Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide
Plant & Animal Cells
Cell Theory
I.
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
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II.
can be single-celled (called protozoa)
can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function
All life processes take place in cells
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III.
Energy production
Growth & reproduction
New cells are produced from existing ones
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Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth
Parts of a Cell
• Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells
• Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles
• Differences between Plant & Animal Cells:
• Cell wall (plants)
• Large single vacuole (plants)
• Chloroplasts (plants)
Functions of the Organelles
• Cell Wall- The cell wall is an outer layer that surrounds and protects the cell and it also
gives the cell its shape
• Cell Membrane- material that holds the contents of the cell inside
• Vacuole - organelle that stores nutrients and waste
• Chloraplast- organelles found only in plant cells that produce plant’s food (sugar)
• Cytoplasm - clear, jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place
• Nucleus- cell’s control center
Contains chromosomes with DNA which contain the chemical instructions of life
• Mitochondria - organelles that release energy (H2O, CO2) from combo of food and
oxygen
• DNA: - chemical that tells functions of life to cell
Others Not Included in Science Book
• Ribosome - make protein for cell
• Golgi Apparatus - pack and carry proteins for cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - an organelle for cell reactions
The Cells We’re Studying:
Animal Cell
E.R.
Cell Membrane
Plant CellCell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Nucleus
Golgi
Nucleus
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Golgi
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
E.R.
Animal Cell
*ER : produces proteins
and lipids for the
cell's organelles
Rough contains Ribosomes
Nucleus Pore
Nuclear membrane
Chromosomes
Contain DNA
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Microtubules
Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Control Center
Nucleolus
Controls what substances
enter & leave cell
regulates all cell activity by controlling the
enzymes present.
Centriole
Pull apart chromosoes during mitosis
Rough ER*
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Creates energy
FedEx: Transport System
Vacuoles
Stores nutrients and waste
Cytoplasm
Clear fluid
Smooth ER*
Ribosomes
Make Proteins
Plant Cell
Nuclear membrane
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Cell wall
DNA
Nucleus
Nuclear pore
Control Center
Nucleolus
Provides cell instructions for
Cell Membrane
reproduction
Controls what substances enter &
leave cell
regulates all cell activity by controlling the
enzymes present.
Rough ER*
Chloroplast
Make sugars for food
Smooth ER*
*ER : produces proteins
and lipids for the
cell's organelles
Rough contains Ribosomes
Some Plant Cells
have a centriole
Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
Clear fluid
FedEx: Transport System
Microtubules
Vacuole
Stores nutrients and waste
Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis
Mitochondria
Creates energy
Ribosomes
Make Proteins
Animal vs. Plant: What’s
the Difference?
Animal Cell Characteristics
Plant Cell Characteristics
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SMALL VACUOLE
NO CELL WALL
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
DNA
Chromosomes
Golgi Bodies
Ribosome
E.R.
DNA
CHLOROPLASTS
CELL WALL
BIG VACUOLE
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
DNA
Chromosomes
Golgi Bodies
Ribosome
E.R
DNA
Name all of the
organelles in the plant
cell with BLUE shape
by their label.
WORD BOX
1.
Cell Wall
4. Nucleus
2.
Cytoplasm
5. Chloroplast
3.
Mitochondria
6. Vacuole
7. Cell Membrane
Animal Cell
Eukaryote
have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)
Prokaryote
lack a nucleus (most bacteria)
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
• Nucleus
The main control center of the cell
• Cytoplasm
The jelly-like substance inside of the cell keeping the cell inflated, and allows flow
of nutrients
• Nucleolus
A small circular structure within the Nucleus which produces Ribosomes and
proteins
• Cell Membrane
Allows transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and acts as a filter
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
• Cell Wall (plant cell only)
Provides structural support
and protects the cell
• Ribosomes
The small particles containing RNA and other proteins, these are found
in the cytoplasm of the cell
• Mitochondria
The part of the cell that makes food into energy
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
• Lysosome
The part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes
• Chloroplast (plant cell only)
The part of the cell that produces the
green coloring and performs
photosynthesis
• Golgi
The part of the cell that modifies proteins for specific functions and
prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell
ORGANELLES OF THE CELL
• Vacuole
An area within the cell that stores food and/or waste of the cell
Parts of a Microscope
Examples of Protozoa
Hydra
Paramecium
Daphnia
Cell Family Tree
Cells
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
(have a Nucleus)
(no Nucleus)
Bacteria
Protozoa
Plant
Animal
Multicellular Organisms:
5 Structural Levels of Organization
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
building block of life
Perform a specific function
Perform a specific job –
made of at least 2 types of tissue
Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions
Specialized Cells
Muscle Cell
Nerve Cell
Blood Cells
Cell Reproduction
• Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes:
Mitosis=
1.
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asexual reproduction
A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division.
Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues
Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells
Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division
Cell Reproduction
2.
Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction
• A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells.
• The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed
• Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells
combine to produce a fertilized egg
Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs.
Meiosis (cell reproduction):
Mitosis