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When Human Digestive System becomes
A
Disneyland…
luxury tour
is waiting for
U
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During the 7 days trip,
we will give you an unforgettable experience…
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Function of the digestive tract
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DAY1: MOUTH
- Function: storage
of food while you
chew it.
-The place where
saliva is mixed with
food.
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DAY1: LIPS
Function:
-hold food in the
oral cavity
- help direct food
onto the teeth
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DAY1: TEETH
Function:
-breaking down food into
smaller pieces
-directs food onto teeth
- pushes chewed food to
the pharynx
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DAY1: Tongue
Function:
- directs food into the esophagus
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DAY1: SALIVARY GLANDS
Function:
-Produce saliva
- saliva moistens food, and contains
enzymes that begin the chemical digestion
of carbohydrates
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DAY2: PHARYNX
Function:
- oral and nasal
cavities join
- swallowing
occurs
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DAY2: EPIGLOTTIS
Function:
- closes off the opening of the trachea when
you swallow food
- keeps food from entering the air passage
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DAY2: ESOPHAGUS
Function:
- food moves down the esophagus due to the
process of peristalsis: a rhythmical contraction
of the muscles in the esophageal wall
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DAY2: PARISTALSIS
Function:
-Smooth muscle lining the
esophageal wall pushes
food down
- occurs along the
intestinal tract
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DAY2: PARISTALSIS
-It has an inner circular and the
outer longitudinal muscles. Both
these layers facilitate the
movement of food along the
alimentary canal. The mucous
coat keeps the passage smooth
and mixes the food with mucus.
The muscle layer by periodic
contraction and expansion
moves the food along the canal.
This movement is called
peristalsis.
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DAY3: STOMACH
Function:
- stores and churns food
- churning helps physical
digestion of food
- product of churning: acid
chyme
- chemical digestion of proteins
begins here
- gastric juice: hydrochloric acid
is formed in stomach
- HCl （acidic pH）can burn the
lining of the stomach, so mucous
is produced to protect the
stomach lining
HCl changes pepsinogen into
pepsin for digestion of protein.
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DAY3: STOMACH (Cardiac sphincter)
Function:
-closes off the top of the stomach
- Keeps stomach acid from entering the
esophagus
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DAY3: STOMACH (pyloric sphincter)
Function:
-Closes off the bottom of the stomach
- allows small amounts of chyme to enter the
intestine
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DAY3: DUODENUM
Function:
- enzymes from the pancreas
enter and help the chemical
digestions of proteins, fats and
carbohydrates
- adding bicarbonate to
neutralize the acidic chyme,
thus creating a neutral （pH）
environment.
- bile enters the duodenum
from the gall bladder and
emulsifies fats
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DAY3: PANCREAS
Function:
- produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic
amylase, trypsin, lipase) and sodium
bicarbonate
- sodium bicarbonate helps neutralize the acid
chyme
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DAY3: PANCREAS
- Essential organ towards human body
-The pancreas is called both an exocrine and an endocrine
organ.
- Exocrine: produces some enzymatic substances
(pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase)
- Endocrine: produces hormones (glucagon, insulin* liver
page)
- Pancreatic Juice is formed in the pancreas (secreted into
the duodenum via the pancreatic duct)
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DAY4: GALL BLADDER
Function:
- stores bile
Bile: breaks fat down into small fat droplets in
the duodenum
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DAY4: LIVER
Function:
- produces bile
- destroys old red blood cells and converts hemoglobin to a
product in bile
- stores glucose as glycogen after eating, and breaks down
glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level
of blood
- produces urea from the breakdown of essential amino acid
- makes blood proteins from amino acid
-Detoxifies the blood by metabolizing poisonous substances
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DAY4: LIVER
Connection with insulin:
-Insulin secreted when blood sugar
concentration is high
- it causes liver and muscles to take up and
store excess glucose as glycogen
- also promotes synthesis of protein and fats
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DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE
Function:
- site of absorption of nutrients through the villi
- next page Villi part
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DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE
Villi:
- tiny finger-like projections along the walls
-the villi have their microvilli
- each villus (singular) have small blood vessels
and a small vessel called a lacteal
- lacteal absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins
- sugars and amino acids enter the blood vessels
and travel to the liver
- glycerol and fatty acids enter the lacteals which
will go back into the bloodstream later at the
subclavian veins
- villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface
area of the interior of the small intestine
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DAY5: SMALL INTESTINE
The mesentery proper (i.e. the original
definition) refers to the peritoneum
responsible for connecting the
jejunum and ileum (parts of the small
intestine) to the back wall of the
abdomen. Between the two sheets of
peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph
vessels, and nerves. This allows these
parts of the small intestine to move
relatively freely within the
abdominopelvic cavity.
