First Human Body Test Review
Human Body Systems
Reasons for 11 body systems in humans:
1. Allows for more complexity
2. More efficient
3. No overlap of functions
4. Less waste and energy use
5. Easy to maintain Homeostasis – the condition of a
stable internal environment in an organism
How the 11 systems depend on each other?
Each systems provides a different, essential need for all
the cells of the organism.
5 levels of organization in most living things
1- cell
2- tissue
3- organ
4- organ system
5- living organism
Intro to Human Body Tissues
Possible Essay -List the four basic types of tissues
and state their distinct features and functions
• Epithelial – sheets of tightly packed cells, always has a surface
facing space, either outside or around internal space. EX: Forms
many linings giving protection and containment on inside and
outside of structures such as the skin, organs, and body cavities.
• Connective – functions to bind and support other tissues. Cells in
connective tissue are always surrounded by noncellular matrix,
usually produced by those cells. Provides body structure as well
as connects parts together allows people to move. EX: Found in
skin, wraps fat cells, tendons, ligaments, cartilage bones
• Muscle – Allow body, food, blood movement. Ex- Skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
• Nervous – Carry electrochemical messages called impulses
to/from the brain which allow us to process, reflect, remember and
understanding our environment. Ex. Neurons, rods, cones
• Reproductive- Cells that go through meiosis and contain only one
set of chromosomes and can be used to produce offspring. Ex:
sperm and egg cells
Integumentary System
Possible Essay - List of the
functions of the integumentary
system
(be able to describe as well)
• Protection of interior parts from bacteria,
chemicals, UV rays, and injuries.
• Temperature regulation (sweat glands and
goosebumps)
• Sensory Reception (heat, pressure, pain, hot,
cold)
• Biochemical Synthesis (use sunlight, make
vitamin D)
Possible Essay - Describe the epidermis
layer. Include the different types of cells and
what they produce.
• Made up of mostly dead epithelial cells.
• Keratincytes produce keratin, which is the
tough material in dead skin and also found in
the basic structure of hair and nails.
• Melanocytes produce melanin, which
determines the color of skin and provides
protection from UV rays.
Describe the Dermis Layer,
including its function
Made up of living cells it also consists of:
• Blood vessels
• Nerve endings
• Glands
• Sense Organs
• Smooth Muscle
• Hair cells
The function of the dermis layer is:
control body temperature and sensory reception
Name and describe the two glands
found in the dermis
• Sweat glands produces sweat when the body
temperature rises. As water evaporates, it cools
the air surrounding skin which makes it feel
cooler.
• Sebaceous glands produces an oil that keep the
keratin-rich epidermis flexible and waterproof.
The oil coats the shafts of hairs and surface of
the skin to prevent water loss and also lubricates
and soften the skin and hair.
SKIN PROBLEMS
Blisters rubbing causes the layers of epidermis or
epid/dermis to separate and water fills in
Burns 1st-degree - only epidermis, no blistering
2nd degree – blistering, deep layer epidermis
damage
3rd degree – entire epidermis burned away
Psoriasis – chronic, scaling of skin and
inflammation of joints.
Muscular/Skeletal Systems
How many bones are in the human
body?
There are 206 bones in the human body.
Possible Essay - Name and describe
the four functions of bones
•
•
•
•
“SSMB”
Support – holds you up; protects heart,
lungs, vertebrae, spinal cord
Storage – help nerves and muscles function
properly by storing minerals and stores fats
Movement – allows human movement
because muscle is attached to bones
Blood cell formation – makes red and
white blood cells
What is the role of the osteoblast?
Osteoblasts are living cells that deposit the
minerals that make up the bones and the
connective tissue holding the bones
together.
Possible Essay -Name and describe
the four components of bones
• Marrow – red marrow makes red and white blood
cells and is found in the spongy bone of legs,
arms, ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Yellow marrow
stores fats.
• Compact bone – located toward the ends of the
long bones and provides most of the strength and
support for bones such as the femur
• Spongy bone – bone tissue with many open
spaces, has stores minerals in it
• Periosteum – tough living membrane covering a
bone’s surface
What is the function of cartilage and
ligaments
• Cartilage – provides a place for bones to
continue growing, protects bone where two
bones contact one another.
• Ligaments – bands of tough tissue
(connective tissue) that holds bones in place
at and around joints.
Name, describe and give an example of
the five different types of joints
• Ball and socket –Ball-shaped end of bone fits into a cup-shaped
socket on the other bone allowing for widest range of motion
including rotation, EX: shoulder and hip
• Hinge joint –Allows movements in a single place,
EX: elbows and knees
• Pivot joint –Allows freedom of movement somewhat between
ball and socket and hinge, EX: wrist, ankle, neck
• Sliding joint –Bones moving into each other allowing sliding or
twisting without any circular movement, EX: carpals in the
wrist, tarcels in the ankle and vertebrae in the back
• Fixed joints –Do not allow any movement and are extremely
strong, EX: Joints of the skull
BONE DISORDERS
Osteoporosis – porous or weak bones that break
easily
Osteomyelitis – bacterial infection that can cause
destruction of bones
Arthritis – common joint problems cause by over
100 diseases
How many muscles are in the human
body?
There are over 600 muscles in the human
body
Define the two groups of muscles.
Give examples of each.
