Name: Emily White
Tutor Name: Martin Oliver
Subject Lecturer: Martin Oliver
Unit Title: Skeletal and Muscular
System
Unit Number: 1
Contents Page
Assignment Brief
Introduction
Task 1
Task 2
Conclusion
Bibliography3
Introduction
In this assignment I will first design a poster that describes the structure and functions of
the skeletal system. I will include a description of the following:
 The axial and appendicular skeleton)
 Types of bone
 A diagram of the skeleton with all the major bones labelled
 Function of skeletal system
 source of blood cell production; store of minerals
I will then design a booklet to give out to gym users that describes all three classifications of
joint. The poster should include a description of the following:
 Description of the types of movements
 Description of the different classifications of joints and describing the amount of
movement allowed at each.
I will also examine all six synovial joints explaining the range of movement available at each
by providing 2 sporting examples. I will write a report that compares and contrasts of each
joint and the range of movement that they allow with sporting example.
In task 2 I will design a poster that identifies the location of the major muscles in the body.
Within my poster I will describe the function of the muscular system and draw a table that
illustrates the origin, insertion and function of all the major muscles in the body. As well as
this I will, describe the different types of muscle and explain the different properties related
to their function. I will then describe the different muscle fibre types (Type 1, Type 2a and
Type 2b) and examine sports each fibre type is associated with and how they differ. I will
then produce a table that compares and contrasts the properties of the different types of
muscle and the different muscle fibre types. Then I shall write a detailed description that
describes and explains how muscles produce movement.
Task1 a)
Axial Skeleton consists
of the cranium,
vertebrae, sternum and
ribs. It is the central core
of the skeleton.
Appendicular Skeleton
consists of the upper
and lower limbs, the
shoulder girdle and
pelvic girdle.
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
Function of Skeletal System
-Support; the skeleton provides structural support for the whole body.
-Protection; the skeleton surrounds soft tissue and vital organs.
-Movement; skeletal muscle is attached to bone so it pulls the bone when contracting.
-Blood Cell Production; red and white blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow.
-Store of Minerals and Fats; Fats are stored in white bone marrow and minerals stored in the collagen network
make up the bones.
- Bone Growth; the skeleton starts off as cartilage in the embryo. Calcium is used to create bone in the process
of ossification. Gradually the bones harden and become stronger. Bones keep growing until the ages of 18 and
30; this depends on the body part or bone. When a new bone grows it appears at epiphyseal plate (which is
behind the epiphysis); when the bone grows, the two ends are pushed away from each other. Bones are
constantly being broken down and replaced. Osteoblasts are cells which build bones when replacing bones.
Oesteoslasts are the cells which clean away old bones and destroy them.
Types of Bones:
-Long Bones; the main purpose of long bones are to act as levers and are found in the limbs. They have a
hollow streak of compact bone. At each end the streak gets bigger and comprises of cancellous bone (a
spongy bone). An example of a long bone is the femur.
-Short Bones; Examples include the carpals in the wrist and tarsals in the foot. Small bones are small and
dense and are intended for strength and weight bearing.
-Sesamoid Bones; an example of this is the patella. They are important as they help reduce friction.
-Flat Bones; Are used in protecting internal organs of the body. Examples of flat bones are the sternum,
cranium and pelvis.
-Irregular Bones; Range of functions, including protection and muscle attachment. Examples of irregular
bones are the vertebrae and the face.
Task 1 c)
Synovial
Joint
Types of
Movement
Hinge Joint -Flexion
-Extension
Sporting Example
Ball and -Flexion
Socket Joint -Extension
-The upwards stage of a bicep curl is flexion of the elbow joint.
The downwards stage of the bicep curl is extension of the elbow
joint.
-When a player kicks a ball, in football their knee joint flexes and
then extends as they kick the ball.
-The upward stage of front shoulder raise. The downward stage
of front shoulder raise.
-Adduction
-Abduction
-The second stage of a star jump with both the arms and legs
show adduction. The first phase of a star jump shows abduction
of the arms and legs.
- Abduction of the arms is shown on the isometric rings when a
gymnast is in the crucifix position. Adduction is shown as he
brings his arms in.
-Circumduction
- This occurs at the shoulder joint during an ‘Overarm bowl in
Cricket’.
-Rotation
-When doing butterfly stroke, the ball and socket joint of the
shoulder allows the swimmer’s arm to rotate.
Condyloid -Flexion
Joint -Extension
-Adduction
-Abduction
Gliding Joint -Elevation
-Depression
Pivot Joint -Rotation
-Shooting in netball is an example of flexion and extension of
the condyloid joint; as the player flicks the wrist to shoot they
flex their wrist.
-Dribbling in basketball shows flexion and extension of the
condyloid joint in the wrist. The wrist flexes and extends to
bounce the ball.
- In tennis when you do a forearm shot to gain topspin on the
ball the gliding joint in the sterno-clavicular.
-In hockey swinging the stick to hit the ball uses the gliding joint
in the sterno-clavicular.
-When heading a football, the pivot joint in your neck allows your
head to rotate.
