NAME __________________________________________ DATE _____________________ HOUR ______
World History Spring Final - Study Guide
UNIT 7
1. Terms:
a. Geocentric Theory: Is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Genocentric System,
which puts the Earth in the center of the universe.
b. Heliocentric theory: The Sun is put as the center of the Universe, and the planets orbiting around it.
c. Scientific Method: Is an ongoing process, which usually begins with the observations about the natural
world. We as humans like to investigate our surroundings.
d. Enlightenment: A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing
reason and individualism rather than tradition. Philosophers were Descartes, Locke, Newton, Voltaire,
Rousseau and Smith.
e. Social Contract: An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social
benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedoms for state protection. The social contract
can be explained for example the origin of government and the obligations of its subjects.
f.
John Locke: English philosopher, physician and one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers
and known as the “Father of Classical Liberalism” Tabula rasa which means government with the
consent of the governed, state of nature, rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Locke
influenced our founding fathers with what enabled rights we as subjects should have.
g. Rousseau: One of the founders of the Enlightenment movement and helped governments explain their
obligations to their subjects and how to run their governments.
h. Voltaire: A French Enlightenment freemason writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his
attacks on the Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, expression and separation of
church and state.
i.
Estates-General: A general assembly representing the French estates of the realm (country). First was
the (clergy), second (nobles), third (common people). King Louis XVI listened to the first two and not to
the people this began a cycle that would lead to the French Revolution.
j.
National Assembly: Revolutionary government in France that ruled during the Reign of Terror
k. Maximilian Robespierre: Known as the most influential figure of the French Revolution. As a member
of the estates general he opposed the death penalty, advocated for the abolishment of slavery, while
supporting equal rights. With all of his support for the common people Robespierre was not killed as
most of the nobles were during the revolution.
l.
Reign of Terror: Also known as “The French Revolution” (Sept 5, 1793-July 28, 1794). This was a period
of violence that occurred after the onset of the revolution between two rival political factions (Girondins
and Jacobins) which were marked by mass executions of all the nobility in France).
m. Napoleon Bonaparte: Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to
prominence during the French Revolution and its associated wars. Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the
France from 1804-1815.
n. Napoleonic Code: (French Code) of Napoleon which officially states “civil des Francais” a French civil
code which forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that
government jobs should go to the most qualified persons, not bought or born into.
o. Scorched-earth policy: A military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources
that might be of use to an invading enemy force. Example Sherman’s march through the South, in which
he burned everything in his path, and confiscated all useful materials for his army.
2. What are the 3 factors needed for production? L.AND, LABOR, AND CAPITAL
3. What is Laissez-faire?
INTERANCTION
A POLICY THAT LET OWNERS OF INDUSTRY SET WORKING CONDITIONS W/OUT GOVT
4. How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities? MOST SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL CHANGE WAS THE EMERGENCE OF
THE MIDDLE CLASS AND WORKING CLASS
5. Describe Urbanization. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM THE COUNTRY TO THE CITY
6. Who wrote the Wealth of Nations? Describe the market system defended in this book. ADAM SMITH – FREE
MARKET SYSTEM OF CAPITALISM IS DEFENDED
7. What is an entrepreneur?
8. Define the following:
BUSINESS PERSON WHO TAKES RISKS TO START A BUSINESS
Capitalism – LAISSEZ-FAIRE -MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION ARE
PRIVATELY OR CORPORATELY OWNED AND DEVELOPMENT IS PROPORTIONATE TO THE
ACCUMULATION AND REINVESTMENT OF PROFITS GAINED IN A FREE MARKET.
Communism – KARL MARX -A TOTALITARIAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH A
SINGLE AUTHORITARIAN PARTY CONTROLS STATE-OWNED MEANS OF PRODUCTION
Union - VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIOM OF WORKERS SEEKING REFORM
