Exam 1 CC3.32 Online
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Exam 1 October 21, 6:05-7:45 rm 3127N
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The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam.
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The exam will consist of 45 questions (multiple choice and T/F) and 6 extra
credit questions.
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You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler
*Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator *
Office Hour Update!!
10/13/09 Tuesday 3-5p w/Michelle rm.3114N
10/14/09 Wednesday 4-6 w/George rm.3114N
(appt is necessary!!)
(appt is necessary!!)
10/21/09 Wednesday 3:30-5:30 George/Michelle rm.3127N (no appt necessary)
Next assignment ‘Fourth Dimension II’ is due via email by 11/18/09
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Online Geology Core CC3.32
►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK
A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a
characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic
structure and specific physical properties.
A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and
other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a
specific chemical composition.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_def.
html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a
mineral breaks when stressed.
Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of
weakness.
Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between
atoms in the crystal structure is perfect with no weakness. When
these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly
the same.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/cleava
ge/cleave_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This
property is easily determined and is used widely for field identification
of minerals.
►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple”
STEEL NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/hardnes
s_def.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A
MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a
substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Density = Weight/Volume
1) Begin by recording
the weight of the
specimen, in this
case 155.8 grams.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity
2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920900)
3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.
So, the density of the minerals is 7.79g/cc.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK.
The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely
powdered form. The streak maybe completely different
from the color of the hand specimen. One of the simplest
ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a
specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as
a streak plate.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄
HARDNESS
DENSITY
STREAK
COLOR
You’ll be ask to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which
will be given to you in the test.
Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table:
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/resourceMenu_mi
n.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
You will be responsible to answer similar questions
as you had on your map assignment. This
includes:
Finding the gradient
Labeling contours
Determining stream direction
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/contour
maps_menu.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Determine
Direction of Stream Flow
Protractor used
to determine
azimuth readings
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
In what general direction is the stream flowing?
Answer: From West to East
(The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between
points Q and T in miles?
1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that
1.5 cm = 100 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in
miles?
2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
Between 2 Points
Calculations
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
Between 2 Points (MILES)
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Answer:
The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Gradient
of a Steam
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T?
Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along
the course of the river.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Gradient
of a Steam
2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement
is 5 4/16 or 5 ¼ inches.
After completing the calculations
(on the left) the distance measured
by the ruler is 884 miles (this is your
horizontal distance).
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Gradient
of a Steam
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Next, Measure the heights of points R and T.
Label the contours taking into account the
contour interval = 50 ft and the elevation of point Q = 583 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Gradient
of a Steam
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
2)Measure the heights of points R and T and find the difference
between them (this is your vertical difference).
R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft
Difference is 100ft.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Gradient
of a Steam
►Remember: Gradient or steepness between two points is the
difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance
(HD):
To Calculate Gradient:
(Using the numbers from the previous slides)
ED (difference in elevation)= 100 feet
HD (horizontal distance) = 884 miles
Gradient= ED = 100ft
HD
= 0.11 feet/mile
884miles
*Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the elevation (in feet) of contour ‘d’?
Answer: 400 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the elevation of contour ‘k’?
Answer: 650 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the azimuth direction going from the start point towards
the end point? Start Point = Q and the End Point = R
The direction is about 1.5o (“1.5 degrees”).
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
one inch = 2.54 cm
one mile = 5280 feet
What is the distance between points B and F in miles?
Answer: The distance between points B and F is 2 ¼ inches
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
one inch = 2.54 cm
one mile = 5280 feet
What is distance between points B and F in miles:
From the scale we know that 1inch:60,000inches. So for 2 inches on the
map we have 120,000 inches on the ground PLUS the .25 inches which
equates to 15,000 inches for a total of 2.25inches = 135,000 inches
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
one inch = 2.54 cm
one mile = 5280 feet
The distance between points B and F in miles is:
Now we convert those 135,000 inches to feet to miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
one inch = 2.54 cm
one mile = 5280 feet
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
The distance in inches from point A to point C is 1 9/16 inches
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
one inch = 2.54 cm
one mile = 5280 feet
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
First lets see how many map units make up 1 9/16 inches.
1 9/16 = 1
X
60,000
Solve for X by cross multiplying:
1.5625 * 60,000 = 93,780 inches
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between
points A and C in kilometers?
Now we convert 93,780 inches into
FEET, then into MILES and finally
Miles into KILOMETERS.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Overhanging
Cliff
Maps: Topographic
Features
Closed Depression
Gentle Slope-widely space
contours
Steep Slopenarrow spaced
contours
Hill
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
Match the following
contours with the
appropriate profiles:
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Maps
Match the following
contours with the
appropriate profiles:
1 B
2 E
3 D
4 C
5 F
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
6 A
Review for Exam 1
What is an outcrop?
What is bedrock?
What is the differences between the two?
►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located
beneath a surface layer of soil or other material.
►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Geologic Map
Examine the geologic map to the
left.
The numbered rectangles
represent different outcrops of
bedrock. Assume that each of the
individual formations maintains a
more or less constant thickness
throughout the region.
Then connect the same formations.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/geologi
c_maps/geologic_maps_menu2.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Geologic Map
At drill hole E we hit Formation 1
At drill hole A we hit Formation 2
At drill hole D we hit what
Formation??
**Please keep in mind you must be
consistent with the thicknesses of the
beds as you draw your line connecting
Formations.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area
Know all of the
locations marked
on the map.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/geography/geog_n
yc_menu2.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Longitude and Latitude
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/l
atlong_menu.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Longitude and Latitude
Determining the latitude and longitude of a point
What is the latitude and
longitude at point J?
Answer:
Latitude (Horizontal)
5o 59’ 45” North
Longitude (Vertical)
71o 00’ 00” West
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/angm
eas.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Review for Exam 1
Longitude and Latitude
What is the latitude and
longitude at point H?
For the latitude: (pink arrows)
We see that point H is between
5o 59’ 45” and 6o 00’ 00” so we
have 15” in between. We take half
of 15” which is about 8” and add
those 8” to 45” to get a latitude of
5o 59’ 53”.
For the longitude: (blue arrows)
We see that point H lies between
71o 00’ 00” and 71o 00’ 45” so we
have 45” in between. Take half of
45” which is about 23” so we add
those seconds to 00” to get a
longitude 71o 00’ 23”.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT