Protestant Wind”
•
Significance
• Began the 300 year decline of Spanish empire
• Spain began to loose territory (Spanish
Netherlands, Spanish Caribbean)
• England gains dominance over the North
Atlantic
** 1604- England & Spain signed a peace treaty.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Sir Francis Drake
ENGLAND’S RISE TO POWER
1.
Strong Unified nation-state under a popular ruler
(Protestantism)
2.
Religious Unity (Protestantism)
3.
•
Sense of National identity & pride
Shakespeare’s poetry & plays of the period are
illustrative of this era.
INTERNAL ENGLAND ON THE EVE
OF EMPIRE
• Population explosion (3 million in 1550 to 4
million by 1600)
• Landlords practice “enclosure”= woolen
districts composed of Puritans- supplied many
immigrants to America.
• Economic Depression (late 1500’s)-1/4 to ½
lived in poverty; alarmed the elite to believe
there was “surplus population”.
• Laws of Primogeniture- Gilbert, Drake,
Raleigh (young sons seek their own fortune)
ENGLISH MOTIVATIONS FOR
COLONIZING
Richard Hakluyt (1584) wrote “Discourse on Western
Planting”.
•Repeated the “Black Legend”—bring Protestant brand of
religion to the New World would be “better”.
•Economics (Most important)- New World would provide
resources to enrich England.
•A place for homeless “vagabonds”
•Improved economy for British workers
JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA
• 1607- 1st permanent English settlement in New World
• The Virginia Company (a joint-stock company)
received a charter from King James I (1606)
Goals: Find Gold, silver, iron, fur, pitch, tar, & route to
Indies through America.
• Short-term Goal – investors hoped to liquidate it
after a couple of years= pressure on settlers to find
gold or else.
SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN
• The Jamestown Charter- promised settlers the same
rights of Englishmen- later granted to other English
colonists.
• April 1607- 3 ships landed near mouth of
Chesapeake (attacked by Indians) 1606-1607- 40
died on the voyage over
• Settled on a peninsula on the James River (100
people-all men & half were “gentlemen”)
• Dozens died of malaria, disease, starvation once
ashore (“gentlemen” too not used to fending for
themselves)
THE POWHATAN CONFEDERACY
• 1607- Chief Powhatan ruled Algonquian-speaking
natives (@10,000) along the James River.
• Used fire ecology to create vast park-like grasslands for
easier hunting.
• Saw English colonists as allies early on– to dominate
Indian rivals
• Tensions mounted– English raided Indian villages for
food
JOHN SMITH, JAMESTOWN, AND
POWHATANS
• 1607- Smith was kidnapped by Chief Powhatan
(“saved” by Pocahontas)= Pocahontas served as
intermediary= shaky peace.
• Natives traded corn for beads, metal tools, weapon
• Smith took charge of Jamestown in 1608
• “He who shall not work shall not eat”
• 1609-Smith returned to England; 400 new colonists arrived
1609-1610 The Starving Time
• Colonists continued to die (100)– cannibalism! (also ate
rats, dogs etc.)
• 1609- of 400 who made it to Virginia—60 survived the
“starving time” of 1609-1610
• 1616—80% of all English immigrants in Jamestown died.
John Rolfe
TOBACCO: ECONOMIC SAVIOR OF
VIRGINIA
“noxious weed,…loathsome to the eye, hateful to
the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to
the lungs” King James I on tobacco.
• 1612- John Rolfe perfected methods for growing
& curing tobacco (crossed seed strains from
Trinidad & Spanish seeds= “Orinoco”= sweeter)
• Demand for tobacco increased in Europe–
Jamestown settlers grew it in the streets &
around gravesites.
• Within 15 years—500,000 pounds exported per
year
• In 40 years---15 million pounds per year
exported.
EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ON
CHESAPEAKE
• Tobacco growing was tough on the land= demand for
new land insatiable.
• Virginia tied itself to a single cash crop (at the mercy of
fluctuating prices)
• Promoted the plantation system & demand for labor
(African Slavery)
• Drew large numbers merchants, traders, and settlers to
America.
INDENTURED SERVANTS
*The Headright System—used mostly in the Chesapeake (Va. &
Maryland).
• Landowner (master) given 50 acres of land for each laborer
(indentured servant) they paid to bring across from Europe.
*Indentured Contract
• Servant given room & food upon arrival by master
• Servant worked in fields
• Length of contract on average (5 years) at the start.
*Freedom Dues- servant given land, a gun or clothes or food
when contract was up.
• Most Indentured servants were white
• ** ¾ of Chesapeake’s early settlers came as indentured
servants.
**only about 40% lived to complete their contracts!
THE 1ST ANGLO-POWHATAN
WAR
• 1610- Lord De La Warr arrived– Virginia Company now
declared war on the Indians.
• Veteran of Irish campaigns- utilized “Irish Tactics”
against the Indians.
• 1614- peace settlement (marriage of Pocahontas to
John Rolfe)= period of peace.
• 1622- Indians attacked & killed 347 colonists (John Rolfe
included).
• Virginia Company – declared “perpetual war” to
prevent Indians “from being a people…”
2ND ANGLO-POWHATAN WAR
• 1644- Indians make last effort to remove Virginians
• Indians were defeated
• 1646- peace treaty- removed these Indians from ancestral
lands (separation of white & Indians)--- origins of
reservation system.