• Voluntary muscles – conscious movement,
facial expressions
• Involuntary – blinking, moving food
through digestive system, heart beating
Name, describe and give an example
of the three types of muscles
• Cardiac – heart muscle
• Smooth – in the digestive track wall,
maintains movement of food
• Skeletal – allow your bones/body to move
What is the function of tendons?
Attach muscles to bones by thick bands of
connective tissue
Possible Essay -Describe how muscles
move joints, which in turn, moves the
human.
Muscle work in pairs. Tendons connect muscles to
bones. One end of the muscle is attached to an origin
bone, then the other end is attached by a tendon to the
moving bone at the insertion point. When one muscle
contracts, it shortens and pulls on the tendon which in
turn pulls on the bone. This moves the bone. The
opposing muscle relaxes/returns to normal length.
Muscles work around joints, which are held together by
ligaments. Cartilage cushions bones in joints.
MUSCLE DISORDERS
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY – progressive
weakness and degeneration of muscles
controlling movement
SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY – genetic
disease the affects voluntary muscles needed for
crawling, walking, head and neck control, and
swallowing
Human Brain and Nervous System
List the seven parts of the brain and
briefly state their main function
• Cerebrum – thinking part
• Motor Area- part of the cerebrum that control
vol. muscles
• Cerebellum – controls balance, movement and
coordination
• Brain stem – controls all functions for body to
stay alive (breathing, circulations, digestion)
• Hippocampus – deals with memory
• Pituitary gland – releases hormones in your body
• Hypothalamus – brain’s inner thermometer
List the different sensory organs and
nerves in the human body (from labs)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eyes
Ears
Smell
Taste
Touch
Heat
Human Nervous System is divided into two regions:
Central N.S. – the brain and spinal column
Peripheral N.S. – made up of the neurons outside of
the Central N.S
Human have more that 1000 kinds of neurons, that
fall into 3 general categories:
Sensory neurons – recieve messages
Interneurons – coordinate incoming and out going
messages.
Motor neurons – send messages to muscles
Possible Essay -Describe how the parts
of the nervous system work together
when you touch something hot.
Touch receptors send an electrical message to the
brain alerting the brain that you are touching
something hot. Before the brain receives the
message, an interneuron intercepts the message as
one of pain and responds by activating your motor
neurons. The motor neurons stimulate your muscles
to contract and pull away from the hot thing.
Explain why tasks are easier to do if
you practice them
When you learn things, the message travels
from one neuron to another. The brain
eventually starts to create
connections/pathways between the neurons.
Well established pathways allow for
messages to be sent more rapidly and thus
carried out more quickly and easily.
Define and state the function of the parts of the eye
• Cornea – light rays are bent, reflected and focused, protects
• Pupil – opening created by the iris
• Iris – controls amount of light entering eye by regulating the
size of the pupil
• Lens – sharply focuses lights on to the retina
• Vitreous fluid- focuses the image
• Retina – captures light to pick up the image, has cone (color)
and rods receptors
• Choroid- shiny reflective back of eye
• Optic Nerve- sends image to the brain
• Sclera- outside membrane of eye
• Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve passes out of the
retina since photo receptor cells are absent there
Human Eye
Describe why organisms have 2 eyes.
• Three dimensional vision depend on
viewing the same visual field with both eyes
simultaneously.
• This gives us depth perception
Define and give the function of rods
and cones
• Rods –more light sensitive . Dim light
vision depends entirely on rods
• Cones – responsible for color vision
Possible Essay - Describe how an eye
functions when it sees an image
Light rays are reflected from object to cornea. Iris
controls the size of the pupil, which determines the
amount of light entering the eye. Here the light rays are
bent, refracted and focused by the cornea, lens and
vitreous fluid. The lens sharply focuses and inverts the
light rays on the light-sensitive retina on the back of the
eyeball. The rods allow use to see in dim light and cones
give better resolution and let us see color. The image is
received upside down at the retina, and the light rays are
converted to electrical impulses which are then transmitted
through the optic nerve to the brain, which then flips the
image over.
Human Ear
Explain how the ear plays a major
role in maintaining one’s balance.
The inner ear contains special hairs that act as
gravity receptors. These hairs are found in the
semi-circular canals. In humans, the inner ear
is filled with fluid. As the head is rotated or the
angle of the body changed, the fluid of the inner
ear sloshes around, stimulating the gravity
receptor hairs in the ear. When the hairs are
stimulated, they send a message to the brain that
relays information about balance.
Possible Essay -Explain how the ear hears
• Sound passes through the external auditory canal in the
form of sound waves.
• Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
• The vibrations are transmitted across the middle ear by three
tiny bones, called hammer, anvil and stirrup.
• Vibrations are passed from the stirrup to the inner ear
through the oval window and then to the fluid in the
cochlea.
• Vibrations travel through the fluid, creating pressure which
stimulates the mechanoreceptors located on the Corti.
• Message is sent in the form of a nerve impulse through the
cochlear nerve to the brain.
Describe what causes hearing loss
• Injury or irregularity in the structure of the ear
• Ear wax build up
• Bones in the middle ear may become fused after an
infection
• Prolonged high fever can lead to injury of the
auditory nerves
• Prolonged exposure to loud noise can cause the
hairs in the cochlea to break