Italiano III
Ora III e Ora IV
il
6 di maggio
2014!
META
1. RICORDATE!
2014
oggi il 6 di maggio 2014
Verifica test:
il 6 e 7 di maggio
1B mini porgetto ora IV oggi, Ora III domani
Pagina 70 I Parti del corpo
Disegna cinque persone e descrive
Ogni persona secondo le domande :
il viso:
Di che colore sono i suoi capelli? (biondi, neri,
castani, rossi)
Come sono? ( lunghi, corti, lisci, raccolti, sciolti)
Com’ e’ il suo naso? (lungo, corto, schiacciato
Com’ e’ la sua bocca? (carnosa, sottile, grande,
piccola,)
La mano:
palmo, dorso, pollice, indici, medio, anulare, mignolo,
falange, unghia.
I Carrattere
Che carratere hai? ( timido, nervoso, riflessivo,
calmo)
2 Il Libro di Lavoro
(workbook SuperCiao)
A finire le pagine del Libro di lavoro.
3. Cultura
Prodotti italiani in America durante la seconda parte
del secolo XX anche da la TV.
CONNECTIONS......
4.
Cos'è l'elmo di
Scipio?
l'Italia s'è desta, dell'elmo di Scipio s'è
cinta la testa"
Scipione l'Africano è citato nel testo dell'inno
italiano "Fratelli d'Italia". Precisamente, nella strofa
"l'Italia s'è desta, dell'elmo di Scipio s'è cinta la
testa". Il riferimento venne fatto da Goffredo
Mameli con un particolare significato: l'Italia ha di
nuovo sulla testa l'elmo di Scipione l'Africano, il
quale sconfisse (a Zama) Annibale e i Cartaginesi.
L'Italia, quindi, è tornata a combattere per ottenere la
libertà ed essere unita; così come Scipione aveva, in
fondo, liberato il suolo italico antico dai Punici, la
nuova Italia sorgerà scacciando il nuovo straniero.
Inno di Mameli
Il Canto degli Italiani
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Il Canto degli Italiani
English: The Song of the Italians
Original text
National anthem of
Italy
Also known as
Inno di Mameli
English: Mameli's Hymn
Fratelli d'Italia
English: Brothers of Italy
Lyrics
Goffredo Mameli, 1847
Music
Michele Novaro, 1847
Adopted
October 12, 1946 (de facto)
November 23, 2012 (de jure)
Music sample
Inno di Mameli (Instrumental)
Il Canto degli Italiani ([il ˈkanto ˈdeʎʎi itaˈljani],
The Song of the Italians) is the Italian national anthem. It is best
known among Italians as Inno di Mameli ([ˈinno di maˈmɛli],
Mameli's Hymn), after the author of the lyrics, or Fratelli
d'Italia ([fraˈtɛlli diˈtalja], Brothers of Italy), from its opening
line. The words were written in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa, by
the then 20-year-old student and patriot Goffredo Mameli, in a
climate of popular struggle for unification and independence of
Italy which foreshadowed the war against Austria.
Two months later, they were set to music in Turin by another
Genoese, Michele Novaro.[1] The hymn enjoyed widespread
popularity throughout the period of the Risorgimento and in the
following decades. Nevertheless, after the Italian Unification in
1861, the adopted national anthem was the Marcia Reale (Royal
March), official hymn of the House of Savoy composed in 1831
to order of Carlo Alberto di Savoia. After the Second World
War, Italy became a republic, and on 12 October 1946, Il Canto
degli Italiani was provisionally chosen as the country's new
national anthem. This choice was made official in law only on
23 November 2012.[2]
History
Goffredo Mameli, author of the lyrics.
Michele Novaro, composer of the music.
The first manuscript of the poem, preserved at the Istituto
Mazziniano in Genoa, appears in a personal copybook of the
poet, where he collected notes, thoughts and other writings. Of
uncertain dating, the manuscript reveals anxiety and inspiration
at the same time. The poet begins with È sorta dal feretro (It's
risen from the bier) then seems to change his mind: leaves some
room, begins a new paragraph and writes "Evviva l'Italia, l'Italia
s'è desta" (Hurray Italy, Italy has awakened). The handwriting
appears nervy and frenetic, with numerous spelling errors,
among which are "Ilia" for "Italia" and "Ballilla" for "Balilla".
The second manuscript is the copy that Goffredo Mameli sent to
Michele Novaro for setting to music. It shows a much steadier
handwriting, fixes misspellings, and has a significant
modification: the incipit is "Fratelli d'Italia". This copy is in the
Museo del Risorgimento in Turin. The hymn was also printed on
leaflets in Genoa, by the printing office Casamara. The Istituto
Mazziniano has a copy of these, with hand annotations by
Mameli himself. This sheet, subsequent to the two manuscripts,
lacks the last strophe ("Son giunchi che piegano...") for fear of
censorship. These leaflets were to be distributed on the
December 10 demonstration, in Genoa.
December 10, 1847 was an historical day for Italy: the
demonstration was officially dedicated to the 101st anniversary
of the popular rebellion which led to the expulsion of the
Austrian powers from the city; in fact it was an excuse to protest
against foreign occupations in Italy and induce Carlo Alberto to
embrace the Italian cause of liberty. In this occasion the tricolor
flag was shown and Mameli's hymn was publicly sung for the
first time.
After December 10 the hymn spread all over the Italian
peninsula, brought by the same patriots that participated to the
Genoa demonstration. In the 1848, Mameli's hymn was very
popular among the Italian people and it was commonly sung
during demonstrations, protests and revolts as a symbol of the
Italian Unification in most part of Italy. In the Five Days of
Milan, the rebels sang the Song of the Italians during clashes
against the Austrian Empire.[4] In the 1860, the corps of
volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi used to sing the hymn in
the battles against the Bourbons in Sicily and Southern Italy.[5]
Giuseppe Verdi, in his Inno delle nazioni (Hymn of the Nations),
composed for the London International Exhibition of 1862,
chose Il Canto degli Italiani to represent Italy, putting it beside
God Save the Queen and La Marseillaise. On 20 September
1870, in the last part of the Italian Risorgimento, the Capture of
Rome was characterised by the people who sang the Mameli's
hymn played by the Bersaglieri marching band although the
Kingdom of Italy had adopted the Marcia Reale as national
anthem in 1861.
During the Fascism, the Song of the Italians continued to play an
important role as patriotic hymn along with several popular
fascist songs. After the armistice of Cassibile, Mameli's hymn
was curiously sung by both the Italian partisans and the people
who supported the Italian Social Republic.
After the Second World War, following the birth of the
Italian Republic, the Song of the Italians was de facto
adopted as national anthem. On 23 November 2012, this
choice was made official in law.
The Alps
Sicily
This is the complete text of the original poem written by
Goffredo Mameli. However, the Italian anthem, as commonly
performed in official occasions, is composed of the first stanza
sung twice, and the chorus, then ends with a loud "Sì!" ("Yes!").
The first stanza presents the personification of Italy who is ready
to go to war to become free, and shall be victorious as Rome
was in ancient times, "wearing" the helmet of Scipio Africanus
who defeated Hannibal at the final battle of the Second
Punic War at Zama; there is also a reference to the ancient
Roman custom of slaves who use to cut their hair short as a sign
of servitude, hence the Goddess of Victory must cut her hair in
order to be slave of Rome (to make Italy victorious).[9] In the
second stanza the author complains that Italy has been a divided
nation for a long time, and calls for unity; in this stanza
Goffredo Mameli uses three words taken from the Italian poetic
and archaic language: calpesti (modern Italian, calpestati),
speme (modern Italian, speranza), raccolgaci (modern Italian, ci
raccolga).
The third stanza is an invocation to God to protect the loving
union of the Italians struggling to unify their nation once and for
all. The fourth stanza recalls popular heroic figures and
moments of the Italian fight for independence such as the battle
of Legnano, the defence of Florence led by Ferruccio during the
Italian Wars, the riot started in Genoa by Balilla, and the Sicilian
Vespers.
The last stanza of the poem refers to the part played by
Habsburg Austria and Czarist Russia in the partitions of Poland,
linking its quest for independence to the Italian one.[10]
The Continence of Scipio, Giovanni Francesco Romanelli (16101662)
Battle of Legnano, Amos Cassioli (1832-1891)
The Genoese revolt of 1746 led by Balilla against the Habsburgs
Sicilian Vespers, Francesco Hayez (1791-1882)
The Song of the Italians was very popular during Italian
Unification
The Song of the Italians' score
Fratelli d'Italia,
l'Italia s'è desta,
dell'elmo di Scipio
s'è cinta la testa.
Dov'è la Vittoria?
Le porga la chioma,
ché schiava di Roma
Iddio la creò.
Brothers of Italy,
Italy has woken,
Bound Scipio's helmet
Upon her head.
Where is Victory?
Let her bow down,[11]
For God created her
Slave of Rome.
CORO
Stringiamci a coorte, CHORUS
siam pronti alla morte. Let us join in a cohort,
[N 1]
Siam pronti alla morte, We are ready to die.
We are ready to die,
l'Italia chiamò.
Stringiamci a coorte, Italy has called.
siam pronti alla morte. Let us join in a cohort,
Siam pronti alla morte, We are ready to die.
We are ready to die,
l'Italia chiamò! Sì!
Italy has called! Yes![12]
Noi fummo da secoli[N 2]
We were for centuries
calpesti, derisi,
perché non siam popolo, downtrodden, derided,
because we are not one people,
perché siam divisi.
because we are divided.
Raccolgaci un'unica
Let one flag, one hope
bandiera, una speme:
gather us all.
di fonderci insieme
The hour has struck
già l'ora suonò.
for us to unite.
CORO
Uniamoci, amiamoci,
l'unione e l'amore
rivelano ai popoli
le vie del Signore.
Giuriamo far libero
il suolo natio:
uniti, per Dio,
chi vincer ci può?
CORO
Dall'Alpi a Sicilia
dovunque è Legnano,
ogn'uom di Ferruccio
ha il core, ha la mano,
i bimbi d'Italia
si chiaman Balilla,
il suon d'ogni squilla
i Vespri suonò.
CHORUS
Let us unite, let us love one another,
For union and love
Reveal to the people
The ways of the Lord.
Let us swear to set free
The land of our birth:
United, for God,
Who can overcome us?
CHORUS
From the Alps to Sicily,
Legnano is everywhere;
Every man has the heart
and hand of Ferruccio
The children of Italy
Are all called Balilla;
Every trumpet blast
sounds the Vespers.
CORO
CHORUS
Son giunchi che piegano Mercenary swords,
le spade vendute:
they're feeble reeds.
già l'Aquila d'Austria
The Austrian eagle
le penne ha perdute.
Has already lost its plumes.
Il sangue d'Italia,
The blood of Italy
il sangue Polacco,
and the Polish blood
bevé, col cosacco,
It drank, along with the Cossack,
ma il cor le bruciò.
But it burned its heart.
CORO
CHORUS
The last strophe is deleted by the author, to the point of being barely readable. It was dedicated to
Italian women:
Tessete o fanciulle
bandiere e coccarde
fan l'alme gagliarde
l'invito d'amor.
