Chapter 6
Genes and DNA
Table of Contents
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Section 2 How DNA Works
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Journal Entry
Can you explain the difference between traits and
characteristics? Which is more closely associated
with DNA and genes? Do you know where DNA and
genes are found in the body? In specific cells?
Write your answers in your science journal.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Objectives
• List three important events that led to understanding
the structure of DNA.
• Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule.
• Explain how DNA molecules can be copied.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
The Pieces of the Puzzle
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the
genetic material that determines inherited
characteristics.
• Nucleotides: The
Subunits of DNA DNA is
made of subunits called
nucleotides. A nucleotide
consists of a sugar, a
phosphate, and a base.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
The Pieces of the Puzzle, continued
• Chargaff’s Rule Erwin Chargaff found that the
amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount
of thymine, and the amount of guanine always equals
the amount of cytosine.
• Franklin’s Discovery Chemist Rosalind Franklin
was able to make images of DNA molecules by using
X-ray diffraction.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
The Pieces of the Puzzle, continued
• Watson and Crick’s Model James Watson and
Francis Crick used Chargaff’s and Franklin’s research
to build a model of DNA.
• The model, which looked like a long, twisted ladder,
eventually helped explain how DNA is copied and
how it functions in the cell.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
DNA’s Double Structure
• The Double Helix The shape of DNA is known as a
double helix.
• The two sides of the ladder are made of alternating
sugar parts and phosphate parts.
• The rungs of the ladder are made of a pair of bases.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
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Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Making Copies of DNA
• How Copies Are Made During replication, a DNA
molecule is split down the middle, where the bases
meet. The bases on each side of the molecule are
used as a pattern for a new strand.
• When Copies Are Made DNA is copied every time
a cell divides. Each new cell gets a complete copy of
all the DNA.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Making Copies of DNA, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
DNA Replication
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Journal Entry
Unscramble the following words:
tpsoneir
neesg
Now think of three words you associate with each of
the above words and use them all in a paragraph
that highlights what you know about DNA.
Write your paragraph in your science journal.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Objectives
• Explain the relationship between DNA, genes,
and proteins.
• Outline the basic steps in making a protein.
• Describe three types of mutations, and provide
an example of a gene mutation.
• Describe two examples of uses of genetic
knowledge.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Unraveling DNA
• DNA is often wound around proteins, coiled into
strands, and then bundled up even more. In a cell
that has a nucleus, the strands of DNA and proteins
are bundled into chromosomes.
• A gene consists of a string of nucleotides that give
the cell information about how to make a specific trait.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Genes and Proteins
• Proteins and Traits Proteins act as chemical
triggers for many of the processes within cells.
Proteins help determine traits.
• Help from RNA Another type of molecule that
helps make proteins is called RNA, or ribonucleic
acid. RNA is so similar to DNA that RNA can serve as
a temporary copy of a DNA sequence.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Genes and Proteins, continued
• The Making of a Protein The first step in making
a protein is to copy one side of the segment of DNA
containing a gene. This copy is called messenger
RNA (mRNA).
• A ribosome is a cell organelle composed of RNA
and protein. A ribosome uses mRNA, transfer RNA
(tRNA), and amino acids to make proteins.
• You can see the steps of protein production on the
following two slides.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Chapter menu
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Chapter menu
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Changes in Genes
• Mutations Changes
in the number, type,
or order of bases on a
piece of DNA are
known as mutations.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Changes in Genes, continued
• Do Mutations Matter? There are three possible
consequences to changes in DNA: an improved trait,
no change, or a harmful trait.
• How Do Mutations Happen? Mutations happen
regularly because of random errors when DNA is
copied. Any physical or chemical agent that can
cause a mutation in DNA is called a mutagen.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Carcinogens and Mutagens
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
An Example of Substitution
• A mutation, such as a substitution, can be harmful
because it may cause a gene to produce the wrong
protein.
• A simple change in an amino acid can cause a
disease such as sickle cell anemia, as shown on the
next slide.
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
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Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Uses of Genetic Knowledge
• Genetic Engineering Scientists can manipulate
individual genes within organisms. This kind of
manipulation is called genetic engineering.
• Genetic Identification Your DNA is unique, so it
can be used like a fingerprint to identify you. DNA
fingerprinting identifies the unique patterns in an
individual’s DNA.
Chapter 6
Genes and DNA
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
mutation
amino acid
nucleotide
DNA
adenine
genes
guanine
proteins
chromosomes
cytosine
Chapter 6
Genes and DNA
Chapter menu
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Chapter 6
Genes and DNA
Chapter menu
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Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In which mutation was an
original base pair replaced?
A Mutation A
B Mutation B
C Mutation C
D There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In which mutation was a
new base pair added?
F Mutation A
G Mutation B
H Mutation C
I There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In which mutation was a
new base pair added?
F Mutation A
G Mutation B
H Mutation C
I There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. In which mutation was an
original base pair removed?
A Mutation A
B Mutation B
C Mutation C
D There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. In which mutation was an
original base pair removed?
A Mutation A
B Mutation B
C Mutation C
D There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Chapter 6
Section 1 What Does DNA Look Like?
Chapter 6
Section 2 How DNA Works
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation