Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 21.1
Cervical lymph nodes
Palatine tonsil
L. internal jugular v.
R. lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Thymus
Axillary lymph node
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chyli
Spleen
R. and l. lumbar trunks
Abdominal,
intestinal,
and mesenteric
lymph nodes
Intestinal trunk
Red bone marrow
Inguinal lymph nodes
Popliteal lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
1
Fig. 21.2
2
Fig. 21.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary bed
Tissue fluid
Tissue cell
Lymphatic
capillary
Venule
Arteriole
(a)
Lymph
Opening
Tissue
fluid
Endothelium
of lymphatic
capillary
Anchoring
filaments
(b)
3
Fig. 21.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Valve
(a)
Lymph
Lymph flows
forward through
open valves
(b)
Closed valves
prevent backflow
a: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete
4
Fig. 21.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic
capillaries
Cardiovascular system
Pulmonary
circuit
Lymph
nodes
Lymphatic
trunks
Collecting
duct
Collecting
vessels
Subclavian vein
Superior
vena cava
Blood
flow
Lymph
flow
Systemic
circuit
Lymphatic
capillaries
5
Fig. 21.6
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Internal
jugular veins
Right jugular trunk
Left jugular trunk
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Right subclavian trunk
Left subclavian
trunk
Right
bronchiomediastinal
trunk
Left
bronchiomediastinal
trunk
Azygos vein
Thoracic duct
Thoracic lymph
nodes
Hemiazygos vein
Diaphragm
Cisterna chyli
Intestinal trunk
Right lumbar trunk
Left lumbar trunk
(a)
Right lymphatic duct
Right subclavian
vein
Axillary lymph
nodes
Drained
by right
lymphatic
duct
Drained
by
thoracic
duct
Lymphatics
of breast
(b)
(c)
6
Fig. 21.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Macrophage
Bacteria
Pseudopods
©David M. Phillips/Science Source
7
Fig. 21.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Intestinal villus
Lymphatic
nodule
©Garry DeLong/ Science Source
8
Fig. 21.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sinusoid
Capillary
Adipose cell
Artery
Endothelial cells
Sinusoid
Reticular cells
Central
longitudinal
vein
Platelets and
blood cell
entering
circulation
Megakaryocyte
Sinusoid
9
Fig. 21.10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right lobe
Left lobe
Trabecula
Trabecula
Cortex
Medulla
Lobule
(a)
(b)
Reticular epithelial
cells of cortex
T lymphocytes
(thymocytes)
Thymic corpuscle
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Capsule
Reticular epithelial
cells of medulla
Epithelium
Trabecula
Medulla
Cortex
(c)
b: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete
10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 21.11
Transverse
mesocolic
lymph nodes
Colon
Superior
mesenteric
artery
Superior
mesenteric
lymph nodes
Inferior
mesenteric
artery
Ileocolic
lymph nodes
Inferior
mesenteric
lymph nodes
Small
intestine
Appendicular
lymph nodes
Appendix
(a)
Internal abdominal
oblique muscle
Superficial
epigastric vein
Femoral nerve
Superficial
inguinal
lymph nodes
Femoral vein
Deep femoral
artery
Femoral artery
Great saphenous
vein
Sartorius muscle
(b)
b: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray/Don Kincaid, dissections
11
Fig. 21.12
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stroma:
Medullary cords
Capsule
Reticular tissue
Trabecula
Medullary sinus
Macrophage
Trabecula
Lymphocytes
Cortex
Subcapsular sinus
Lymphatic nodule
Germinal center
Reticular fibers
Artery
and vein
(b)
Cortical sinuses
Medulla
Medullary sinus
Medullary cord
Venule
Efferent
lymphatic
vessel
Lymphocytes
Reticular fibers
Afferent lymphatic
vessels
(c)
(a)
10 µm
c: ©Francis Leroy, Biocosmos/Science Source
12
Fig. 21.13
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Palate
Tonsillar crypts
Palatine
tonsil
Lymphatic
nodules
Lingual
tonsil
(a)
Pharyngeal
epithelium
(b)
b: ©Biophoto Associates/Science Source
13
Fig. 21.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior
Gastric area
Hilum
Diaphragm
Spleen
Splenic artery
Splenic vein
Pancreas
Kidney
Inferior vena
cava
Aorta
Renal area
Splenic
vein
Splenic
artery
Common iliac
arteries
(a)
(b)
Inferior
Red pulp
Central artery
(branching)
White pulp
(c)
a: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete; c: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Al Telser
14
Fig. 21.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Classical pathway
(antibody-dependent)
Antigen–antibody complexes
form on pathogen surface
Reaction cascade
(complement fixation)
Alternative pathway
(antibody-independent)
Lectin pathway
(antibody-independent)
C3 dissociates into
fragments C3a and C3b
Lectin binds to
carbohydrates on
pathogen surface
C3b binds to
pathogen surface
Reaction cascade
Reaction cascade and
autocatalytic effect
C3 dissociates into
C3a and C3b
C3a
C3b
Binds to basophils
and mast cells
Stimulates neutrophil
Binds Ag–Ab
and macrophage
complexes to RBCs
activity
Release of
histamine and
other inflammatory
chemicals
RBCs transport
Ag–Ab complexes
to liver and spleen
Coats bacteria,
viruses, and other
pathogens
Splits C5 into
C5a and C5b
C5b binds
C6, C7, and C8
Opsonization
Phagocytes remove
and degrade
Ag–Ab complexes
C5b678 complex
binds ring of C9
molecules
Membrane
attack complex
Inflammation
Immune
clearance
Phagocytosis
Four mechanisms of pathogen destruction
Cytolysis
15
Fig. 21.16
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
C5b
C6
C7
C8
C9
C9
C9
C9
C9
16
Fig. 21.17
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NK cell
Perforins
Granzymes
Macrophage
Enemy cell
1 NK cell releases
perforins, which
polymerize and
form a hole in the
enemy cell
membrane.