Weave o maidens
Flags and cockades
Make souls gallant
The invitation of love.
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
Statue of Cincinnatus by Denis Foyatier, in the Tuileries
Garden, Paris.
Consul of the Roman Republic
In office
460 BC
Preceded by
Publius Valerius Publicola and Gaius
Claudius Inregillensis Sabinus
Succeeded
Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Lucius
by
Cornelius Maluginensis Uritinus
Roman dictator
In office
458 BC
Roman dictator
In office
439 BC
Personal details
Born
Died
519 BC
Roman Republic
430 BC
Roman Republic
Spouse(s)
Racilia
Religion
Ancient Roman religion
Military service
Allegiance
Rank
Roman Republic
General
Battles/wars Battle of Mons Algidus
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (519 BC – 430
BC) was a Roman aristocrat and statesman
whose service as consul in 460 BC and dictator
in 458 BC and 439 BC made him a model of
civic virtue.[1]
Cincinnatus was regarded by the Romans,
especially the aristocratic patrician class, as one
of the heroes of early Rome and as a model of
Roman virtue and simplicity.[2] He was a
persistent opponent of the plebeians.[2] When his
son, Caeso Quinctius, was convicted and
condemned to death, Cincinnatus was forced to
live in humble circumstances, working on his
own small farm, until an invasion caused him to
be called to serve Rome as dictator, an office
which he resigned two weeks later, after
completing his task of defeating the rivaling
tribes of the Aequians, Sabines, and Volscians.
His immediate resignation of his near-absolute
authority with the end of the crisis has often
been cited as an example of outstanding
leadership, service to the greater good, civic
virtue, lack of personal ambition and modesty.
As a result, he has inspired a number of
organizations and other entities, many of which
are named in his honor.
Racilia, wife of Cincinnatus
Politically, Cincinnatus was a persistent
opponent of attempts to improve the legal
situation of the plebeians.[2] His son Caeso
Quinctius often drove the tribunes of the
plebeians out from the forum, the heart of
Roman political life, preventing them from
reaching a formal decision.[3] In 461 BC, these
actions finally resulted in a capital charge
against Caeso. After Caeso was released on bail
and escaped to the Etruscans, he was
condemned to death in absentia and his father
had to pay an immense fine, forcing him to sell
most of his lands and retire to a small farm,
where he and his family were able to subsist on
the work of his hands.
The following year, Cincinnatus was elected
suffect consul. During his consulship, his main
adversary was the Plebeian Tribune Gaius
Terentilius Harsa. During this time period, the
Roman senate was preoccupied with a war
against the Volsci, a neighbouring Italic people.
Though Cincinnatus was initially able to prevent
their enactment, Terentilius attempted to use the
upheaval associated with the war effort to push
through a series of reforms which were
specifically to benefit the proletarii and
peasantry, including a proposal to draw up a
code of written laws applicable equally to
patricians and plebeians — an early push for
what would eventually become the Ten or
Twelve Tables.
Dictator
Cincinnatus leaves the plow for the Roman
dictatorship - Juan Antonio Ribera, c. 1806
In 458 BC, the Romans were fighting the Aequi
and the Sabines. The consul Minucius
Esquilinus had led an army against them, but
had been trapped by the Aequians in the Alban
Hills and was attempting to fight off a siege. A
few Roman horsemen escaped and returned to
Rome to tell the senate what had happened. The
senate fell into a panic and authorized the other
consul for the year, Horatius Pulvillus, to
nominate a dictator. Horatius nominated
Cincinnatus for a dictatorial term (also known
as Magister Populi or "Master of the People")
for six months.
A group of senators were sent to tell
Cincinnatus that he had been nominated
dictator. According to Livy, the senators found
Cincinnatus while he was plowing on his farm.
Cincinnatus cried out "Is everything all right?"
They said to Cincinnatus that they hoped "it
might turn out well for both him and his
country," and then they asked him to put on his
senatorial toga and hear the mandate of the
senate. He called to his wife, Racilia, telling her
to bring out his toga from their cottage.[5]
When he put on his toga, the senatorial
delegation hailed him as dictator, and told him
to come to the city. He then crossed the Tiber
river in a boat provided by the senate, as his
farm was on the far side of the river. When he
reached the other side of the Tiber, he was
greeted by his three sons and most of the
senators. Several lictors were given to him for
protection.
The next morning, Cincinnatus went to the
Roman forum and nominated as his Master of
the Horse (his second in command) Lucius
Tarquitius, who was considered one of the finest
soldiers in Rome. Cincinnatus then went to the
Roman popular assembly and issued an order to
the effect that every man of military age should
report to the Campus Martius—the Field of
Mars, god of war—by the end of the day.[6]
Once the army assembled, Cincinnatus took
them to fight the Aequi at the Battle of Mons
Algidus. Cincinnatus led the infantry in person,
while Tarquitius led the cavalry. The Aequi
were surprised by the double attack and were
soon cut to pieces. The commanders of the
Aequi begged Cincinnatus not to slaughter them
all.
Cincinnatus did not want to cause any
unnecessary bloodshed, and told the Aequi that
he would let them live if they submitted to him
and brought their leader, Gracchus Cloelius, and
his officers to him in chains. A yoke was set up,
made up of three spears, and the Aequi had to
pass under it, bowing down while confessing
that they had been conquered. After this, the
war ended and Cincinnatus disbanded his
army. He then resigned his dictatorship and
returned to his farm, a mere fifteen days
after he had been nominated dictator.
Later events
He came out of retirement again for a second
term as dictator (439 BC) to put down a
conspiracy of Spurius Maelius, who supposedly
was planning to become king. He was
nominated by his old friend and relative, Titus
Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, consul of the
year. Maelius was killed immediately when the
Master of the Horse was sent to bring him to
trial and the incipient coup perished with him.
Once more he resigned his commission.
]
Within his lifetime Cincinnatus became a legend
to the Romans. Twice granted supreme power,
he held onto it for not a day longer than
absolutely necessary. The high esteem in which
he was held by his compatriots is illustrated
with an anecdote from the end of his life: one of
his sons was tried for military incompetence.
The great Capitolinus defended him by asking
the jury who would go to tell the aged
Cincinnatus the news in the event of a
conviction. The son was acquitted because the
jury could not bring itself to break the old man's
heart.
Legacy
Named in his honor is the town of Cincinnato,
in Lazio, Italy. In the United States he was
honored with the name of the town of
Cincinnatus, New York and the Society of the
Cincinnati which, in turn, lent its name to the
city of Cincinnati, Ohio.
George Washington was
often compared to Cincinnatus for his
willingness to give up near-absolute power once
the crisis of the American Revolution had
passed and victory had been won, and the
Society of the Cincinnati is a historical
association founded in the aftermath of the
American Revolutionary War to preserve the
ideals of the military officer's role in the new
American Republic.
Italia and Philadelphia
Palladio
Palladian architecture
A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladio's I
Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, in an English translation
published in London, 1736.
Plan for Palladio's Villa Rotonda. Features of the house were to
become incorporated in numerous Palladian style house
throughout Europe over the following centuries.
Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture
derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian
architect Andrea Palladio (1508–
1580). The term "Palladian" normally refers to buildings in a
style inspired by Palladio's own work; that which is recognised
as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's
original concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the
symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple
architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. From the 17th
century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was
adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to
develop until the end of the 18th century.
Palladianism became popular briefly in Britain during the mid17th century, but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the
Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed. In the
early 18th century it returned to fashion, not only in England but
also, directly influenced from Britain, in Prussia. Count
Francesco Algarotti may have written to Burlington from Berlin
that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption
in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in
England[1] but Knobelsdorff's opera house on the Unter den
Linden, based on Campbell's Wanstead House, had been
constructed from 1741.
Later in the century, when the style was falling from favour in
Europe, it had a surge in popularity throughout the British
colonies in North America, highlighted by examples such as
Drayton Hall in South Carolina, the Redwood Library in
Newport, Rhode Island, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New
York City, the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis,
Maryland, and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and Poplar
Forest in Virginia.[2]
The style continued to be popular in Europe throughout the 19th
and early 20th centuries, where it was frequently employed in
the design of public and municipal buildings. From the latter
half of the 19th century it was rivalled by the Gothic revival,
whose champions, such as Augustus Pugin, remembering the
origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, deemed it too pagan
for Protestant and Anglo-Catholic worship.[3] However, as an
architectural style it has continued to be popular and to evolve;
its pediments, symmetry and proportions are clearly evident in
the design of many modern buildings today.
The development of Palladianism in Colonial America
The arrival of the Palladian style to British Colonial America introduced Classical forms into the
vocabulary of American architecture. Columns, pediments and symmetrical forms were quickly
incorporated into the contemporary building style. As architecture historian William H. Pierson
pointed out, the economic, social and political constraints of the colonial society stunted the
development of the Palladian style. After all, the inception of the Palladian style was a direct
consequence of the patronage of the monarchy for King Charles I was the patron of Inigo Jones.
The subsequent development of the Palladian style was largely attributed to the aristocratic class
in England, who were generous patrons of the movement. The development of high Palladian
style did not reach a parallel zenith in America. Thus, it is more fruitful to investigate the social
functions of Palladian architecture than to evaluate the aesthetic quality of the architecture.
What was considered to be the embodiment of
the height of Palladianism in colonial America
was Mount Pleasant in Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia (1761) (fig.3). Mount Pleasant was
located in the outskirts of Philadelphia, which
could be considered the suburbs in that period.
This meant that the patron was able to fully
express the five-part plan, without facing the
constraints of space yet able to enjoy the social
scene of the city. Unlike the above two
examples, the plan of Mount Pleasant kept the
main block and the subsidiary blocks, leaving
out the linking pavilions. This detracted little
from the strong axial symmetry of the plan, with
the front and back door marking the axis. The
Palladian window above the pedimented front
door further highlights this axis. The symmetry
and regularity repeated in the interior -- the
central hall flanked by two rooms -- is a
replication of the interior of Mount Airy.
The contrast between the red-bricked quoins and stringcourse and the stuccoed walls clearly
reminds one of Mount Airy's facade. For Mount Pleasant, the contrasting treatment of the surface
gives definition to the structural elements, especially the pedimented pavilion. The motif of the
pedimented pavilion is repeated to frame the entrance. On top of the door, the Palladian window
is strategically located, making it the central theme. The strive towards the Palladian ideal form
is also found in the use of bricks in the quoins and the etching in the stucco to imitate masonry.
The Palladian form, presented as the Georgian five-part plan, quickly became the dominant form
in urban and rural domestic architecture, especially in the Delaware Valley region (fig.4). This
can be attributed to the fact that the Georgian form is most congenial to a highly class-stratified
society, like Colonial America. The social status of the owner is immediately reflected in how
much of the Georgian form he is able to afford. The Georgian form is reduced to two-thirds and
one-thirds, depending on the purchasing powers of the client. Similarly, the quality and quantity
of decorative details of the facade are accorded the same treatment. The purchase of the
Georgian style is almost equivalent to the purchase of a cultured appearance. Before we conclude
that the Georgian form is reduced to a piece of commodity, there has been significant cultural
value attached to the form in an unconventional way.
