Name:
Kinesiology
Period:
Unit 2/Chapter 9: Muscular System (p. 285-354)
OBJECTIVES:
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Compare and contrast the types of muscle tissues in terms of structure, control, location, and
type of contraction, and function.
Describe three similarities among the three muscle tissues.
Identify the terms used for a muscle fiber's cell membrane and cytoplasm.
Describe the functions of muscle tissue.
Compare and contrast the functional characteristics of muscle tissue (i.e. excitability, contractility,
extensibility, and elasticity).
Illustrate how a skeletal muscle is wrapped in four layers of connective tissue.
Define the terms tendon and aponeurosis.
Illustrate how the myofibrils that compose skeletal muscle fibers are composed of sarcomeres.
Label the thick filaments, thin filaments, A-Band, I-Band and Z-line.
Compare and contrast the structure of thick and thin filaments.
Explain the significance of the special membranous organelles found in skeletal muscle tissue.
Explain what happens to sarcomere structure when a muscle contracts.
Explain the role that calcium plays in contraction.
Name the organelle that contains a high concentration of calcium due to the action of a calcium
pump.
List the sequence of events involved in the power stroke of muscle contraction.
Define the terms neuromuscular junction (NMJ), motor unit, motor end plate and
neurotransmitter.
Identify the neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.
List the sequence of events involved in skeletal muscle fiber contraction beginning with the
necessary motor impulse initiated by the brain.
Explain how and why a contracted muscle relaxes.
Name the three pathways that regenerate energy/ATP in muscle cells.
Outline a general overview of cellular respiration, denoting its two major parts and where each
occurs in the cell. Be sure to include starting products, end products, and any additional
requirements. Then discuss the significance of this pathway in skeletal muscle contraction (don't
forget that the midpoint product can take one of two pathways!!!).
Explain how lactic acid is produced and what its accumulation causes.
Define the term oxygen debt.
Demonstrate the negative feedback mechanisms that maintain thermal homeostasis.
Define the term threshold stimulus, and give the numerical value in skeletal muscle cells.
A myogram measures a muscle contraction as a twitch. What does this term mean?
Describe what is meant by "all or none" response in skeletal muscle fibers.
Define the term used to describe a myogram that shows a series of twitches with increasing
strength.
Name the term when a myogram illustrates a sustained contraction that lacks even slight
relaxation between twitches.
Compare and contrast isometric and isotonic muscle contractions.
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List the differences between fast and slow muscle fibers, and explain why they are also called
white and red fibers, respectively.
Distinguish between multi-unit and visceral smooth muscle and give examples of each type.
Define peristalsis.
List the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue.
Define the terms origin and insertion as they relate to a skeletal muscle.
Define the terms prime mover, antagonist, synergists, and fixator as they relate to muscle actions,
and use the thigh muscles as an example.
For every skeletal muscle listed in this outline, be able to complete the following:
o locate the muscle on a diagram or human muscle model.
o describe the shape and/or fascicle arrangement of the muscle.
o identify key origin and insertion sites.
o describe the action.
1. Understanding Words (p. 285) Define, give an example and explain the following:
calatergfasc–gram
hyperinterisolatenmyoreticul
sarcosyntetan–tonic
–troph
voluntary-
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2. Muscle Tissue Types (p. 162-164)
List the three types of muscle in the body, give examples of where they are found and if they are
under voluntary or involuntary control:
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3. Origin and Insertion
3.1. Label Fig 9.22 (p. 306):
Figure 9.22 (p. 306)
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3.2. Explain the difference between origin and insertion:
3.3. Interaction of Skeletal Muscles
3.3.1. Explain the following terms:
prime mover (agonist)
synergists
antagonists
4. Structure of Skeletal Muscle (p. 286-290)
4.1. Connective Tissue Coverings
4.1.1. label Fig 9.2 (p. 288):
Figure 9.2 (p. 288)
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4.1.2. Explain the relationships between the following terms (p. 286):
muscle
fascia
tendon
periosteum
aponeuroses
epimysium
perimysium
fascicles
endomysium
4.1.3. Explain compartment syndrome and treatment (green box p. 286)
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4.2. Skeletal Muscle Fibers
4.2.1. Label Fig 9.7 (p. 290):
Figure 9.7 (p. 290)
4.2.2. Explain the following terms (p. 287-290):
muscle fiber
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
transverse tubules
cisternae
triad
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4.2.3. Label Fig 9.4 (p. 289)
Figure 9.4 (p. 289)
4.2.4. Label Fig 9.6 (p. 289):
Figure 9.6 (p. 289)
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4.2.5. Explain the following terms (p. 287):
myofibril
myosin
actin
striations
sarcomere
I bands
A bands
Z line
titin (connectin)
troponin
tropomyosin
4.2.6. Describe a strain (green box p. 290)
4.2.7. Explain the importance of dystrophin (green box p. 290)
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5. Skeletal Muscle Contraction (p. 290-298)
5.1. Neuromuscular Junction
5.1.1. Label Fig 9.8a (p. 291)
Figure 9.8a (p. 291)
5.1.2. Explain the following terms:
neuron
motor neuron
synapse
neurotransmitter
neuromuscular junction
motor end plate
motor unit
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
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5.2. Stimulus for Contraction (p. 291-292)
5.2.1. Explain the following terms:
acetylcholine (ACh)
ACh receptors
muscle impulse
5.3. Explain botulism (green box p. 292)
5.4. Excitation Contraction Coupling
Examine and label Fig 9.10 on p. 293:
Figure 9.10 (p. 293)
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5.5. The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction (p. 294)
Explain what happens when sarcomeres shorten.