Collective Bargaining – BETWEEN BUSINESS OWNERS AND EMPLOYEES
9. Describe the term “Survival of the Fittest”. THOSE WHO WERE THE FITTEST FOR SURVIVAL ENJOYED WEALTH
AND SUCCESS AND WERE CONSIDERED SUPERIOR TO OTHERS
10. Who, what, when, where – The Boer War 1899 - DUTCH SETTLERS (BOERS) VS BRITISH, DIAMOMDS & GOLD,
BRITISH WON IN 1910 – SOUTH AFRICA CONTROLLED BY BRITISH
11. What were the European styles of Imperialism and describe them.
COLONY – COUNTRY GOVERNED INTERNALLY BY FOREIGN POWER,
PROTECTORATE – COUNTRY WITH ITS OWN GOVT BUT UNDER CONTROL OF OUTSIDE POWER,
SPERE OF INFLUENCE – OUSTIDE POWER CONTROLS TRADE, ECONOMIC – LESS DEVEVELOPED COUNTRY
CONTROLLED BY PRIVATE BUSINESS RATHER THAN GOVERNMENT
12. What is meant by the term ‘Social Darwinism’? MANY EUROPEANS BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE BETTER THAN
OTHERS USING DARWINS SOCIAL THEORY AND APPLYING IT TO HUMANS
13. Explain the Bolshevik revolution and Lenin’s role in it. CZAR NICHOLAS MADE RUSSIA FIGHT IN WWI, PEOPLE
BECAME DISCOURAGED & MANY DIED. CZAR WAS DETHRONED AND LENIN TOOK OVER GOVERNMENT AND
MADE IT COMMUNIST. LENIN LED REVOLUTION AND KILLED/JAILED OPPONENTS
14. What were the causes of the Russian revolution (1917)? DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL CLASSES, CONDITIONS IN
RUSSIA
15. Describe the difference between indirect and direct control Imperialism. INDIRECT – LOCAL GOVT CONTROL,
LIMITED SELF RULE TO DEVELOP FUTURE LEADERS, DIRECT – FOREIGN OFFICIALS RULE, NO SELF RULE, GOAL IS
ASSIMILATION
16. Why did the Japanese finally decide to trade with the US during the 1800’s? THE JAPANESE DECIDED THAT IT
WAS IN THEIR BEST INTERESTS TO OPEN TO TRADE AND NOT HAVE IT PUSHED UPON THEM AND THEY COULD
LEARN FROM THE WEST IN ADVANCEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY.
17. Who were the Sepoy’s and why did they rebel? INDIAN SOLDIERS THAT REBELED AGAINST BRITISH RULE
BECAUSE OF RELIGIOUS BELEIFS
18. What country was considered Britain’s “jewel of the crown” and why? INDIA BECAUSE OF THE RESOURCES AND
LABOR FORCE THEIR – MOST VALUABLE COLONY
19. What cultural issues did China and Japan both have during Imperialism? WANTED THEIR OWN CULTURE., SELF
SUFFICIENT ON AGRICULTURE
20. What country annexed Hawaii during Imperialism? Why did they want Hawaii? US – PROTECT PROFITS FROM
SUGAR
21. What countries had colonies in the East Indies? BRITISH AND DUTCH
22. Who was Emilio Aguinaldo? LEADER OF FILIPINO NATIONALISTS
23. What do the Zulu and Boer Wars have in common? BOTH WERE AFRICANS FIGHTING BRITISH AND LOST
24. How did the partitioning of Africa by Europeans effect the African people? DESTROYED CULTURE, ECONOMY,
AND GOVERNMENT
25. What was the Berlin Conference of 1884 – 1885, and why is it important? EUROPE DIVIDED AFRICA INTO
COLONIES WITHOUT CONSULTING AFRICAN LEADERS FIRST. THIS LEAD TO UPRISING BY LOCAL LEADERS.
26. Describe the Boxer Rebellion and explain its impact. CHINESE REBELED AGAINST EMPEROR – STRONG SENSE OF
NAITONALISM BEGAN IN CHINA
UNIT 8 & 9
27. What area was considered the “powder keg” of Europe? Why? BALKANS – NATIONALISTIC AND IMPERALISTIC
RIVALRIES WERE INCREASING
28. Why were the Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife assassinated? AUSTRIA HUNGARY WANTED TO TAKEOVER
SERBIA SO THE TERRORIST GROUP CALLED “BLACK HAND” HAD A SERBIAN ASSASSINATE THEM BOTH. THIS
GROUP WER’E SUPPOSED TO BE SUPPORTED BY THE SERBIAN GOVERNMENT.
29. What was the Schlieffen Plan during WWI? GERMANY PREPARED FOR A 2 FRONT WAR BY ATTACKING FRANCE
FIRST THEN RUSSIA, THIS SYSTEM OR PLAN DID NOT WORK.