The proliferation of this form in regions of West Jersey and East Pennsylvania actually served as
a vehicle for acculturation. The German communities in the region adopted the facade of the
form as an attempt to assimilate. The synthesis of the old Continental central-chimney form and
the new Georgian form produced an intriguing architecture (fig.5). The positioning of the
chimney may conform to the symmetrical Georgian plan but the arrangements of the rooms do
not respect any symmetry. In his essay, Glassie pointed out that this plan was arisen from the
immigrants' familiarity with the traditional culturally defined space. Interestingly, the cultural
representation of the Georgian form in this context is distorted for the Georgian form is used to
present an appearance, instead of the actual content.
Andrea
Palladoio
"
Andrea Palladio
Portrait of Palladio from 1576
Born
30 November
1508
Padova,
Republic of
Venice
Died
19 August 1580
(aged 71)
Maser, near
Treviso
Nationality Italian[1]
Buildings
Villa Barbaro
Villa Capra "La
Rotonda"
Basilica
Palladiana
Church of San
Giorgio
Maggiore
Il Redentore
Teatro Olimpico
Projects
I Quattro Libri
dell'Architettura
(The Four Books
of Architecture)
Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 – 19 August
1580) was an Italian architect active in the Republic
of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek
architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely
considered the most influential individual in the
history of Western architecture. All of his
buildings are located in what was the Venetian
Republic, but his teachings, summarized in the
architectural treatise, The Four Books of
Architecture, gained him wide recognition. The city
of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Filippo Mazzei
,
conosciuto anche come Philip Mazzei e
talvolta erroneamente citato con la
storpiatura del cognome come Philip
Mazzie (Poggio a Caiano, 25 dicembre 1730
– Pisa, 19 marzo 1816), è stato un medico,
filosofo e saggista italiano.
Cadetto di una nobile famiglia toscana di
viticoltori, probabilmente risalente all'XI
secolo e ancora esistente nel XXI secolo, fu
personaggio energico ed eclettico,
illuminista, promulgatore delle libertà
individuali, dei diritti civili e della tolleranza
religiosa. Visse una vita avventurosa e
movimentata, con alterne fortune
economiche.
Nonostante sia sconosciuto al grande
pubblico, partecipò attivamente alla guerra
d'indipendenza americana come agente
mediatore all'acquisto di armi per la
Virginia, ed è ritenuto dagli storici uno dei
padri della Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza
americana, in quanto intimo amico dei primi
cinque presidenti statunitensi: George
Washington, John Adams, James Madison,
James Monroe e soprattutto Thomas
Jefferson, di cui fu ispiratore, vicino di casa,
socio in affari e con cui rimase in contatto
epistolare fino alla morte.
Fu poi spettatore privilegiato della
rivoluzione francese.
La sua figura storica è riemersa alla fine del
XX secolo grazie all'infittirsi degli studi
accademici in occasione del bicentenario
della rivoluzione americana, fino ad essere
onorato in occasione del 250º anniversario
della sua nascita nel 1980 con un'emissione
filatelica congiunta speciale delle poste
italiane e statunitensi.
Philip Mazzei (Italian pronunciation: [matˈtsei],
but sometimes erroneously cited with the name
of Philip Mazzie; December 25, 1730 - March
19, 1816) was an Italian physician. A close
friend of Thomas Jefferson, Mazzei acted as an
agent to purchase arms for Virginia during the
American Revolutionary War.
Contents
[hide]





1 Biography
2 Mazzei letter
3 Legacy
4 See also
5 References




6 Mazzei's writings
o 6.1 In French
o 6.2 In Italian
7 Sources
o 7.1 In English
o 7.2 In Italian
8 Others books about Mazzei
o 8.1 In English
o 8.2 In Italian
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Mazzei was born Filippo Mazzei in Poggio a
Caiano in Tuscany. He studied medicine in
Florence and practiced in Italy and the Middle
East for several years before moving to London
in 1755 to take up a mercantile career as an
importer. While in London he met the
Americans Benjamin Franklin and Thomas
Adams of Virginia. They convinced him to
undertake his next venture.
In 1773 he led a group of Italians who came to
Virginia to introduce the cultivation of
vineyards, olives, and other Mediterranean
fruits. Mazzei became a neighbor and friend of
Thomas Jefferson. Mazzei and Jefferson started
what became the first commercial vineyard in
the Commonwealth of Virginia. They shared an
interest in politics and libertarian values, and
maintained an active correspondence for the rest
of Mazzei's life. In 1779 Mazzei returned to
Italy as a secret agent for the state of Virginia.
He purchased and shipped arms to them until
1783. After briefly visiting the United States
again in 1785, Mazzei travelled throughout
Europe promoting Republican ideals. He wrote
a political history of the American Revolution,
"Recherches historiques et politiques sur les
Etats-Unis de l'Amerique septentrionale", and
published it in Paris in 1788. After its
publication Mazzei became an unofficial roving
ambassador in Europe for American ideas and
institutions.[
While in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
he became attached as a Privy Councilor at the
court of King Stanislaus II. There he became
acquainted with Polish liberal and constitutional
thought, like the works of Wawrzyniec
Grzymała Goślicki and ideas of Golden
Freedoms and Great Sejm. King Stanislaus II
appointed Mazzei to be Poland's representative
in Paris, where he again met Jefferson.
After Poland was partitioned between Russia
and Prussia in 1795, Mazzei, along with the rest
of the Polish court, was given a pension by the
Russian crown. He later spent more time in
France, becoming active in the politics of the
French Revolution under the Directorate. When
Napoleon overthrew that government Mazzei
returned to Pisa, Italy. He died there in 1816.
After his death the remainder of his family
returned to the United States at the urging of
Thomas Jefferson. They settled in
Massachusetts and Virginia. Mazzei's daughter
married the nephew of John Adams.[citation needed]
Mazzei letter
Many biographers believe Jefferson and
Washington had a falling out over a letter
Jefferson sent to Mazzei in Italy, which called
Washington's administration "Anglican,
monarchical, and aristocratical" as England and
claimed that Washington had appointed as
military officers "all timid men that prefer the
calm of despotism to the boisterous sea of
liberty ... [I]t would give you a fever were I to
name to you the apostates who have gone over
to these heresies, men who were Samsons in the
field and Solomons in the council, but who have
had their heads shorn by the harlot England."
The letter was eventually published overseas
and then re-translated back into English by
Noah Webster and published in the United
States.[1]
This contribution was acknowledged by John F.
Kennedy in his book A Nation of Immigrants, in
which he states that:[2]
“ The great doctrine 'All men are created
equal'[3][4] and incorporated into the
Declaration of Independence by Thomas
Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing
of Philip Mazzei, an Italian-born patriot and
pamphleteer, who was a close friend of
Jefferson. A few alleged scholars try to
discredit Mazzei as the creator of this
statement and idea, saying that "there is no
mention of it anywhere until after the
Declaration was published". This phrase
appears in Italian in Mazzei's own hand,
written in Italian, several years prior to the
writing of the Declaration of Independence.
Mazzei and Jefferson often exchanged ideas
about true liberty and freedom. No one man
can take complete credit for the ideals of
American democracy.
Origin of Jefferson's
use of the phrase
All men are created equal
Thomas Jefferson, age 33, may have also
borrowed the expression from an Italian friend
and neighbor, Philip Mazzei, as noted by Joint
Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress as well as
by John F. Kennedy in "A Nation Of
Immigrants."
In 1776 the Second Continental Congress asked
Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John
Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman
to write the Declaration of Independence. The
five men voted to have Thomas Jefferson write
the document. After Jefferson finished he gave
the document to Franklin to proof. Franklin
suggested minor changes, but one of them
stands out far more than the others. Jefferson
had written, "We hold these truths to be sacred
and un-deniable..." Franklin changed it to, "We
hold these truths to be self-evident."
The opening of the United States Declaration of
Independence states as follows:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty, and the
Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these
rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed;
The Mazzei letter-
Many biographers believe Jefferson and Washington
had a falling out over a letter Jefferson sent to
Mazzei in Italy, which called Washington's
administration "Anglican, monarchical, and
aristocratical" as England and claimed that
Washington had appointed as military officers "all
timid men that prefer the calm of despotism to the
boisterous sea of liberty ... [I]t would give you a
fever were I to name to you the apostates who have
gone over to these heresies, men who were Samsons
in the field and Solomons in the council, but who
have had their heads shorn by the harlot England."
The letter was eventually published overseas and
then re-translated back into English by Noah
Webster and published in the United States.
This contribution was acknowledged by John F.
Kennedy in his book A Nation of Immigrants, in
which he states that:[2]
“ The great doctrine 'All men are created equal'[3][4]
and incorporated into the Declaration of
Independence by Thomas Jefferson, was
paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei, an
Italian-born patriot and pamphleteer, who was a
close friend of Jefferson. A few alleged scholars
try to discredit Mazzei as the creator of this
statement and idea, saying that "there is no
mention of it anywhere until after the
Declaration was published". This phrase appears
in Italian in Mazzei's own hand, written in Italian,
several years prior to the writing of the
Declaration of Independence. Mazzei and
Jefferson often exchanged ideas about true
liberty and freedom. No one man can take
complete credit for the ideals of American
democracy.
The Virginia Declaration of Rights, authored by
George Mason and approved by the Virginia
Convention on June 12, 1776, contains the
wording:
"all men are by nature equally free and
independent, and have certain inherent rights of
which . . . they cannot deprive or divest their
posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and
liberty, with the means of acquiring and
possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining
happiness and safety."
The Massachusetts Constitution, chiefly
authored by John Adams in 1780, contains in its
Declaration of Rights the wording:
Article I. All men are born free and equal, and
have certain natural, essential, and unalienable
rights; among which may be reckoned the right
of enjoying and defending their lives and
liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and
protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and
obtaining their safety and happiness.
The plaintiffs in the cases of Brom and Bett v.
John Ashley and Commonwealth v. Nathaniel
Jennison argued that this provision abolished
slavery in Massachusetts. The latter case
resulted in a "sweeping declaration . . . that the
institution of slavery was incompatible with the
principles of liberty and legal equality
articulated in the new Massachusetts
Constitution".
The phrase has since been considered a
hallmark statement in democratic constitutions
and similar human rights instruments, many of
which have adopted the phrase or variants
thereof.
The Italian American Experience
Italian Americans
Italo-Americani
Francesca
Cabrini
Fiorello
LaGuardia
Enrico Fermi
Vince
Lombardi
Joe DiMaggio Frank Sinatra John Basilone Dean Martin
Mario Lanza
Geraldine
Ferraro
Lee Iacocca
Anne Bancroft
Antonin Scalia Nancy Pelosi
Mario Cuomo
Al Pacino
Frank Zappa Robert De Niro Rudy Giuliani
Sylvester
Stallone
Samuel Alito
Madonna
Bruce
Springsteen
Lady Gaga
Total population
2010[1] — 17,250,211
5.9% of the U.S. population .