• 1669- census—only 2,000 Indians remained in Virginia (only
10% of the original)
• 1685- English considered the Powhatans extinct
• Powhatans affected by the 3 D’s: DISEASE,
DISORGANIZATION, & DISPOSABLITY.
IMPACT OF EUROPEANS ON
INDIANS
• Indians no stranger to change before European
arrival
Impact
• Introduction of horses by Spanish= Indian migration
to Great Plains (Lakota Sioux)
• Disease- biggest disrupter-extinguished entire
cultures (elders died) forced migration.
• Trade- barter and exchange gave way to desire for
European goods (firearms)
SLAVES COME TO AMERICA
• 1619- Dutch warship holding 20 African
slaves appeared near Jamestown
• Not sure if they were slaves or indentured
servants???
• Planted the seeds of slavery in North
America (not immediately…but over time!)
** Blacks were too expensive for most
colonists to buy early on…
1650- Virginia had only 300 blacks counted
By 1700, blacks made up 14% of its population
(change over time!!)
Population of Chesapeake
Colonies: 1610-1750
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
IN AMERICA
• 1619- The London Company- allowed colonists in
Virginia to start an “assembly” (the House of
Burgesses)
• Other colonies would have similar assemblies
• 1624- James I revoked the charter of the Virginia
Company= Virginia became a Royal Colony.
Maryland: Catholic Haven
•1634- founded by Lord Baltimore
(Catholic)
• Second Plantation Colony; 4th
English Colony
•Partly for profit & partly religious
refuge
• originally-200 settlers founded
Maryland
• huge estates awarded to
Catholic family members
• colonists only came if offered
land
• Backcountry (Protestants)
famers resented the
landowners=rebellion (1700’s)
•Depended on tobacco
•White indentured servants in
early years
•Freedom of worship granted until
the Act of Toleration 1649.
Colonization of Maryland
THE WEST INDIES
•
1600’s-Spain loosened its grip on the West Indies
•
1665- England claimed Jamaica
•
Sugar cane was the cash crop in the Indies (a rich
man’s crop compared to tobacco)
THE WEST INDIES: WAY STATION
TO MAINLAND AMERICA
SUGARCANE & SLAVERY IN THE
WEST INDIES
• “Rich man’s crop”
• Must be planted extensively to be profitable (ability to buy
land)
• Required massive, labor intensive land clearing (ability to buy
slaves)
• 1640-1690 quarter million African slaves imported
• 1661- Barbados Slaves Codes: gave legal sanction to racial
slavery, rights of masters to beat & mutilate slaves without worry
of law, slaves are “chattel” and slaves for life.
• 1700-Black slaves outnumbered whites in the Indies.
• West Indies dependent on North America for food products &
basic supplies= trade thrived!
• English farmers from Barbados arrived in the Carolinas in 1670
with the Barbados Slave Codes
• * European colonist also made slaves of defeated Indians
RESTORATION
COLONIES
• Restoration refers to
the restoration to
power of an English
monarch, Charles II,
in 1660 following a
brief period of
Puritan rule under
Oliver Cromwell
• Carolinas, Georgia,
New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware
THE CAROLINAS
• As a reward for helping
him gain the throne,
Charles II granted a
huge tract of land
between VA and
Spanish Florida to 8
nobles in 1663
• The original
proprietorship was
broken into 2 royal
colonies in 1729
SETTLING SOUTH
CAROLINA
• Charles town
(Charleston…later)was
formed in 1670 by a few
colonists from England and
some planters from the island
of Barbados
• Initially, the economy was
based on trading furs and
providing food for the West
Indies
• By the middle of the 18th
century, large*rice-growing
plantations worked by
African slaves created an
economy and culture that
resembled the West Indies
•Although Carolina was
geographically closer to
the Chesapeake colonies,
it was culturally closer to
the West Indies in the
seventeenth century
since its early settlers—
both blacks and whites—
came from Barbados.
•South Carolina retained
close ties to the West
Indies for more than a
century, long after many
of its subsequent settlers
came from England,
Ireland, France, and
elsewhere.
DEMOCRATIC
NORTH CAROLINA
• Farmers from VA and New
England established small,
self-sufficient tobacco farms
here
• Region had few good
harbors and poor
transportation so there were
fewer large plantations and
less reliance on slavery
• By the 18th century, the
colony earned a reputation
for democratic views and
autonomy from British control
• 1712- North Carolina
separated from SC to form
two colonies.
NORTH CAROLINA & RHODE ISLAND
•
•
•
•
Most democratic
Independent minded
Least autocratic
**of all the original 13 colonies.
GEORGIA – THE
LAST COLONY
• A proprietary colony and the only colony
to receive direct financial support from
the home government in London (James
Oglethorpe)
• Set up for 2 reasons
• Defensive buffer
• Rid England’s overcrowded jails of debtors
• Special Regulations
• Absolute ban on drinking rum
• Prohibition of slavery
• All Christians except Catholics were
tolerated
• Colony did not thrive because of the
constant threat of Spanish attack
• Taken over by the British government in
1752 when Oglethorpe and his group
gave up
• Bans on slavery and rum dropped
• Colony grew slowly by adopting the
plantation system of South Carolina
THE PLANTATION COLONIES
Plantation Colonies: any colony or settlement in
which settlers are “planted” abroad to establish a
permanent or semi-permanent settlement OR
colonies with a plantation based economy.
• Had slavery
• Growth of cities slowed by forests
• Schools & churches stunted due to citizens being
spread out
• Tobacco, rice, indigo