30. What is the link between militarism and imperialism? AS A COUNTRY GAINS COLONIES, ITS MILITARY GROWS TO
PROTECT THEM
31. What was Trench Warfare? Why did it happen during WWI? NEITHER SIDE BEING ABLE TO GAIN GROUND OR
DEFEAT THE OTHER IN WWI. THE USE OF TRENCH WAREFARE ALLOWED FOR EACH SIDE TO DIG A TRENCH STAY
IN IT FOR SAFETY ALONG WITH A PLACE TO STAY DURING THE FIGHTING. NEW TECHNOLOGY MADE IT EASIER
TO HIDE IN THE TRENCHES AND FIGHT THE ENEMY WITHOUT SEEING THEM.
32. What was No Man’s Land? NO MANS LAND WAS THE ZONE IN BETWEEN TO TRENCH LINES THAT IF A PERSON
WENT OUT INTO THIS AREA WERE FIRED UPON BY THE ENEMY OR OBLITERATED BY SHELLING OR STEPPING ON
ONE OF THE MANY MINES THAT WERE PLACED IN THIS AREA.
33. What led to the formation of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente? BISMARK FEAR OF F
RANCES ARMY & BRITIAINS FEAR OF GERMANYS EMPIRE. A NEED FOR ALLIANCES, WAS THE SOLE PURPOSE OF
HELPING EACH COUNTRY OUT WHEN FACED WITH INVASION FROM A HOSTILE COUNTRY BENT ON TAKING ONE
COUNTRY OVER.
34. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? What was its impact? PACT BETWEEN RUSSIA & GERMANY - IT ALLOWED
GERMANY TO FOCUS ALL THEIR EFFORTS ON THE WESTERN FRONT
35. Why was the First Battle of the Marne significant? RESULTED IN GERMANY HAVING TO FIGHT A WAR ON 2
DIFFERENT FRONTS (WESTERN AND EASTERN) . THE SECOND BATTLE OF THE MARNE ALLOWED FOR THE USE OF
THE FRST TANK (BRITISH).
36. What was a ‘total war’? COUNTRY CONSENTRATES ALL EFFORTS TO WAR (EVERY PERSON PERFORMED A DUTY
TO HELP DURING THE WAR EFFORT IN THEIR COUNTRY).
37. Describe the western front during WWI. A STAGNANT WAR FOUGHT FROM THE TRENCHES WITH NEITHER SIDES
GAINING OR LOSING GROUND, HIGH CASUALTIES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE.
38. What was unrestricted submarine warfare? GERMANYS POLICY TO SINK ANY SHIP IN BRITISH WATERS W/OUT
WARNING(ANY TYPE OF SHIP): MERCHANT, SAIL, FISHING TRAWLER, LUXURY LINER (HMS LUISITANIA)
39. What was WWI propaganda? What was its purpose? TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION BY ALL MEANS
40. What was the purpose of rationing? LIMIT PURCHASES OF CONSUMER GOODS SO THEY COULD GIVE TO ARMY
ALL SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR WAR.
41. Why did the Bolshevik leaders in Russia want peace with Germany in 1917? NEW RUSSIAN GOVT WANTED TO
RETAIN POWER AND AVOID GERMAN OCCUPATION
42. What was the biggest obstacle to national unity in Europe after WWI? ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN EUROPE, PEOPLE
BECAME DISPLACED AND MOVED FROM EITHER ONE CITY TO THE NEXT OR EVEN ONE COUNTRY TO ANOTHER
JUST TO GET AWAY FROM THE WAR AND START OVER.
43. What was the Fourteen Points? What was the purpose? POSTWAR GOALS FOR EST WORLD PEACE – PREVENT
INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS FROM LEADING TO WAR
44. What was the Atlantic Charter? POSTWAR GOALS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WORLD PEACE (CHURCHILL &
FDR).
45. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany? LEFT A LEGACY OF BITTENESS AND HATRED IN
GERMANS, THIS EVENT WAS ONE OF THE PRECURSERS THAT LED WWII.
46. Why did the US decide not to join the League of Nations? PEOPLE BELIEVED UNITED STATES SHOULD STAY OUT
OF EUROPEAN BUSINESS AFFAIRS AND STICK TO WHAT IS HAPPENING AROUND OUR OWN HEMISPHERE OR
HOME.
47. What impact did WWI have on European economy? DRAINED THEIR ECONOMY AND HURT POPULATION (1/3 OF
ALL MAN POPULATION WERE EITHER KILLED OR DISFIGURED).
