Study Guide– Spanish Empire
building
Crusades & Crusading Mentality
Tainos/Arawaks
Bull
Treaty of Tordesillas
Bull Romanus Pontifex
Vacuum Domicillum
Encomienda
Apalachee & Pope Revolt
Study Guide: Questions
•What Nation’s joined in the colonization of North
America? How did they contribute to America’s
National Heritage?
•What were their motives?
•What were their relations with the indigenous
peoples?
•What role did disease play in re-settlement of North
America?
•What ideologies justified subjugation and murder or
first nation peoples?
•Did nations differ in motives? Institutions of
conquest and Ideology?
Explorers, Conquerors, and
“Saviors”: Spain’s Empire Building
in the Americas
Crusades & Crusading Mentality
• 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest
• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King
– Muslim Contributions to Europe – Cordoba, Spain
• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of
struggle
– Crusades – series of military campaigns waged by Christians
– Land & Labor
– Crusading Mentality
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Valued war
Valued accumulated wealth
Sense of Religious superiority
Sense of Religious Mission
Empire Building
• 1452 – Bull Romanus Pontifex
– Declared war against all non Christians, slavery and
exploitation
• Canary Islands 1400-1490s
• extermination of Guanches
• Crusades Mentality
– Begin to identify expansion with conquest of peoples
rather than trade
– Led exploration over seas
– formed the rationalization for conquest and invaders
assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all
other people because of divine endowment
Columbus
• Zinn Chapter 1
• Loewen Chapter 2
– Heroification
– Motives
– Impact on Taino/Arawak
Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of Tordesillias
1493
Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish
“Sphere of Influence”
1494
Motives for Exploration
• Search for Wealth
– Gold, silver, raw materials
• Search for All Water Route to Asia
Basis for Conquest:
European Legalisms
• Vacuum Domicillum
– Duty to civilize and convert people and land from
“useless wilderness” to “Useful garden” in the name
of god, the right to vacant land
• Right of Conquest/Discovery
– Right of Christians to take possession of lands not
Christian by force of arms
• Papal Bull
– Charter, patent, decree by the Pope
“Misunderstandings”
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Sacrifice & ritual Cannibalism Vs. genocide
Ambiguous Christian/Moral Messages
War & its objectives
Gender – Matrilineal vs. Patriarchal
– Invasion & “conquest” reordered the
indigenous world fundamentally
The “Exchange”
New World gets:
• Diseases: bubonic plague,
pneumonic plague,
tuberculosis, small pox,
measles, chicken pox,
cholera, influenza, typhus
• Plants: mainly cultigens
(weeds), citrus fruits,
grapes, wheat
• Animals: pigs, horses,
sheep, cattle, goats and
rats
New World gives:
• Diseases: syphilis
(debated)
• Plants: corn, beans,
squash, potatoes,
peanuts, tobacco…
• Animals: turkey
Demographic Impact of Contact
• 1492: 100-300
million people in
western hemisphere
• Epidemic Disease
killed 65% - 100%
of populations
Institutions of Conquest
• Enslavement & Exploitation
• Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Encomiendas
• Encomienda –
– Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for
labor
– civilization and Christianization
– uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations and
public works
New World Exploits: Andes
• Inca Empire
• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire
• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture,
art…
• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent
• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco
• Disease major factor in down fall
Mayan City – Pre-Aztec
New World Exploits: Meso-America
• Aztec Empire
• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519
• Montezuma held prisoner
• Disease & Tlaxcalans
Aztec Court
Tenochtitlan
Cortez meets with Monteczuma
Cortez & Tlaxcalans
New World Exploits: North America
• South East (Today United States)
– Panfilo de Narvaiz – 1528 – Tampa Bay, Fl
• Apalachee killed 400 soldiers
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survived, spread
rumors of “golden cities”
New World Exploits: North America
• South West (AZ & NM)
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1530s1661
– Entered Zuni pueblos of Arizona and New
Mexico
– 1661 – Pope Revolt
• 400 soldiers killed
• Lived without Spanish interference until 1689
Reading Questions
• 1. What characterized Indigenous Societies
Pre-contact? What generalizations can be
reached?
• 2. When comparing & contrasting European
and indigenous values and life ways what
problem arises in discussing the issues of
“civilization” vs. Barbarism and “progress”
vs. primitive or Backward?
Reading Questions
• 3. What developments allowed Europeans
to re-settle the Americas?
• 4. Why is it important to acknowledge these
developments?
• 5. What evidence is there for non-European
exploration in the Americas pre-Columbus?
