Chapter 5: States of Matter
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
 Completed
as a requirement for Maverick
Physical Science 2013-2014
 J.L, P.D
Liquids
A phase of matter that is able to flow but
has a constant volume.
 Flows when any sort of force is added no
matter how small the force.
 Atoms do not have enough energy to
break away from each other.
 Usually less dense than their solid forms.

Solids
 Solid
is a phase of matter where the
volume is constant.
 Atoms vibrate in place to maintain its
shape.
 Molecules are held tightly together by
intermolecular forces.
Gases
A
phase of matter that will expand to fill its
container.
 Gases are the least dense state of matter.
 Every molecule has enough energy to
break away from its area.
 They are less dense because molecules
are spread apart.
Pressure
A
force that is distributed per unit.
 Putting force on an object creates
pressure.
 Works in all directions, not just the area
you pushed.
 Comes from the collision of particles.
Melting and Boiling Point
 Melting
point- the temperature of which a
substance will turn from solid to liquid.
 Boiling point- the temperature in which a
liquid turns into a gas.
Melting and Boiling Point
(cont.)
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Different substances have different melting and boiling
points.
For example: water boils at 100 degree Celsius and
melts at 0 degree Celsius while oxygen’s melting point is
-219 degree Celsius.
Energy plays a big role for changing matter because it
takes energy to overcome intermolecular forces.
Melting and Boiling Point
(cont.)
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Different melting and boiling points are essential to
life because we need to use solids, liquids, and
gases to preform different tasks.
When you freeze a liquid to a solid, it becomes less
dense.
Organisms need to have certain gases to be room
temperature in order to survive and get nutrients.
Convection
 Convection
occurs when matter expands
and it becomes lighter so it heads to the
top.
 Warm air moves up because it becomes
less dense. Then, when it cools, it goes
back down and repeats the cycle.
The Atmosphere
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Air is 1000 times less dense than water.
The air we breathe (a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen,
and other gases) is the most important gas on
Earth.
As you go higher in the atmosphere, there is less
pressure.
Weather is created by the pending temperature.
Mechanical Properties

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When you apply a force to the solid, it may change its
shape or size.
The strength of an object depends on its characteristics.
Elasticity describes how much an object can be
stretched and still return to its original shape.
Brittleness is how easily the object can crack or break.
Ductility describes how an object can be transformed
into useful shapes.
Intermolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces are forces between
molecules.
States of matter exist because of this.
When it is very hot, molecules overcome
intermolecular forces and spread apart.
Medium amounts of energy causes it to form into
a liquid.
Little energy makes the matter a solid.
Intermolecular Forces (Cont.)
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One type of intermolecular is dipole-dipole attraction. This
happens when polar molecules align themselves to
maximize the positive negative attractions and minimize
the positive-positive repulsions and negative-negative
repulsion.
Another form of dipole-dipole attraction is hydrogen
bonding. This attraction occurs when a Hydrogen bond is
covalently bonded to an atom with high electronegativity
like Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Fluorine atom.
The last type of intermolecular force is London Dispersion
Force which occurs between non polar molecules like the
noble gases.
Evaporation

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Evaporation happens when molecules transform from
liquid to gas below the point of boiling point.
Evaporation varies about the average kinetic energy.
High energy molecules are the source for evaporation.
Energy is added when evaporation takes place
because it needs energy to break bonds.
Condensation
 Condensation
happens when molecules
transform from gas to liquid.
 Condensation helps keep the object stay
cool and stay at its temperature.
 Dew and fog are part of condensation.
 Contains water vapor and causes
humidity.
The Water Cycle
The water cycle is a
repeating cycle that
recycles water for us to
use. This is the reason
why Earth does not run
out of water. Parts of the
water cycle includes
condensation,
precipitation, and
evaporation.
Polymers
 Materials
in which molecules are
individually made of long chains of
repeating units.
 Plastics and amorphous solids are
polymers.
 They are useful because they have
melting points in room temperature and
can be formed into solids using molds.
Heat Conduction in Solids
 Heat
conduction is the transfer of heat
when two particles touch.
 Conduction occurs between two
materials at different temperatures when
they are touching each other.
Thermal Conductors and
Insulators
 Solids
are the best conductors because
they are close together.
 Gas is a poor conductor of heat because
molecules are far apart where there are
few collisions.
 Materials that conduct heat easily are
called heat conductors.
 Materials that conduct heat poorly are
called thermal insulators.
Thermal Conductors and
Insulators (Cont.)
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Silver, copper, gold and aluminum are examples of
thermal conductors.
Conduction cannot occur anywhere where there is
no matter.
A thermos is a bottle that is surrounded by a larger
bottle.
Air molecules is removed from space between the
two bottles to create a vacuum.
[Insulator]