2000[2] — 15,723,555
1990[3] — 14,664,550
1980[4] — 12,183,692
Regions with significant populations
New York City, New Haven, New Jersey, Philadelphia,
Providence, Boston, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago,
Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Cleveland, Houston, Dallas
Languages

American English

Standard Italian

Italian dialects

Sicilian

Neapolitan
Religion
72% Roman Catholic; 14% Protestant, 2% Christian –
unspecified; 14% other[5]
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Canadians, Italian Argentine, Italian Brazilian,
Italian Mexican, Italian Australian, Italian Briton, Sicilian
American
Italian Americans (Italian:
Italoamericani) are an ethnolinguistic group of Americans
of Italian ancestry. Italian Americans are the fourth
largest European ethnic group in the United States (not
including American ethnicity, an ethnonym used by many
in the United States; overall, Italian Americans rank
seventh, behind German, Irish, African American,
English, American, and Mexican American).
About 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States
from 1820 to 2004.[7] The greatest surge of immigration,
which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1920,
alone brought more than 4 million Italians to America.
About 80% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern
Italy, especially from Sicily, Campania, Abruzzo and
Calabria. This was a largely agricultural and
overpopulated region, where much of the populace had
been impoverished by centuries of foreign misrule, and
the economic measures imposed on the South after Italian
unification in 1871.
After unification, the Italian government initially
encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in
the Sout. After the American Civil War, which resulted
in over a half million killed or wounded, immigrant
workers were recruited from Italy and elsewhere to fill the
labor shortage caused by the war. In the United States,
most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers
in Eastern cities, mining camps and in agriculture.
Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs
of the economic scale in the first generation (1890s–
1920s) to a level comparable to the national average by
1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were
managerial, professional, or white-collar workers.
The Italian-American communities have often been
characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic
Church, fraternal organizations and political parties.
Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry,
third only to Brazil and Argentina, which has 31 million
and 20 million people of Italian descent, respectively.
Italians and their descendents in America helped shape
the country, and were in turn shaped by it. They have
gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the fine
arts, the culinary arts, and numerous other fields of
endeavor.
Verrazzano's voyage of 1524.
Italians and their descendants played a key role in the
discovery, exploration and settlement of the Americas.
Christopher Columbus, the explorer who discovered the
Americas, was of Italian origin. Another notable Italian
explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, is the source of the name
America. The fact that English is the language spoken in
the United States can be directly attributed to England's
claims in North America, based on the voyages of the
Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot). The
Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first
European to enter New York Bay. The first Italian to
reside in America was Pietro Cesare Alberti,[13] a
Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in what would
eventually become New York City. A group of 200
Waldensians arrived from Italy in 1640 in search of a
more hospitable place to practice their religion. The
Taliaferro family, originally from Venice, was one of the
first families to settle in Virginia.
These were joined by a small but steady stream of new
arrivals, some of whom had been invited to come to
America because they possessed much needed skills in
agriculture and the making of glass, silk and wine. Others
came because of their musical abilities as teachers and
performers, such as the group of Italian musicians
Thomas Jefferson invited to come to form
a military band, which later became the
nucleus of the U.S. Marine Band. Still
others came as adventurers, explorers, military engineers,
missionaries and political refugees.
These early arrivals settled in many different areas, but
constituted a relatively small part of the American
population as a whole. However, their contributions were
very significant in the founding and settling of the
country. Filippo Mazzei, a physician and promoter of
liberty, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas
Jefferson. He published a pamphlet containing the phrase:
"All men are by nature equally free and independent",
which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the
Declaration of Independence. Italian artists and sculptors
were brought to Washington to work on the new Capitol
building and to create some of its major monuments.
Constantino Brumidi created the frescoed interior of the
Capitol dome, and spent the rest of his life executing still
other artworks to beautify the Capitol.
Numerous Italians in the employ of Spain and France,
whose territorial claims in America were based on the
voyages of Italian navigators, were involved in exploring
and mapping these territories, and in establishing
settlements. Alessandro Malaspina explored and mapped
much of the west coast of the Americas, from Cape Horn
to the Gulf of Alaska. The southwest and California were
explored and mapped by Eusebio Kino (Chino), an
Italian priest. Henri de Tonti (Enrico de Tonti), together
with the French explorer LaSalle, explored the Great
Lakes region. De Tonti founded the first European
settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683.
With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was
governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years.
His brother Alphonse de Tonty (Alphonso de Tonti),
with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the cofounder of Detroit, and its colonial governor for 12 years.
The headwater region of the Mississippi was explored by
Giacomo Beltrami in the territory that was later to
become Minnesota, which named a county in his honor.
Since France and Spain were Catholic countries, many
missionaries were sent by the Catholic Church to convert
the native population to Christianity and to provide for the
spiritual needs of the settlers. Among these were
numerous Italians. Alessandro Geraldini was the first
Catholic bishop in the Americas. Father Francesco
Bessani labored among the Algonquin and Huron Indians
in the early 17th century. Later, Italian missionaries of the
Jesuit and Franciscan orders, were active in many parts of
America, and especially in the west.
Italian Jesuits founded numerous missions, schools and
five colleges in the west, subsequently to become Jesuit
universities (San Francisco, Seattle, Gonzaga, Santa Clara
and Regis). The Italian Jesuits also laid the foundation for
the wine-making industry that would later flourish in
California. In the east, the Italian Franciscans founded
hospitals, orphanages, schools, and a college that later
became St. Bonaventure University. Samuel
Mazzuchelli, a missionary and expert in Indian
languages, ministered to whites and Indians in Wisconsin
and Iowa for 34 years and, after his death, was declared
Venerable by the Catholic Church. Joseph Rosati was
named the first Catholic bishop of St. Louis in 1824.
Father Charles Constantine Pise, a Jesuit, served as
Chaplain of the Senate from 1832 to 1833,[16][17] the only
Catholic priest ever chosen to serve in this capacity.
Italian Americans served in the Revolutionary and Civil
Wars, both as soldiers and officers. Francesco Vigo aided
colonial forces during the American Revolutionary War
by being one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution
in the Northwest. Later, he was a co-founder of
Vincennes University in Indiana. Six Italian Americans
received the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, among
whom was Colonel Luigi di Cesnola, later to become the
first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New
York.
The early arrivals were scattered throughout the country,
with the largest concentration of Italian Americans being
in the northeast. It was there that recognition of their
common Italian roots and culture was the greatest. Filippo
Traetta established the nation's first conservatory of music
in Boston in 1801.[18] The first opera house in the country
opened in 1833 in New York through the efforts of
Lorenzo Da Ponte, Mozart's former librettist, who had
immigrated to America. The first Italian American
newspaper, "L'Eco d'Italia" was published in New York in
1849 by Francesco de Casale. The first Columbus Day
celebration was organized by Italian Americans in San
Francisco in 1869. Italian American involvement in
politics was already underway, with John Phinizy
(Finizzi) becoming the mayor of Augusta, Georgia in
1837 and Anthony Ghio becoming the mayor of
Texarkana, Texas in 1880. Francis Spinola, the first
Italian American to serve in Congress, was elected in
1887 from New York. An immigrant, Antonio Meucci,
brought with him in 1845 a concept for the telephone. He
is credited by many researchers with being the first to
demonstrate the principle of the telephone; however,
considerable controversy existed relative to the priority of
invention, with Alexander Graham Bell also being
accorded this distinction. (In 2002, the U.S. Congress
passed a resolution (H.R. 269) declaring Antonio Meucci
the true inventor of the telephone).
The main period of immigration (1880-1914)[
Mulberry Street, along which New York City's Little Italy
is centered. Lower East Side, circa 1900.
The Italian unification in 1861 caused economic
conditions to considerably worsen for many in southern
Italy and Sicily. Heavy taxes and other economic
measures imposed on the South made the situation
virtually impossible for many tenant farmers, and small
business and land owners. Multitudes chose to emigrate
rather than try to eke out a meager living. Often, the
father and older sons would go first, leaving the mother
and the rest of the family behind until the male members
could afford their passage
From 1880 to 1920, an estimated 4 million Italian
immigrants arrived in the United States, the majority from
1900 to 1914. Once in America, the immigrants faced
great challenges. Often with no knowledge of the English
language and with little formal education, many of the
immigrants were compelled to accept the poorest paying
and most undesirable jobs, and were frequently exploited
by the middlemen who acted as intermediaries between
them and the prospective employers.[19] Many sought
housing in the older sections of the large northeastern
cities where they settled, that became known as "Little
Italies", frequently in overcrowded substandard
tenements which were often dimly lit with poor heating
and ventilation. Tuberculosis and other communicable
diseases were a constant health threat for the immigrant
families that were compelled by economic circumstances
to live in these dwellings. Other immigrant families lived
in single-family abodes, which was much more common
in areas outside of the enclaves of the large northeastern
cities, and other parts of the country as well.
About a third of the immigrants, so-called "birds of
passage", intended to stay in the United States for only a
limited time, followed by a return to Italy with enough in
savings to re-establish themselves there.[20] While many
did return to Italy, others chose to stay, or were prevented
from returning by the outbreak of World War I.
The Italian male immigrants in the Little Italies were most
often employed in manual labor, heavily involved in
public works, such as the construction of roads, sewers,
subways and bridges being carried out at the time in the
northeastern cities. The women most frequently worked
as seamstresses in the garment industry or in their homes.
Many established small businesses in the Little Italies to
satisfy the day-to-day needs of fellow immigrants. In spite
of the economic hardship of the immigrants, civil and
social life flourished in the Italian American
neighborhoods of the large northeastern cities. Italian
theater, band concerts, choral recitals, puppet shows,
mutual-aid societies, and social clubs were available to
the immigrants.[21]
An important event, the "festa", became for many an
important connection to the traditions of their ancestral
villages in Italy and Sicily. The festa involved an
elaborate procession through the streets in honor of a
patron saint or the Virgin Mary in which a large statue
was carried by a team of men, with musicians marching
behind. Followed by food, fireworks and general
merriment, the festa became an important occasion that
helped give the immigrants a sense of unity and common
identity.
To assist the immigrants in the Little Italies, who were
overwhelmingly Catholic, Pope Leo XIII dispatched a
contingent of priests, nuns and brothers of the
Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo. Among these was
Sister Francesca Cabrini, who founded schools, hospitals
and orphanages. She was canonized as the first American
saint in 1946. Hundreds of parishes were founded by the
St. Charles missionaries to serve the needs of the Italian
communities. By 1910, Italians had founded 219 Italian
Catholic churches and 41 parochial schools, served by
315 priests and 254 nuns, 2 Catholic seminaries and 3
orphanages.[
A New York Times article from 1895 [23] provides a good
source of information regarding the status of Italian
immigration at the turn of the century. The article states:
Of the half million Italians that are in the United
States, about 100,000 live in the city, and including
those who live in Brooklyn, Jersey City, and the other
suburbs the total number in the vicinity is estimated
at about 160,000. After learning our ways they
become good, industrious citizens.