48. What was the ‘War Guilt Clause’? Who assumed blame? GERMANY WAS FORCED TO ASSUME SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR UNDER THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. GERMANY WAS NOT PRESENT AT THE
SIGNING OF THE TREATY. FRANCE, WANTED GERMANY TO PAY FOR WHAT THEY HAD DONE PAST/PRESENT.
UNIT 10
49. What is Genocide? SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF AN ENTIRE RACE – HOLOCAUST WHO?? JEWS, HOMOSEXUALS,
DISABLED PEOPLE, POLES (POLAND), SLAVS (YUGOSLAVIANS, CZECSLAVOKIANS), AND GYPSIES
50. What is nationalism? PEOPL ES LOYALTY TO THE COUNTRY
51. What was ‘Kristallnacht ’? NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - JEWISH HOMES AND BUSINESSES DESTROYED (NOV
9,1938)
52. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad, considered an important battle? TURNING POINT IN THE WAR – NAZI
DEFEATED (AUG 1942) BY THE RUSSIANS WITHIN 150 MILES OF MOSCOW THE COUNTRIES CAPITOL.
53. Why was the Nazi Party so popular in the 1930s? BROUGHT GERMANY OUT OF DEPRESSION, GAVE THE PEOPLE
SOMETHING TO LOOK TO INSTEAD OF THE DEPRESSION, UNEMPLOYMENT, WAR REPAIRATIONS.
54. What was the impact of the outcome of WWII on communism? GAVE COMMUNISM LEGITAMACY IN THE SOVIET
UNION AND CONTROL OVER ASIA
55. What happened to European economies after the United States began the Marshall Plan? EUROPE SAW
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ITS CITIES AND IN PRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES. EUROPE WAS REBUILT A
LITTLE AT A TIME.
56. Why, was the Holocaust considered a unique event in modern history? IT WAS PLANNED IN GREAT DETAIL AND
REQUIRED MANY PEOPLE TO COOPERATE FOR IT TO WORK, WHICH IT DID, CONSIDERING OVER 6 MILLION
PEOPLE LOST THEIR LIVES IN THESE CAMPS.
57. How did Hitler come to power in Germany? LEGALLY – ELECTED TO POWER AS CHANCELLOR THEN DICTATOR
58. Who was Benito Mussolini? LEADER OF FACIST ITALY DURING WWII
59. What was the non-aggression pact? BETWEEN HITLER AND SOVIET UNION IN 1939, WHICH STATED GERMANY
WOULD NOT INVADE RUSSIA, BUT HITLER DID ATTACK RUSSIA IN 1941 THE OPERATION WAS CALLED
“BARBAROSSA” FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF ACQUIRING THE OILS FIELDS FOR GAS AND THE WHEAT FIELDS TO
SUPPLY HIS TROOPS WITH FOOD STORES.
60. What is the Jewish homeland called? Where was it established? ISRAEL – ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 1948 –
RESULT OF WWI.
61. What was the Nanking Massacre? MOST FAMOUS JAPANESE KILLING DURING WWII OF THE CITY OF NANKING
62. What was the Truman Doctrine? US FOREIGN POLICY THAT OUTLINED CONTAINING COMMUNISM IN EU
OPE
63. What is blitzkrieg? LIGHTENING WAR – EFFECTIVE GERMAN WAR STRATEGY (USE OF AIR PLANES IN
CONJUNCTION OF FAST MOVING TANKS AND TROOPS)
64. What is the Manhattan Project? STATES PLAN TO DEVELOP THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB. THE FIRST BOMB WAS
TESTED IN ALAMGORDO, NEW MEXICO (UNDERGROUND IN A MINE SHAFT), LATER PRESIDENT TRUMAN
ADVISED HIS EUOPEAN ALLIES OF THE EXISTANCE OF THE BOMB AND LATER IN AUGUST 1945 DROPPED ON
JAPAN.
UNIT 11 & 12
65. Which nations wer’e part of NATO during the Cold War? FRANCE, BRITAIN, US, ITALY
66. What organization was dedicated to solving problems peacefully after World War II and one that still exists
today is called? UNITED NATIONS (PRESENTLY LOCATED IN NEW YORK CITY)
67. What program attempted to modify the economic structure of the Soviet economy by allowing some private
enterprise? PERESTROIKA, WHICH LATER STARTED THE CHAIN REACTION OF THE FALL OF THE IRON CURTIAN
AND RUSSIA TO BECOME MORE CAPITALISTIC THAN COMMUNIST.