2 Granzymes from
NK cell enter
perforin hole and
degrade enemy
cell enzymes.
3 Enemy cell dies
by apoptosis.
4 Macrophage
engulfs and
digests dying
cell.
17
Fig. 21.18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
39
Temperaturee (°C)
4 Stadium
(body temperature
oscillates around
new set point)
3 Onset
(body temperature rises)
38
2 Hypothalamic
thermostat is
reset to higher
set point
5 Infection ends,
set point returns
to normal
6 Defervescence
(body temperature
returns to normal)
37
Normal body
temperature
1 Infection and
pyrogen secretion
18
Fig. 21.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Splinter
From
damaged
tissue
1
Inflammatory
chemicals
Bacteria
From
mast
cells
5
Phagocytosis
From
blood
4
Chemotaxis
Increased
permeability
Mast cells
3
Neutrophils
Diapedesis
2
Margination
Blood capillary
or venule
19
Fig. 21.20
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Key
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
(b)
(a)
Plasma
cells
B cells
(b)
Tonsils
(c)
Lymph
nodes
Spleen
T stem
cells
(d)
(b)
(d)
Plasma
cells
Immunocompetent
T cells
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Other lymphatic tissues and organs
20
Fig. 21.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 Phagocytosis
of antigen
Lysosome
Epitopes
MHC protein
2 Lysosome
fuses with
phagosome
3 Antigen and
enzyme mix in
phagolysosome
4 Antigen is
degraded
5
Phagosome
6 Processed
antigen
fragments
(epitopes)
displayed on
macrophage
surface
Antigen
residue is
voided by
exocytosis
(a)
Helper T cells
Macrophages
Reticular cell
(b)
10 µm
b: © Dr. Kessel & Dr. Kardon/Tissues and Organs/Visuals Unlimited, Inc
21
Fig. 21.22
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Costimulation
protein
APC
1
Antigen recognition
T cell binds to an
APC displaying an
antigen fragment
(epitope).
MHC protein
Antigen
TC or TH
APC
2
Costimulation
T cell binds to a
second protein on
the APC.
TC or TH
TC
3
Clonal selection
T cell undergoes
repeated mitosis and
produces a large
number of effector
cells and memory T
cells.
TH
TM
or
TH
TC
TC
TM
TM
TH
Memory
T cells
Effector cells
TC
4
Attack
Effector TC cells
attack and destroy
abnormal cells with
a lethal hit; TH cells
secrete interleukins
that stimulate
multiple forms
of attack.
TH
MHC-II
protein
MHC-I
protein
Enemy
cell
Destruction of
enemy cell
APC
4 Interleukin
secretion
or
Activity of NK, B, or Tc cells
Development of memory T cells
Inflammation and other nonspecific defenses
22
Fig. 21.23
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Macrophage,
B cell, or other
antigen-presenting cell
Helper T (T4) cell
Macrophageactivating factor
Other cytokines
Interleukin
Other cytokines
Interleukin
Other cytokines
Macrophage activity
Leukocyte chemotaxis
Inflammation
Clonal selection
of B cells
Clonal selection of
cytotoxic T cells
Nonspecific defense
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
23
Fig. 21.25
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Antigen
Receptor
Lymphocyte
1 Antigen recognition
Immunocompetent B cells
exposed to antigen. Antigen
binds only to B cells with
complementary receptors.
Helper T cell
2 Antigen presentation
B cell internalizes antigen
and displays processed
epitope. Helper T cell binds
to B cell and secretes
interleukin.
Epitope
B cell
MHC-II protein
Interleukin
3 Clonal selection
Interleukin stimulates
B cell to divide repeatedly
and form a clone.
4 Differentiation
Some cells of the
clone become
memory B cells.
Most differentiate
into plasma cells.
Plasma cells
Memory
B cell
5 Attack
Plasma cells synthesize
and secrete antibody.
Antibody employs various
means to render antigen
harmless.
Antibody
24
Fig. 21.26
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mitochondria
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
(a) B cell
2 µm
(b) Plasma cell
a,b: © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
2 µm
25
Fig. 21.27
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Disulfide
bonds
Antigenbinding
site
Light chain
Variable
(V) regions
Hinge region
Complement-binding site
Constant
(C) regions
Heavy chain
26
Fig. 21.28
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Antibodies
(IgM)
(a)
Antigens
(b)
Antibody
monomers
27
Fig. 21.29
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Serum antibody titer
Primary response
Secondary response
IgG
IgG
IgM
0
5
10
15
20
25
Days from first exposure
to antigen
IgM
0
5
10
15 20
Days from reexposure
to same antigen
25
28