5.6. Cross-Bridge Cycling (p. 294)
Use Figure 9.10 (p. 293) to explain the cycle
5.7. Relaxation (p. 294)
Explain the processes involved in muscle relaxation
Green boxes (p. 295):
5.8. Explain how insecticides work
5.9. Explain the cause of rigor mortis
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6. Muscular Responses (p. 298-301)
6.1. Threshold Stimulus (Explain)
6.2. Label Fig 9.15 (p. 298):
6.3. Recording of a Muscle Contraction (p. 298). Explain:
twitch
myogram
latent period
sustained contractions
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6.4. Label Fig 9.17 (p. 299):
6.5. Summation (p. 299). Explain:
sustained contraction
summation
tetanic contraction
6.6. Explain the concept of a motor unit as pictured in Fig 9.9 (p. 292):
Figure 9.9 (p. 292)
6.7. Recruitment of Motor Neurons (p. 299-300)
Explain the significance of the number of muscle fibers in a motor unit:
Give two examples of the above:
Explain recruitment:
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6.8. Sustained Contractions (p. 300)
6.8.1. Explain muscle tone and give examples:
6.9. Types of Contractions (p. 300)
Figure 9.18 (p. 301)
Differentiate between isotonic, concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions:
6.10.
Energy Sources for Contraction (p. 295-296)
Use Fig 9.12 (p. 296) to explain the relationship between ATP, ADP, Pi (inorganic
phosphate), creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine), mitochondria, creatine
phosphokinase:
Figure 9.12 (p. 296)
6.11.
Oxygen Supply and Cellular Respiration (p. 296)
Label Fig 9.13 (p. 297):
Figure 9.13 (p. 297)
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Using the text and Fig 9.13, explain and relate the following concepts:
glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic, cellular respiration (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, ETC),
hemoglobin, myoglobin
6.12.
Oxygen Debt (p. 296)
Using the text and Fig 9.14 (p. 297), explain how the following concepts interact (you
may have to refer to Chapter 4). Compare and contrast the aerobic (with oxygen) and
anaerobic (without oxygen) environments: glucose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, liver, oxygen
debt.
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6.13.
Muscle Fatigue (p. 297)
Explain muscle fatigue:
List and explain some causes of muscle fatigue:
What is a cramp?
How do some athletes physiologically adapt to regular exercise (AKA training)?
6.14.
Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers (p. 300-301). Explain:
slow-twitch
fast-twitch
red fibers
white fibers
myoglobin
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6.15.
Summarize Clinical Application 9.2 on p. 302 (Use and Disuse of Skeletal
Muscles):
7. Skeletal Muscle Actions (p. 303-307)
Body Movement
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8. Major Skeletal Muscles (p. 307-336)
Note: muscle names may give you an indication of the muscles:
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size
shape
location
action
number of attachments
direction of fibers
Label Fig 9.23:
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Label Fig 9.24 on p. 308:
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8.1. Muscles of Facial Expression (p. 307-310) and Muscles of Mastication (p. 310)
8.1.1. Label Fig 9.25 on p. 309:
Actions
masseter:
medial pterygoid:
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8.2. Muscles that Move the Head and Vertebral Column (p. 311-315)
8.2.1. Label Fig 9.26 on p. 312:
Actions
splenius capitis:
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8.3. Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle (p. 311-315)
8.3.1. Label Fig 9.27 on p. 314:
Actions
deltoid:
latissimus dorsi:
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8.3.2. Label Fig 9.28 on p. 315:
Actions
pectoralis minor:
pectoralis major:
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8.4. Muscles that Move the Arm (p. 315-319)
8.4.1. Label Fig 9.29 on p. 316:
Actions
levator scapulae:
teres major:
teres minor:
infraspinatus:
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8.4.2. Label Fig 9.31 on p. 318:
Actions
biceps brachii:
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8.5. Muscles that Move the Forearm and the Hand (p. 319-323)
8.5.1. Label Fig 9.32 on p. 320:
Actions
brachioradialis:
flexor carpi ulnaris:
pronator teres:
flexor carpi radialis:
flexor digitorum superficialis:
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8.5.2. Label Fig 9.33 on p. 321:
Actions
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis:
extensor carpi ulnaris:
extensor digitorum:
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8.5.3. Label Fig 9.34 on p. 322:
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8.6. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (p. 323-325)
8.6.1. Label Fig 9.35 on p. 324:
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8.7. Muscles that Move the Thigh and Leg (p. 326-332)
8.7.1. Label Fig 9.37 (p. 327):
Actions
adductor brevis:
adductor longus:
adductor longus:
psoas major:
iliacus:
vastus lateralis:
vastus intermedius:
vastus medialis:
rectus femoris:
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8.7.2.
Label Fig 9.40 on p. 330:
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8.7.3. Label Fig 9.38 (p. 328):
Actions
gluteus medius:
gluteus maximus:
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8.7.4. Label Fig 9.39 on p. 329:
Actions
semimembranosus:
biceps femoris (short head):
biceps femoris (long head):
semitendinosis:
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8.8. Muscles that Move the Foot (p. 332-336)
8.8.1. Label Fig 9.41 on p. 333:
Actions
tibialis anterior:
fibularis tertius:
extensor hallucis longus:
extensor digitorum longus:
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8.8.2. Label Fig 9.42 on p. 334:
Actions
fibularis longus:
fibularis brevis:
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8.8.3. Label Fig 9.43 on p. 335:
Actions
gastocnemius:
soleus:
tibialis posterior:
flexor digitorum longus:
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9. Life Span Changes (p. 336-338). Summarize:
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