The destinations of many of the Italian immigrants were
not only the large cities of the East Coast, but also more
remote regions of the country, such as Florida and
California. They were drawn there by opportunities in
agriculture, mining, railroad construction, lumbering and
other activities underway at the time. Many of the
immigrants had contracted to work in these areas of the
country as a condition for payment of their passage. In
many cases, especially in the South, the immigrants were
subject to economic exploitation, hostility and sometimes
even violence.[24] Many of the Italian laborers who went
to these areas were later joined by wives and children,
which resulted in the establishment of permanent Italian
American settlements in diverse parts of the country.
In time, the Italian immigrants and their descendants
adjusted to life in their adopted country, and began
making contributions to mainstream American life and
culture. Many of the immigrants had brought with them
specialized skills and knowledge, and an entrepreneurial
spirit.
A significant number of business innovations were
brought about by Italian Americans. Amadeo Giannini
originated the concept of branch banking to serve the
Italian American community in San Francisco. He
founded the Bank of Italy, which later became the Bank
of America. His bank was also instrumental in providing
financing to the film industry developing on the west
coast at that time. Other companies founded by Italian
Americans – such as Ghirardelli Chocolate Company,
Progresso, Planters Peanuts, Contadina, Chef Boyardee,
Italian Swiss Colony wines and Jacuzzi – became
nationally known brand names in time. An Italian
immigrant, Italo Marciony (Marcioni), is credited with
inventing the earliest version of an ice cream cone in
1898. Another Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Bellanca,
brought with him in 1912 an advanced aircraft design,
which he began producing. It was Charles Lindbergh's
first choice for his flight across the Atlantic, but other
factors ruled this out; however, one of Bellanca's planes,
piloted by Cesare Sabelli and George Pond, made one of
the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flights in 1934.[25] A
number of Italian immigrant families, including Grucci,
Zambelli and Vitale, brought with them expertise in
fireworks displays, and their pre-eminence in this field
has continued to the present day.
Following in the footsteps of Constantino Brumidi, other
Italians and their descendants helped create Washington’s
impressive monuments. An Italian immigrant, Attilio
Piccirilli, and his five brothers carved the Lincoln
Memorial, which they began in 1911 and completed in
1922. Italian construction workers helped build
Washington's Union Station, considered one of the most
beautiful in the country, which was begun in 1905 and
completed in 1908. The six statues that decorate the
station's facade were sculpted by Andrew Bernasconi
between 1909 and 1911. Two Italian American master
stone carvers, Roger Morigi and Vincent Palumbo, spent
decades creating the sculptural works that embellish
Washington National Cathedral.
Italian Americans became involved in entertainment and
sports. Rudolph Valentino was one of the first great film
icons. Dixieland jazz music had a number of important
Italian American innovators, the most famous being Nick
LaRocca of New Orleans, whose quintet made the first
jazz recording in 1917. The first Italian American
professional baseball player, Ping Bodie (Giuseppe
Pezzole), began playing for the Chicago White Sox in
1912. Ralph DePalma won the Indianapolis 500 in 1915.
Italian Americans became increasingly involved in
politics, government and the labor movement. Andrew
Longino was elected Governor of Mississippi in 1900.
Charles Bonaparte was Secretary of the Navy and later
Attorney General in the Theodore Roosevelt
administration, and founded the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.[27] Fiorello LaGuardia was elected from
New York in 1916 to serve in the US Congress. Italian
Americans, such as Arturo Giovannitti, Carlo Tresca and
Joseph Ettor were at the forefront in fighting for worker's
rights in industries such as the mining, textiles and
garment industries.
World War I and the Interwar period
World War I, together with the restrictive Emergency
Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924,
effectively put an abrupt end to the large flow of Italian
immigrants into the country. By 1920, the Little Italies
had stabilized and grown considerably more prosperous
as workers were able to obtain higher-paying jobs, often
as skilled workers. English was now the language most
commonly heard on the streets of the Little Italies.[28] The
passage of child labor laws required children to stay in
school at least through the eighth grade, which assured a
better future for Italian American children as they entered
adulthood.
The Italian American community wholeheartedly
supported the war effort, and its young men enlisted in
large numbers.[29] It was estimated that Italian American
servicemen made up approximately 12% of the total
American forces in World War I, a disproportionately
high percentage of the total.[30] An Italian American
infantryman, Michael Valente, was awarded the Medal of
Honor for his service.
In the post-war years, jobs as policemen, firemen and
civil servants became available to Italian Americans;
while others found employment as plumbers, electricians,
mechanics and carpenters. Women found jobs as civil
servants, secretaries, dressmakers, and clerks. The
changing employment prospective occasioned large
numbers to move to neighborhoods outside of the Italian
enclaves. The Great Depression (1929–39) had a major
impact on the Italian American community, and
temporarily reversed some of the earlier gains made.
Many benefitted from New Deal work programs, such as
the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian
Conservation Corp.
Italian Americans of the post-war years contributed
significantly to American life and culture. In politics, Al
Smith (Ferrara) was the first Italian American governor of
New York, and a candidate for president in 1928. Fiorello
LaGuardia became mayor of New York City in 1931.
Angelo Rossi became mayor of San Francisco in the same
year. Vito Marcantonio was elected to Congress in 1934
from New York. Ferdinand Pecora led a Senate
investigation of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which
exposed major financial abuses, and spurred Congress to
rein in the banking industry.[31] Italian Americans
continued their significant involvement in the labor
movement. James Petrillo became president of the
American Federation of Musicians, a position he held for
18 years.
There were numerous Italian Americans involved in
music, both classical and popular. Under the leadership of
Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the Metropolitan Opera became an
internationally known musical organization. Many Italian
operatic singers and conductors were invited to perform
for American audiences, including the tenor Enrico
Caruso.
The conductor Arturo Toscanini introduced many
Americans to classical music through his NBC Symphony
Orchestra radio broadcasts. Rosa Ponselle, a daughter of
Italian immigrants, made her debut at the Metropolitan
Opera in 1918, and subsequently became an international
performer. Ruggiero Ricci, a child prodigy born of Italian
immigrant parents, gave his first public performance in
1928 at the age of 10, and had a long international career
as a concert violinist. Popular singers included Russ
Columbo, who established a new singing style that
influenced Frank Sinatra and other singers that followed.
On Broadway, Harry Warren (Salvatore Guaragna) wrote
the music for 42nd Street, and received three Academy
Awards for his compositions. Other Italian American
musicians and performers, such as Jimmy Durante, who
later achieved fame in movies and television, were active
in vaudeville. Guy Lombardo formed a popular dance
band, which played annually on New Year's Eve in New
York City's Times Square.
The film industry of this era included Frank Capra, who
received three Academy Awards for directing. Italian
American cartoonists were responsible for some of the
most popular animated characters: Donald Duck was
created by Al Taliaferro, Woody Woodpecker was a
creation of Walter Lantz (Lanza), Casper the Friendly
Ghost was co-created by Joseph Oriolo, and Tom and
Jerry was co-created by Joseph Barbera. The voice of
Snow White was provided by Adriana Caselotti, a 21year-old soprano.
In public art, Luigi Del Bianco was the chief stone carver
at Mount Rushmore from 1933 to 1940.[32] Simon Rodia,
an immigrant construction worker, built the Watts Towers
over a period of 33 years, from 1921 to 1954.
In sports, Gene Sarazen (Eugenio Saraceni) won both the
Professional Golf Association and U.S. Open
Tournaments in 1922. Pete DePaolo won the Indianapolis
500 in 1925. Tony Lazzeri and Frank Crosetti started
playing for the New York Yankees in 1926. Tony
Canzoneri won the lightweight boxing championship in
1930. Lou Little (Luigi Piccolo) began coaching the
Columbia University football team in 1930. Joe
DiMaggio began playing for the New York Yankees in
1936. Hank Luisetti was a three time All American
basketball player at Stanford University from 1936 to
1940. Louis Zamperini, the American distance runner,
competed in the 1936 Olympics, and later became the
subject of the bestselling book Unbroken by Laura
Hillenbrand, published in 2010.
In business, Italian Americans were the nation's chief
supplier of fresh fruits and vegetables, which were
cultivated on the large tracts of land surrounding many of
the major U.S. cities.[33][34] They cultivated the land and
raised produce, which was trucked into the nearby cities
and often sold directly to the consumer through farmer's
markets. In California, the DiGiorgio Corporation was
founded, which grew to become a national supplier of
fresh produce in the United States. Also in California,
Italian Americans were leading growers of grapes, and
producers of wine. Many well known wine brands, such
as Mondavi, Carlo Rossi, Petri, Sebastiani, and Gallo
emerged from these early enterprises. Italian American
companies were major importers of Italian wines,
processed foods, textiles, marble and manufactured
goods.
World War II and the post-war decades
As a member of the Axis powers, Italy declared war on
the United States in 1941. Any concerns about the loyalty
of Italian Americans were quickly dispelled. At least half
a million Italian Americans served in the various branches
of the military in World War II. According to the National
Italian American Foundation, the actual number may be
closer to 1. 5 million, based on a comment the late Vice
President Nelson Rockefeller made in a speech to the
Italian American War Veterans of America on August 25,
1961. Rockefeller said that Italian Americans constituted
"more than 10 percent of the might of the American
forces in World War II"
In spite of this display of loyalty, hundreds of Italians
viewed as a potential threat to the country were
interned in detention camps, some for up to 2 years.
As many as 600,000 others, who had not become
citizens, were required to carry identity cards
identifying them as "resident alien". Thousands more
on the West Coast were required to move inland, often
losing their homes and businesses in the process. A
number of Italian-language newspapers were forced to
close because of their past support of Fascist dictator
Benito Mussolini. Two books, Una Storia Segreta by
Lawrence Di Stasi[36] and Uncivil Liberties by Stephen
Fox; and a movie, Prisoners Among Us, document these
World War II developments.
John Basilone in his Marine Corps uniform. He was the
only enlisted Marine in World War II to receive the
Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross.
Italian Americans served with distinction during the war,
and 14 were awarded the Medal of Honor. Among these
was Sgt. John Basilone, one of the most decorated and
famous servicemen in World War II, who was later
featured in the HBO series The Pacific. Colonel Henry
Mucci led the raid by Army Rangers in 1945 that freed
500 survivors of the Bataan Death March from a Japanese
prison camp in the Philippines. In the air, Capt. Don
Gentile became one of the war's leading aces, with 25
German planes destroyed. At home, the work of Enrico
Fermi was crucial in shortening the war. Fermi, a Nobel
Prize laureate nuclear physicist, immigrated to the United
States from Italy in 1938. He led a research team at the
University of Chicago that was able to produce the
world's first sustained nuclear chain reaction, which
clearly demonstrated the feasibility of an atom bomb.
After the first sustained nuclear chain reaction was
achieved, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt received
the message: "The Italian navigator has landed in the new
world". Fermi later became a key member of the team at
Los Alamos Laboratory that developed the first atom
bomb. He was subsequently joined at Los Alamos by
Emilio Segrè, one of his students from Italy, who was also
destined to become a Nobel Prize laureate in Physics.
Fermi's work on the nuclear chain reaction laid the
foundation for the nuclear power industry which began
developing after the war.
Two United States World War II destroyers were named
after Italian Americans. The USS Damato (DD-871) was
named for Corporal Anthony P. Damato, who was
awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for his valor
during World War II. The USS Gherardi (DD-637) (later
DMS-30) was named for Rear Admiral Bancroft
Gherardi, who served during the Mexican–American and
U.S. Civil Wars.