-In Netball, when watching for gaps to pass into, you use the pivot
joint to rotate your neck.
Saddle Joint
-Flexion
-Extension
-Adduction
-Abduction
-Circumduction
-When gripping a tennis racket the saddle joint is used to hold a
strong grip. This is needed to stop the tennis racket flying out of
the players hand when they hit the ball.
-Holding a golf club also uses the saddle joint in the thumb to
maintain a strong grip to hit the ball.
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Depression
Elevation
Pronation
Pivot Joint
Supination
Radioulnar
Elbow
Rotation
Condyloid Joint
Adduction
Wrist
Abduction
Joint Type
Extension
Joint
Flexion
Task 1 d)
Hinge Joint
Shoulder
Ball and Socket Joint
Shoulder
girdle
Hip
Sterno-Clavicular
Ball and Socket Joint
Knee
Hinge Joint
Ankle
Hinge Joint
Key
: The movement takes place.
: The movement does not take place.
As seen in the table there are similarities and differences in the joints. The wrist, which is a
condyloid joint, is capable of the movements, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
Flexion of the wrist allows it to the palm to face down, towards the wrist. This is used when
dribbling the ball in basketball during the first part of the movement. Extension of the wrist
is the movement of raising the back of the hand towards the arm. Extension of the wrist is
also used in the second part of the movement of dribbling the ball in basketball. Abduction
of the wrist is the movement of the side of the hand with the thumb, toward the forearm.
Adduction of the wrist is where the little finger side of the hand moves towards the
forearm. The wrist has similar movements to the shoulder joint and the hip; both these are
ball and socket joints. This shows the ball and socket joint and the condyloid joint are
similar. The ball and socket joints also allow abduction, adduction, flexion and extension.
The condyloid joint is similar to the hinge joints in the elbow, ankle and knee. The condyloid
joint is not capable of the same movement as the pivot joint in the radio-ulna joint or the
fixed joint. The pivot joint is capable of the movements, supination and pronation. This is
the only joint shown in the table which allows this movement. Supination of the radio-ulna
and the forearm joint is seen when throwing a dart. Pronation of the forearm is seen when a
spin bowler delivers the ball in cricket. The elbow joint is a hinge joint; the movements
produced are flexion and extension. The elbow joint is similar to the other hinge joints in the
knee and ankle; as they are all hinge joints they provide similar movements. The other joints
which are similar to the elbow joint are the ball and socket joints in the hip and shoulder as
well as the condyloid joint in the wrist. The ball and socket joints of the hip and shoulder
produce the same movements; including flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. This is
also similar to the condyloid joint, in the movements it can produce. The shoulder joint
differs from the shoulder girdle due to the shoulder girdle being a different type of joint.
This type of joint only allows elevation and depression; this is the only joint to allow this
movement. The ankle joint allows more movements than other hinge joints. The ankle
allows flexion, extension, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion, eversion and inversion. These extra
movements are useful to the ankle as different movements are needed.
Conclusion
In this assignment I designed a poster that describes the structure and functions of the
skeletal system. I included a description of the following:
 The axial and appendicular skeleton)
 Types of bone
 A diagram of the skeleton with all the major bones labelled
 Function of skeletal system
 source of blood cell production; store of minerals
I then designed a booklet to give out to gym users that describes all three classifications of
joint. The poster should include a description of the following:
 Description of the types of movements
 Description of the different classifications of joints and describing the amount of
movement allowed at each.
I also examined all six synovial joints explaining the range of movement available at each by
providing 2 sporting examples. I wrote a report that compares and contrasts of each joint
and the range of movement that they allow with sporting example.
In task 2 I designed a poster that identifies the location of the major muscles in the body.
Within my poster I described the function of the muscular system and drew a table that
illustrates the origin, insertion and function of all the major muscles in the body. As well as
this I described the different types of muscle and explained the different properties related
to their function. I then described the different muscle fibre types (Type 1, Type 2a and Type
2b) and examined sports each fibre type is associated with and how they differ. I then
produced a table that compares and contrasts the properties of the different types of
muscle and the different muscle fibre types. Then I wrote a detailed description that
describes and explains how muscles produce movement.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
-
http://quizlet.com/427227/6-primary-functions-of-skeletal-system-flash-cards/
http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/joints-basic/classification-of-joints/
http://www.innerbody.com/image_skel07/skel34.html
http://www.teachpe.com/a_level_analysis/movement_analysis_webpage.html
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CD
QQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordunited-yc.co.uk%2Fassets%2FAcademyimages%2FResources%2FJoints.pptx&ei=0ZKoUpjzMIfwhQfopoCYCA&usg=AFQjCNH3KgBghz
bsEQAaZ-Aa39V0WwrK7g
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/heart
_beat.shtml
-
http://tcpeyr11.global2.vic.edu.au/2012/03/08/muscular-system-diagram/
-
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/fibre_types.php
http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/happening-during-biceps-curl-9840.html
http://www.edu.xunta.es/ftpserver/portal/S_EUROPEAS/ED_FISICA2/MUSCLES.htm
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_muscle_contractions.php