68. What were some of the effects of Mao’s Great Leap Forward, and China’s Cultural Revolution? CHINA WOULD
REMOVE WESTERN CULTURE AND BEGIN A CHANGE FROM FARMING TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
69. The theory about communism that says if one nation-state falls to communism, its neighbors will also fall and so
on, leading to the United States being surrounded by commie nations is called? DOMINO THEORY
70. What do all of these events have in common? LEVEL OF TENSION BETWEEN US AND SOVIET UNION VARIED
-Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)(US AIRLIFTS INTO WESTERN BERLIN TO SAVE LIVES)
-Premier Khrushchev’s visit to the United States (1959)( NOT ALLOWED TO VISIT DISNEYLAND BUT VISITED THE
WORLDS FAIR)
-Cuban missile crisis (1962)(RUSSIAN MISSILES BEING TRANSPORTED TO CUBA SILO’S, CUBA IS 64 MILES OFF
FLORIDA AND THE UNITED STATES EAST COAST)
-Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) (TO STOP TESTING NUCLEAR WEAPONS ABOVE /UNDERGROUND)
-Russian invasion of Afghanistan (1979): Russia expanded into Afghanistan for the purposes of land, oil and
natural resources.
71. What are the names of the groups fighting a civil war in China in the first half of the 20th century? NATIONALIST
AND COMMUNISTS
72. Who led the religious opposition to Western influences in Iran in the 1980’s? AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI
73. After World War II, the greatest source of U.S.-Filipino conflict was? US MILITARY BASES IN PHILIPPEANS
74. Arab-Israeli conflicts are mainly about? ISRAEL & PALESTINE (US SUPPORTS ISRAEL, SOVIET UNION SUPPORTS
PALESTINE)
75. What is global interdependence? THE IDEA THAT NATIONS ARE DEPENDENT ON OTHER NATIONS AND
AFFECTED BY THE ACTIONS OF OTHERS FAR AWAY
76. Explain China’s four modernizations and who supported them. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY,
DEFENSE, AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DENG XIAOPING
77. Who defeated the Communist Party in Poland? LECH WALESA – LEADER OF WORKERS PARTY CALED SOLIDARITY
IN 1980
78. What two nations fought the Yom Kippur war? ARAB-ISRAELI WAR - ISRAEL VS EGYPT 1973 – UN NEGOTIATE
CEASE FIRE – EGYPT WINS
79. What is the name for economic restructuring in the Soviet Union? PERESTROIKA
80. What city returned to China in 1997? HONG KONG
81. What is the South African policy of segregation? APARTHEID
82. What is the Soviet policy of openness? GLASNOST
83. What was the site of a Chinese student protest? TIANANMEN SQUARE
84. What is the name for a temporary military rule? MARTIAL LAW
85. Who was jailed in South Africa for his activities in the African National Congress? NELSON MANDELA
86. Which Chinese leader had goals called the “four Modernizations”? DENG XIAOPING
87. What happened to the Bosnian Muslims in the 1990’s? KILLED BY BOSNIAN SERBS - GENOCIDE
88. What was the name of a movement started by dock workers?
89. Who was elected the first leader of a RUSSIA? BORIS YELTSIN
90. Where did the “lost boys” come from? SUDAN – 20,000 BOYS ORPHANED DURING CIVIL WAR (1983-2005)
91. What country tried to secede from Nigeria? NIGERIA TRIED TO SUCCEDE FROM BRITAIN
92. What Baltic state first declared independence from the Soviet Union? LITHUANIA
93. What country broke apart into six separate ethnic areas? YUGOSLAVIA
94. The policy of “shock therapy” was used by? SOVIETS, GORBECHEV
95. What is a temporary economic downfall? Recession
WHO WAS LEADER OF CUBA DURING CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS? CASTRO
FAILED IMVASION OF CUBA BY US CIA WAS CALLED? BAY OF PIGS
FIRST SATELLITE IN SPACE – SPUTNIK
IRON CURTAIN – SOVIET UNION AND SATELLITE NATIONS
THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR WA S THE REASON US AND SOVIET UNION WERE RELUCANT TO FIGHT IN COLD WAR
NEGATIVE ASPECT OF COLD WAR WAS HIGH COST OF ARMS RACE
COUNTRIES TEND TO BASE FOREIGN POLICY ON SELF INTERESTS
PURPOSE OF INTERNET – SHARED INFO ABOUT RESEARCH
POPULAR CULTURE – ELEMENTS THAT REFLECT A GOUPS COMMON BACKGROUND AND INTERESTS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVING RESOURCES