World War II opened up new employment opportunities
for large numbers of Italian Americans in the factories
producing war materiel. This included many Italian
American women, such as Rose Bonavita, who was
recognized by President Roosevelt with a personal
letter commending her for her performance as an
aircraft riveter.
She was subsequently known as "Rosie the Riveter",
and came to symbolize all of the millions of American
women workers in the war industries. Chef Boyardee,
the company founded by Ettore Boiardi, was one of
the largest suppliers of rations for U.S. and allied
forces during World War II. For his contribution to
the war effort, Boiardi was awarded a gold star order
of excellence from the United States War Department.
The post-war period was a time of great social change for
Italian Americans. Many aspired to a college education,
which became possible for returning veterans through the
GI Bill. With better job opportunities, and better educated
Italian Americans entered mainstream American life in
great numbers.
The Italian enclaves were largely abandoned by the
younger generation, who more often chose to live in other
urban areas and in the suburbs. Many married outside of
their ethnic group, most frequently with other ethnic
Catholics, but increasingly also with those of diverse
religious and ethnic backgrounds.
Italian Americans took advantage of the new
opportunities that generally became available to all in the
post-war decades. They made great strides in virtually all
fields of endeavor:
Scores of Italian Americans became well known
singers in the post-war years. Frank Sinatra
continued his legendary career, and was joined by
Mario Lanza, Perry Como, Dean Martin (Dino
Crocetti), Tony Bennett (Benedetto), Frankie Laine
(Francesco LoVecchio), Vic Damone (Vito Farinola),
Don Cornell (Luigi Varlaro), Bobby Darin (Walden
Cassotto), Johnny Desmond (Giovanni De Simone),
Bobby Rydell (Ridarelli), Julius La Rosa, Connie
Francis (Concetta Franconero), Joanie James
(Giovanna Babbo), Madonna and a host of others.
Perry Como, a former barber, became a pioneer of
early television, and one of the most popular
entertainers of the second half of the 20th century.
He hosted a number of musical/variety TV shows
from 1949 to 1967. Other Italian Americans of the
same era, who hosted popular musical/variety TV
shows, were: piano virtuoso Liberace (1952-56),
Jimmy Durante (1954-56), Frank Sinatra (1957-58)
and Dean Martin (1965-74).
On Broadway, musical stars included Carol
Lawrence (Laraia), Anna Maria Alberghetti, Sergio
Franchi, Patti LuPone, Ezio Pinza and Liza Minnelli.
In music composition, Henry Mancini and Bill Conti
received numerous Academy Awards for their
songs and film scores. Classical and operatic
composers John Corigliano, Norman Dello Joio,
David Del Tredici, Dominick Argento, and Gian Carlo
Menotti were honored with Pulitzer Prizes and
Grammy Awards.
Many Italian Americans became involved in politics
at the local, state and national levels.
Italian Americans who became mayors of major U.S.
cities included:
Thomas L. J. D'Alesandro, Jr., elected mayor of
Baltimore in 1947; Vincent Impellitteri, elected
mayor of New York City in 1950; Anthony
Celebrezze, elected mayor of Cleveland in 1953;
Joseph Alioto, elected mayor of San Francisco in
1968; George Moscone, elected mayor of San
Francisco]] in 1976; Richard Caliguiri, elected mayor
of Pittsburgh in 1978; and Frank Fasi, elected mayor
of Honolulu in 1969;
while those who became state governors included:
John Orlando Pastore, elected governor of Rhode
Island in 1945; Foster Furcolo, elected governor of
Massachusetts in 1957; Michael DiSalle, elected
governor of Ohio in 1959; John A. Volpe, elected
governor of Massachusetts in 1961; Ella T. Grasso,
elected governor of Connecticut in 1975; Mario
Cuomo, elected governor of New York in 1983; and
Edward D. DiPrete, elected governor of Rhode Island
in 1985;
with those active at the national level including:
John Pastore of Rhode Island, who became the first
Italian American elected to the Senate in 1950; Pete
Domenici, who was elected to the U.S. Senate from
New Mexico in 1973, and served six terms; Patrick
Leahy who was elected to the U.S. Senate from
Vermont in 1973, and has served continuously since
then; Alfonse D'Amato, who served as U.S. Senator
from New York from 1981 to 1999; Anthony
Celebrezze, who was appointed United States
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the
Kennedy administration; Peter Rodino, who chaired
the House Judiciary Committee, and led the Nixon
impeachment hearings; John Sirica, who presided
over the Watergate hearings that ultimately led to
Nixon's resignation; John Scali, who was the U.S.
Ambassador to the United Nations from 1973 to
1975; Geraldine Ferraro, who was the first woman
vice presidential candidate in U.S. history; Joseph
Califano, who was appointed Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare in 1977; Benjamin Civiletti,
who served as U.S. Attorney General from 1979 to
1981; and Frank Carlucci, who served as Secretary of
Defense from 1987 to 1989.
In professional baseball, Joe DiMaggio continued his
career with the Yankees. Other well-known players
in the post-war years included: Yogi Berra, Phil
Rizzuto, Carl Furillo, Sal Maglie, Vic Raschi, Roy
Campanella, Dom DiMaggio, Ernie Lombardi, Joe
Pepitone, Rico Petrocelli, Sal Bando, Rocky Colavito,
Dave Righetti, and Tony Conigliaro. Well-known
professional baseball coaches in the post-war
decades included: Yogi Berra, Billy Martin, Tony La
Russa, Tommy Lasorda and Joe Torre.
In college football, Joe Paterno became one of the
most successful coaches ever. Seven Italian
American players won the Heisman Trophy: Angelo
Bertelli of Notre Dame, Alan Ameche of Wisconsin,
Gary Beban of UCLA, Joe Bellino of Navy, John
Cappelletti of Penn State, Gino Torretta and Vinny
Testaverde of Miami.
In professional football, Vince Lombardi set the
standard of excellence for all coaches to follow.
Numerous Italian Americans were outstanding
players of the era, including: Alan Ameche, Leo
Nomellini, Andy Robustelli, Franco Harris, Charley
Trippi, Gino Marchetti, Joe Fortunato, Babe Parilli,
Dan Pastorini, Dante Lavelli, Gino Cappelletti, Nick
Buoniconti, John Capelletti, Mike Lucci, Brian Piccolo,
Vince Ferragamo, Daryle Lamonica, Joe Montana,
Dan Marino and Vinny Testeverde. Paul Tagliabue
was Commissioner of the National Football League
from 1989 to 2006.
In college basketball, a number of Italian Americans
became outstanding coaches in the post-war
decades, including: John Calipari, Lou Carnesecca,
Rollie Massimino, Rick Pitino, Jim Valvano, Dick
Vitale, Tom Izzo, Mike Fratello, Ben Carnevale and
Geno Auriemma.
In boxing, Rocky Marciano was the undefeated
heavyweight champion from 1952 to 1956. Carmen
Basilio, Rocky Graziano and Jake LaMotta were
middleweight champions. Ray Mancini and Vinny
Pazienza were lightweight champions. Willie Pep
(Guglielmo Papaleo) was a featherweight champion.
Angelo Dundee (Angelo Mirena) trained 15 world
champion boxers, including Muhammad Ali.
In golf, Ken Venturi won both the British and U.S.
Open championships in 1956. Donna Caponi won the
U.S. Women's Open championships in 1969 and
1970.
In Olympic competition, Mary Lou Retton (Rotunda)
won the all-around gold medal in woman's
gymnastics. Matt Biondi won a total of 8 gold medals
in Olympic swimming competition. Brian Boitano
won a gold medal in men's singles figure skating.
Linda Fratianne won a silver medal in woman's
singles figure skating. Mark Lenzi won a gold medal
in diving. Mike Eruzione was the captain of the 1980
olympic team that beat Russia in the Miracle on Ice
game, in which he scored the winning goal, allowing
the U.S. team to go on to win the gold medal.
In other diverse sports, Willie Mosconi was a 15-time
World Billiard champion; Eddie Arcaro was a 5-time
Kentucky Derby winner; and Mario Andretti was a 3time national race car champion.
Many Italian Americans actors who became well
known in movies and TV, included: F. Murray
Abraham, Robert Alda, Alan Alda, Don Ameche,
Armand Assante, Frankie Avalon (Avallone), Anne
Bancroft (Anna Italiano), Ernest Borgnine (Ermes
Borgnino), Nicolas Cage (Coppola), Lou Costello,
Richard Conte, Richard Crenna, Beverly D'Angelo,
Tony Danza, James Darren (Ercolani), Robert De
Niro, Dom DeLuise, Danny DeVito, Leonardo
DiCaprio, Jimmy Durante, Dennis Farina, Henry
Fonda, Anthony Franciosa, Annette Funicello, Ben
Gazzara, Paul Giamatti, Harry Guardino, Frank
Langella, Robert Loggia, Joe Mantegna, Dean Martin,
Victor Mature, Alyssa Milano,Sal Mineo, Liza
Minnelli, Al Pacino, Joe Pesci, Bernadette Peters
(Lazzara), Aldo Ray (DaRe), Isabella Rossellini, Rene
Russo, Susan Sarandon, Frank Sinatra, Gary Sinese,
Paul Sorvino, Mira Sorvino, Sylvester Stallone,
Connie Stevens (Concetta Ingoglia), Marissa Tomei,
John Travolta, Stanley Tucci, and John Turturro.
Italian Americans were highly successful movie
directors. Frank Capra directed the classic movie It's
a Wonderful Life in 1946. Vincente Minnelli directed
a number of major box-office successes, including
Gigi and An American in Paris. Later in the century a
new generation of directors arose, three of whom –
Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese and Michael
Cimino – became Academy Award winners.
Italian Americans founded many successful business
enterprises, small and large, including:
Barnes & Noble, Tropicana Products, Zamboni,
Transamerica, Subway, Blimpie, Castro Convertibles,
Prince Pasta, American Italian Pasta Company,
DeBartolo Corporation, Mr. Coffee, Conair
Corporation, the Macaroni Grill and Carrabba's
Italian Grill restaurant chains, and Jeno's, Totino's
and Celeste's frozen foods. Other enterprises
founded by Italian Americans were Fairleigh
Dickinson University, the Eternal Word Television
Network, and the Syracuse Nationals basketball
team – later to become the Philadelphia 76ers.
Italians continued to immigrate after the war, and an
estimated 600,000 arrived in the United States in the postwar decades. Many were well educated men and women
who had come seeking greater opportunities in their
chosen fields. Among these were five who were destined
to become Noble Prize laureates: Salvatore Luria, Renato
Dulbecco, Franco Modigliani, Mario Capecchi and
Riccardo Giacconi.