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DAY5: APPENDIX
Function:
- junction of the small and large intestine
- No known function in humans
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DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon)
Function:
- responsible for
absorption of water from
undigested food
4 PARTS OF COLON:
1. Ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon
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DAY6: LARGE INTESTINE (colon)
Absorption in the colon:
-Main function: absorption of water (some
vitamins may also be absorbed)
-Contains a large population of E.Coli bateria
which consume any substances that were not
digested earlier
- when the bacteria break down these
substances, they give off odorous molecules
that cause the characteristic odor of feces.
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DAY7: ELIMINATION (RECTUM+AUNS)
Elimination:
Undigested food exit the body by the process
of elimination (defecation)
Function:
1. Rectum
- enlarged portion of the colon
- stores undigested food temporarily
2. Anus
- allow undigested wastes to exit the body
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Mechanical digestion (physical digestion):
-Physical breakdown of food into smaller
pieces
- increases surface area so enzymes can work
on them
Chemical digestion:
-Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes
These two processes reduce food to small
soluble molecules that can be absorbed.
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Function of enzymes
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AMYLASE
1. Salivary Amylase
- enzymes in saliva
- acts on starch to break it into many
molecules of maltose
- maltose if later broken down in the system to
glucose
2. Pancreatic Amylase
- acts on starch to convert it to maltose
- occurs in the duodenum but produced by the
pancreas
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PROTEASES (two types: pepsin + trypsin)
Function: break down proteins to peptides
1. Pepsin:
- produced by the gastric glands of the stomach
2. Trypsin:
- produced by the peptides
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LIPASE
Function: breaks down fat droplets into glycerol
and three fatty acids
- Lipase is produced by pancreas.
*Bile:
- Produced by the liver
- Stored in the gall bladder
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Carbohydrate Digestion: begins in the mouth
Take place in
Enzyme used
Enzyme
produced by
Result
1. mouth
Salivary Amylase salivary
Starch →
Maltose
2. duodenum
Pancreatic
Amylase
pancreas
Starch →
Maltose
Small intestine
Maltose → 2
Glucoses
3. Small intestine Maltase
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Protein Digestion: begins in the stomach
Take place in
Enzyme used
Enzyme
produced by
Result
1. stomach
Protease (pepsin) Gastric glands
Protein →
Peptides
2. duodenum
Protease (trypsin) pancreas
Protein →
Peptides
3. Small intestine peptidases
Small intestine
Peptides →
Amino acids
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Fat Digestion: begins in the duodenum
Take place in
Enzyme used
Enzyme
produced by
Result
1. duodenum
*bile (not enzyme) liver
Fat → Fat
droplets
2. duodenum
lipase
Fat droplets →
Glycerol + 3
Fatty acids
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pancreas
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POP-QUIZ
1. Which enzyme is used to
break down proteins?
2. What does the enzyme trypsin produced?
3. What organ is responsible for the
production of glucagon?
4. Describe the function of bile.
5. Where are E.Coli found?
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READ AGAIN
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Bibliography
1. Handouts from Mr. Heard
2. Power point from Mr. Heard
3. http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/dige
stive/early/mouth.html
4. http://www.webbooks.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Di
gestive/Digestive.htm
5. http://www.healinglightseries.com/tutorialdig
estion.html
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery
7. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/s
cience-ii/nutrition/alimentary-canal.php#
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