Why is this important to acknowledge
French, Dutch & English
Re-settlement
Challenge to Spain’s Empire Building
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Study Guide: French, Dutch &
English
Reformation
French & Haudenosaunee
Dutch West India Co. & William Kieft
The Lost Colony
Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe
• Starving Time
• Opechancanough & the “Just War”
• Pilgrims at Patuxet & Wampanoags
• Puritans & Pequot's
• Puritan Covenant & Pequot War
• Reservations
• King Phillip/Metacom’s War
Western Europe
• 1337-1453 England &
France
– One Hundred Years
War
• 1347-1351
– The Black Death –
Bubonic Plague
• 1/3 of Europe’s
population
European Society
• Rigid Hierarchy
– Monarchs
– Aristocrats
– Gentry
– Peasants and laborers
• Large Disparity of wealth = class
struggle
• Abuse of power by the Church
Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther 1517
– 95 Thesis
• Sale of indulgences to finance St.
Peters in Rome
– Translated Bible into German
– Direct Relationship with God
95 Thesis
•
•Challenged power,
wealth and
Authority of the
church
•Challenged by
emerging
commercial class
French Re-settlement
• 1608 1st French settlement
Quebec
• Relations with the
Haudenosaunee (1660s) &
the Huron
– Nation-to-nation basis
– Friendship, cooperation,
alliances, marriage and
absorption
Dutch & Swedish
• Henry Hudson – 1609
– Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Virginia for Netherlands
– Established Dutch West India Co.
• Mohicans & Pequot's key to expansion and fur trade
• Friendly relations until no longer useful
– Director & General William Kieft 1639
• Advocated extermination of Indians
• Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus & others
English Re-settlement
• Sir Walter Raleigh – 1584-1587
– Roanoke Island (The Lost Colony)
• Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606
– Jamestown & Pamunkey Tribe
• Pilgrims – 1620
– Plymouth (Patuxet), Massachusetts &
Wampanoags
• Massachusetts Bay Company & Colony
(1630)
– The Puritans, Massachusetts Bay & Pequot's
Chief
Powhatan
• 1607 – Chief
Powhatan of the
Pamunkey
– 200 towns & villages
– Agriculture,
seafood, hunted &
gathered
Jamestown, Virginia
• Motive – land &
wealth
– Virginia Co. of
London
• Preconceived notions
of Savage
• Indians impediment
to progress
– Starving Time – 1607
• ½ settlers dead
• Saved by charity of
English
Response
• John Smith – 1608
– “Indian Problem”
– Military solution
• Powhatan
– Stopped gifts of food
• Population 60/500
– survived 2nd “Starving Time”
– Relief ship 1610 saved colony
Pocahontas “My Favorite Daughter”
• 1612 kidnapped Matoaka – Powhatans 17 yr old
daughter
– Married John Rolf – mediator until death
Resistance Effort
• Opechancanough
– Powhatan's brother and
head of the Indian
Confederation in 1618
• Resisted expansion and
Exploitation
• 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed
– John Smith
• “It will be good for the
plantation because now
we have just cause to
destroy them by all
means possible”
1622
Scorched Earth Campaign
• 1622-1644 – “A Just War”
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Enslaved
Take land
Poisoned 200 at a “peace conference”
War of extermination
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Genocide & Removal
• “Peace”
– Established boundaries
– Indian scouts for Virginia Militia
– Annual tribute of furs
• 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes
– Virginia lost 75% of native population
Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony,
Massachusetts Bay
1620 –
Plymouth,
Massachusetts
Mayflower
compact
Viewed people
of Pamet &
Nauset – Satan’s
children
•
Massasoit's Treaty Governor
Edward Winslow
Indian relations
• Massasoit “Big Chief”
of Wampanoags and
other tribes
– Introduced fur trade
• Major source of
capital
– Squanto – Patuxet
Wampanoag
• Assisted Pilgrims
through “starving
time”
–1621 – “Thanksgiving”
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay
Company & Colony
• Never endured a “Starving
time”
– By 1640 25,000 puritans out
numbered Indians in the region
• Puritan Covenant & “City Upon
the Hill”
– The chosen elect, outsider –
insider mentality
– God’s chosen, right to land =
extermination
Governor & Chief Executive
John Winthrop
“Pequot War” 1637
• “Impediment to Puritan Progress”
– Pequot's resisted encroachment & killings
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Removal & Reservations
• 1638 – Reservation Campaign
– 14 plantations, 1200 acres among
Quinnipiac Tribe, New Haven, CT.
– Prohibited tribal government & religion
• Foreshadowed 19th century reservation
system of United States established by
the Office of Indian Affairs