Contemporary period
By the turn of the century, Italian Americans had
achieved education, employment and income parity with
Americans in general. They had excelled in all fields of
endeavor, and had made substantial contributions in
virtually all areas of American life and culture:
Italian Americans served with distinction in all of
America's wars. Over thirty had been awarded the
Medal of Honor, including Vincent Capodanno a
Navy chaplain in Vietnam and, more recently, Jared
Monti and Salvatore Giunta for service in
Afghanistan. A number of Italian Americans were
serving as top-ranking generals in the military,
including Anthony Zinni, Raymond Odierno, Carl
Vuono and Peter Pace, the latter three having also
been appointed Chief of Staff of their respective
services (Army in the case of Odierno and Vuono,
and Marine Corps in that of Pace).
Over two dozen of Italian descent had been elected
as state governors, most recently Paul Cellucci of
Massachusetts, John Baldacci of Maine, Janet
Napolitano of Arizona, Donald Carcieri of Rhode
Island, Joseph Manchin of West Virginia, Chris
Christie of New Jersey, and Andrew Cuomo of New
York.
A score or more Italian Americans, beginning with
Charles Bonaparte in the Teddy Roosevelt
administration, and continuing with Leon Panetta
and Janet Napolitano in the Barack Obama
administration, had been appointed to Cabinet
positions. John Podesta and Leon Panetta had served
in the capacity of White House Chief of Staff.
At the close of the 20th century, 31 men and woman
of Italian descent were serving in the U.S. Congress
and Senate – including Nancy Pelosi, who was the
first woman in American history to become Speaker
of the House.
Two Italian Americans, Antonin Scalia and Samuel
Alito, were serving as U.S. Supreme Court justices.
Over two dozen Italian Americans were serving in
the Catholic Church as bishops. Four - Joseph
Bernardin, Justin Rigali, Anthony Bevilacqua and
Daniel DiNardo - had been elevated to Cardinals.
Italian Americans were responsible for major
breakthroughs in engineering, medicine and science.
Federico Faggin developed the first micro-chip and
micro-processor; Robert Gallo led research that
identified a cancer-causing virus, and also the AIDS
virus; Anthony Fauci conducted significant research
that led to the discovery of the AIDS virus; Riccardo
Giacconi developed the X-ray telescope; and Enrico
Fermi ushered in the nuclear age.
At the close of the 20th century, according to the
National Italian American Foundation, 82 of the
1,000 largest U.S. cities had mayors of Italian
descent, and 166 college and university presidents
were of Italian descent.[39]
Eight Italian Americans, including a woman, had
gone into space as astronauts: Dominic Antonelli,
Charles Camarda, Michael Massimino, Richard
Mastracchio, Ronald Parise, Mario Runco, Albert
Sacco and Nicole Marie Passonno Stott.
Americans of Italian descent were well known
television personalities. Talk-show hosts included Jay
Leno, Kelly Ripa and Joy Behar (Josephina Victoria
Occhiuto). Current-affairs and financial- show hosts
included Maria Bartiromo and Neil Cavuto.
Italian Americans had changed the eating habits of
America. An increasing number of Italian dishes
were becoming known and enjoyed. Italian
American TV personalities, such as Mario Batali,
Giada DeLaurentiis, Rachael Ray and Lidia Bastianich
were hosting popular cooking shows featuring Italian
cuisine.
Within a century of the period of peak immigration,
Italian Americans had risen into the highest ranks of
politics, the judiciary, business, the professions, the
military and the Catholic hierarchy. They were counted
among the country's best known sports and entertainment
figures.
Unita’ 3
Grande ripasso di
Unita´ 3La grammatica
I verbi
Frasi
lo sport
in palestra
Auto...
2. Al Centro
Sportivo
SuperCiao IB
Pagina 52
Sport e Salute
OBIETTIVI
1. esprimere emozioni
2. Descrivere
3. incoraggiare, incitare
4. Attivita’ Sportive, strumenti e attrezzature
5. I principale sport in Italia
6. La Ferrari e le corse automobilistiche
.
Focus
Viva lo sport!
Fitness > buona forma, salute
Cyclette > Cyclette da palestra
Spinning > Ginnastica con bicicletta
Leggete In Palestra pagina 53. Spiegazione e traduzione
Domande importante: Che si fa in palestra? Che hanno
fatto Fede e Ste?
Fare e Sentirsi- La Pratica in classe
Fare male:
Mi fa male di.......
SentirsiMi sento...............
Reflexive verbs are verbs in which the subject is the
direct recipient of the action of the verb in active voice.
I want to wake up at 5:00.
Io voglio svegliarmi alle cinque.
She wants to wash the car, and afterwards she wants to
get washed.
Lei vuole lavare la macchina, e poi vuole lavarsi.
We want to wash the car, and later we want to get
washed.
Noi vogliamo lavare la macchina, e dopo vogliamo
lavarci.
1. I want to buy the car: Voglio comprare la macchina
Voglio comprarla o La voglio comprare.
2. I want to wash the car and then I want to get washed:
Io voglio lavare la macchina e poi, voglio lavarmi.
3. She washes the car and then she gets washed:
Lei lava la macchina e poi, lavar
LAVARE
Lavo
Lavi
Lava
Laviamo
Lavate
Lavano
LAVARSI
Mi lavo
Ti lavi
Si lava
Ci laviamo
Vi lavate
Si lavano
I get up at 5:00 every day. Tomorrow I want to get up at
7:00
ALZARSI
Mi alzo alle cinque ogni giorno. Domani voglio alzarmi
alle sette
I Verbi Riflessivi
Chiamarsi- to be called
Svegliarsi- to wake up
Alzarsi- to get up
Lavarsi- To wash (oneself)
Vestirsi- to dress (oneself)
Mettersi- to put on
Prepararsi- to prepare (oneself)
Divertirsi- to have fun
Annoiarsi- to get bored
Sentirsi- to feel (emotions)
Fermarsi- to stop (oneself)
Riposarsi- to rest
Addormentarsi- to fall asleep
Arrabbiarsi- to get angry
Scusarsi- to apologize
Innamorarsi- to fall in love
Sposarsi- to get married
Laurearsi- to graduate from a university
ESEMPIE
(Noi) Ci alziamo presto.
We get up early.
(Lei) Si veste bene.
She dresses well
Come ti chiami?
What is your name?
Mi sveglio tutti i giorni alle otto. I wake up every day at 8
NOTE: Many Italian reflexive verbs are idiomatic and do
not translate literally into English. Some verbs change
their meaning when they are reflexive.
Teresa chiama Rosa.
Teresa calls Rosa.
Mi chiamo Rosa.
My name is Rosa.
Sento la musica.
I hear the music.
Mi sento male.
I feel sick.
Sedersi- to sit down
Mi siedo
Ci sediamo
Ti siedi
Vi sedete
Si siede
Si Siedono
(Passato Prossimo ex.: Mi sono seduto[a])
SEDERSI
Mi sono seduto(a)
Ti sei seduto(a)
Si e’ seduto(a)
Ci siamo seduti(e)
Vi siete seduti(e)
Si sono seduti(e)
Parole composte con “auto”
Automobile > mezzo di trasporto
Autoritratto > dipinto di se stessi
Autodidatta > persona che studia e impara senza andare
a scuola
Autosufficiente > persona che provvede a se’
Autobiografia > racconto della propria vita
Autografia > la propria firma
Auto > deriva dal greco anto’s che significa “da se’”,
autonomamente
Autoambulanza > auto per il trasporto dei feriti
Autodromo > pista per le corse delle auto e delle moto
Autocarro > mezzo di trasporto delle merci
Auto > tratto da automobile
A Mi fanno male le braccia.
B Mi sento benissimo, la cyclette mi piace e non mi
stanca.
C Sono contento per te. Sentirse in forma e’ la cosa
migliore!
D. Ogni studente risponde indicando : Mi fa male la
testa. ,......
Mi fa male.......
SuperCiao IB pagina 56
I verbi
1. pantaloncini
2. tuta
3. cyclette
4. allenare
5. allenarsi
le parole
6. scarpe
7. pedalare
8. Rinforzare
9. pallavolo
10. partita di pallavolo
11. fare una partita
12. pallone da pallavolo
13. rete
14. giocatori
15. trici
16. squadra
17. maglia
18. atleta
19. servizi igienici
20.pesi
21. docce
22. trampolino
23. cuffia
24. corsia
pagina 57 SuperCiaoIB
25. accapatoio
26.asciugamano
27. zaino
28. calzettoni
29. deodorante
31. sapone
32. visiera
33. alzare
34. alzarsi
35. correre
36. pista
37. all’aperto
38. pallina
39. racchetta
40. lanciare
41. prendere
42.
43.
44.
spalliera
tappeto
istrutrice
SuperCiao IB pagina 58
45.
46.
47.
48.
fare canesto
giocatore
compagni di squadra
avversari
SuperCiao IB pagina 59
49.
50.
Lanciare il pallone oltre la rete
rinviare il pallone
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
campo di gioco
pavimento
pallone
ginocchiere
numero
SuperCiao IB
2 Pagina 52
Sport e Salute
7. esprimere emozioni
8. Descrivere
9. incoraggiare, incitare
10. Attivita’ Sportive, strumenti e attrezzature
11. I principale sport in Italia
12. La Ferrari e le corse automobilistiche
Focus
Viva lo sport!
Fitness > buona forma, salute
Cyclette > Cyclette da palestra
Spinning > Ginnastica con bicicletta
Leggete In Palestra pagina 53. Spiegazione e traduzione
Domande importante: Che si fa in palestra? Che hanno
fatto Fede e Ste?
Fare e Sentirsi- La Pratica in classe
Fare male:
Mi fa male di.......
SentirsiMi sento...............
A Mi fanno male le braccia.
B Mi sento benissimo, la cyclette mi piace e non mi
stanca.
C Sono contento per te. Sentirse in forma e’ la cosa
migliore!
A. Video delle sportB. Rispondono alle domande
C. Noti e lavoro alla lavagna
D.Alla lavagna- l’informazione importanti
E. Spiegazione
F. Cominciare- Recitazione e Passato Prossimo
G.Ripasso delle parole di Giovedi’:
Vocabolario al centro sportivo
Listening
H.Ripasso- vocabolario PRELIMINARE
I. ASCOLTARE
Ripasso SuperCiao IB pagina 54 cio’ che abbiamo
fatto ieri.
Ripasso SuperCiao IB pagina 55
con “AUTO”
Parole composte
II Al Centro Sportivo
ASCOLTARE pagina 56-pagina 57 cd con
dialogo
ASCOLTARE pagina 58- La Telecronaca students
work together
ASCOLTARE pagina 59 una partita do pallavolostudents work together
III
SuperCiao workbook sheets
Il libro di lavoro- pagina 23-pagina 24
FARE EXPRESSIONS
fare bel tempo, fare caldo, fare freddo, fare
una passagiata,
fare due passi, fare una gita, fare un viaggio,
fare una domanda,
fare colazione, fare una fotografia
Fare colazione, fare una buona cena, Fare
merenda, Fare i compiti
Fare uno spuntino, Fare sport, Fare un buon
pranzo, Fare la spesa,
Fare le spese, Fare presto, Fare tardi, fare
bene, Fare male.
VOLERE and POTERE
Volere
Voglio
vuoi
vuole
vogliamo
Volete
Vogliono
POTERE
Posso
puoi
puo’
possiamo
potete
possono
Using the verbs:
Vuoi andare al centro con me
domani?
Si, ma non posso perchè devo
lavorare stasera e non torno
a casa fino alle tre di
mattina. Mi alzo alle quattro.
Helping
verbs
PASSATO PROSSIMO Past Participles and the two
helping verbs: AVERE and ESSERE!!!!!
For most italian verbs and all transitive verbs (verbs
that take a direct object), the passato prossimo is
conjugated with the present of the auxiliary verb
avere+the past participle (participio passato) of the
main verb.
The participio passato of the regular verbs is formed
by replacing the infinitive ending –are, -ere, and –ire
with –ato, -uto, and –ito, respectively. With avere
Comprare
comprato
Ricevere
ricevuto
Dormire
dormito
Irregular past participles are below: with avere
Fare
fatto
Bere
bevuto
Chiedere
chiesto
Chiudere
chiuso
Conoscere conosciuto
Leggere
letto
Mettere
messo
Perdere
perduto (perso)
Prendere
preso
Rispondere risposto
Scrivere
scritto
Spendere
speso
Vedere
veduto (visto)
Aprire
aperto
Dire
detto
Offrire
offerto
Most intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take a direct
object) are conjugated with the auxiliary essere. In
this case, the past participle must agree with the
subject in gender and number.
Andare
Andato
Venire
Venuto
Arrivare Arrivato
Partire
Partito
Ritornare Ritornato
Entrare Entrato
Uscire
Uscito
Salire Salito
Discendere Disceso
Cadere Caduto
Nascere Nato
Morire Morto
Essere Stato
Stare Stato
Restare Restato
Diventare Diventato
passato prossimo
The
—
grammatically referred to as the present
perfect—is a compound tense (tempo
composto) that expresses a fact or action
that happened in the recent past or that
occurred long ago but still has ties to the
present.
Here are a few examples of how the
passato prossimo appears in Italian:
Ho appena chiamato. (I just called.)
Mi sono iscritto all'università quattro anni
fa. (I entered the university four years
ago.)
Questa mattina sono uscito presto. (This
morning I left early.)
Il Petrarca ha scritto sonetti immortali.
(Petrarca wrote enduring sonnets.)
The following table lists some adverbial
expressions that are often used with the
passato prossimo:
COMMON ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
OFTEN USED WITH THE PASSATO
PROSSIMO
ieri
yesterday
ieri pomeriggio yesterday afternoon
ieri sera
last night
il mese scorso
last month
l'altro giorno
the other day
stamani
this morning
tre giorni fa
three days ago
The present perfect tense is
used in the following situations:




an action which took place a short
time ago.
an action which took place some time
ago and the results of the action can
still be felt in the present
an experience in your life
an action which has finished but the
time period (e.g. this year , this week,
today) hasn't finished yet

The present perfect is formed in the following
way:
il presente indicativo
dei verbi
essere o avere
Auxiliary to have/ to be +
in the present form
il participio passato
del verbo in questione
Past participle
Passato Prossimo: Past Tense in Italian
Here is a form of a past tense in Italian, passato prossimo, which
is used for events that happened once.
Learn the formation of the Italian passato prossimo for both
regular and irregular verbs. Also learn when essere or avere
should be used.
Regular Verb Formation of the Past Participle
Passato prossimo follows a simple pattern: essere or avere and
the past particle.
When we use passato prossimo, we talk about something that
has happened once, instead of an ongoing event in the past (we
use imperfect then). For example:
Ieri ho mangiato un panino. (Yesterday I ate a sandwich)
Notice the verb formation in the sentence: the first verb is avere in
the present indicative form, followed by the past participle for the
verb mangiare, which means to eat.
-the formation of the past
participle with regular verbs
— remember three verb endings exist in regular Italian verbs: are, -ere and -ire. When we form the past participle, we remove
the verb ending to get the stem, then add the past participle
ending. For example:
-are verbs: the ending for the past participle is -ato
cantare → cantato (to sing)
-ere verbs: the ending for the past participle is -uto
credere → creduto (to believe)
-ire verbs: the ending for the past participle is -ito
dormire → dormito (to sleep)
Irregular Verb Formation of the Past Participle
Verbs that are irregular in Italian do not follow the same pattern as
the regular verbs for the past participle. There is no particular
pattern.
some of the common verbs:
accendere → acceso (to turn on)
aprire → aperto (to open)
bere → bevuto (to drink)
chiedere → chiesto (to ask)
chiudere → chiuso (to close)
correggere → corretto (to correct)
correre → corso (to run)
cuocere → cotto (to cook)
decidere → deciso (to decide)
dire → detto (to say/tell)
dividere → diviso (to divide)
essere → stato (to be)
fare → fatto (to do/make)
leggere → letto (to read)
mettere → messo (to put)
morire → morto (to die)
muovere → mosso (to move)
nascere → nato (to be born)
nascondere → nascosto (to hide)
offrire → offerto (to offer)
perdere → perso or perduto (to lose)
piacere → piaciuto (to like)
piangere → pianto (to cry)
porre → posto (to place)
prendere → preso (to take)
ridere → riso (to laugh)
rimanere → rimasto (to stay)
risolvere → risolto (to solve)
rispondere → risposto (to answer)
rompere → rotto (to break)
scegliere → scelto (to choose)
scrivere → scritto (to write)
succedere → successo (to happen)
togliere → tolto (to remove)
tradurre → tradotto (to translate)
uccidere → ucciso (to kill)
vedere → visto or veduto (to see)
venire → venuto (to come)
vincere → vinto (to win)
vivere → vissuto (to live)
THE HELPING VERB:
Essere or Avere?
In Italian passato
prossimo, we have
two auxiliary verbs:
essere and avere.
Essere is used when we have:
→ Intransitive verbs (verbs with no direct
object)
→ Movement verbs (examples are andare
(to go), arrivare (to arrive) and tornare (to
return))
→ State verbs (examples are stare (to be)
and rimanere (to stay))
→ Changing state verbs (examples are
diventare (to become), nascere (to be born)
and morire (to die)
→ Reflexive verbs (verbs preceded by a
pronoun, such as mi)
→ Other verbs: accadere/succedere (to
happen), bastare (to be enough/need),
costare (to cost), dipendere (to depend),
dispiacere (to displease/mind), mancare (to
miss), occorrere (to be necessary), parere
(to seem/think), piacere (to like), sembrare
(to seem) and toccare (touch).
When we use essere as the auxiliary verb,
the past participle matches in gender and
quantity.
Avere is used when we
have:
→ Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a
direct object)
Certain verbs can use either essere or
avere — it depends on whether we use the
verb intransitively or transitively. Let's go
over those verbs:
aumentare (to increase)
bruciare (to burn)
cambiare (to change)
continuare (to continue)
diminuire (to reduce/decrease)
passare (to go past)
salire (to go up/get on)
saltare (to jump)
scendere (to go down/get off)
Another way of understanding which auxiliary verb
(helping verb) to use:

Essere or
Avere?
In Italian passato prossimo, we have two auxiliary verbs: essere
and avere. Let's go over the different rules for which auxiliary verb
to use:
Essere is used when we have:
→ Intransitive verbs (verbs with no direct object)
→ Movement verbs (examples are andare (to go), arrivare (to
arrive) and tornare (to return))
→ State verbs (examples are stare (to be) and rimanere (to stay))
→ Changing state verbs (examples are diventare (to become),
nascere (to be born) and morire (to die)
→ Reflexive verbs (verbs preceded by a pronoun, such as mi)
→ Other verbs: accadere/succedere (to happen), bastare (to be
enough/need), costare (to cost), dipendere (to depend),
dispiacere (to displease/mind), mancare (to miss), occorrere (to
be necessary), parere (to seem/think), piacere (to like), sembrare
(to seem) and toccare (touch).
When we use essere as the auxiliary verb, the past participle
matches in gender and quantity.
Avere is used when
we have:
→ Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)
Certain verbs can use either essere or avere — it depends on
whether we use the verb intransitively or transitively. Let's go over
those verbs:
aumentare (to increase)
bruciare (to burn)
cambiare (to change)
continuare (to continue)
diminuire (to reduce/decrease)
passare (to go past)
salire (to go up/get on)
scendere (to go down/get off)
SuperCiao 1B
La Bici - parts of a bike
1. A continuare con Inno nazionali di Italia .... SuperCiao IB
Tutti devono cantare
2. Inno del popolo di Veneto
3. Cultura degli stati Italiani e la storia del RISORGIMENTO
Capitolo 3
L´ introduzione
Tutti cantano
Fratelli d'Italia
Italian unification
History of Italy

Italian unification (Italian: Risorgimento [risordʒiˈmento],
meaning the Resurgence) was the political and social movement
that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into
the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
Despite a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning
and end of this period, many scholars agree that the process
began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and the end of
Napoleonic rule, and ended in 1870 with the Capture of Rome.
Some of the terre irredente did not, however, join the Kingdom
of Italy until after World War I with the Treaty of SaintGermain. Some nationalists see the Armistice of Villa Giusti as
the end of unification.[3]
Fratelli d'Italia
L'Italia s'è desta,
Dell'elmo di Scipio
S'è cinta la testa.
Dov'è la Vittoria?
Le porga la chioma,
Ché schiava di Roma
Iddio la creò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Noi siamo da secoli
Calpesti, derisi,
Perché non siam popolo,
Perché siam divisi.
Raccolgaci un'unica
Bandiera, una speme:
Di fonderci insieme
Già l'ora suonò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Uniamoci, amiamoci,
l'Unione, e l'amore
Rivelano ai Popoli
Le vie del Signore;
Giuriamo far libero
Il suolo natìo:
Uniti per Dio
Chi vincer ci può?
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Dall'Alpi a Sicilia
Dovunque è Legnano,
Ogn'uom di Ferruccio
Ha il core, ha la mano,
I bimbi d'Italia
Si chiaman Balilla,
Il suon d'ogni squilla
I Vespri suonò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò.
Son giunchi che piegano
Le spade vendute:
Già l'Aquila d'Austria
Le penne ha perdute.
Il sangue d'Italia,
Il sangue Polacco,
Bevé, col cosacco,
Ma il cor le bruciò.
Stringiamci a coorte
Siam pronti alla morte
L'Italia chiamò
La Vittoria si offre alla nuova Italia e a
Roma, di cui la dea fu schiava per
volere divino. La Patria chiama alle
armi: la coorte, infatti, era la decima
parte della legione romana
Mazziniano e repubblicano, Mameli
traduce qui il disegno politico del
creatore della Giovine Italia e della
Giovine Europa. "Per Dio" è un
francesismo, che vale come
"attraverso Dio", "da Dio"
Sebbene non accertata storicamente,
la figura di Balilla rappresenta il
simbolo della rivolta popolare di
Genova contro la coalizione austropiemontese. Dopo cinque giorni di
lotta, il 10 dicembre 1746 la città è
finalmente libera dalle truppe
austriache che l'avevano occupata e
vessata per diversi mesi
L'Austria era in declino (le spade
vendute sono le truppe mercenarie,
deboli come giunchi) e Mameli lo
sottolinea fortemente: questa strofa,
COMPITI
COMPITI
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1B
STUDIATE
Unita´ 3!
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