Unit 8
Neurology, Psychology,
Anesthesiology, and Vascular
Terminology
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Neurology
• Study of anatomy, physiology, and pathology
of nervous system
• Components of nervous system:
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Brain
Spinal cord
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
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Neur/o
• neur/o = combining form
• Examples:
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neur/on = nerve cell
neur/o/blast = embryonic nerve cell
motor neur/on = nerves that control muscle movement
neur/o/logist = specialist who studies nervous system
disorders
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Central Nervous System Pathways
• Afferent nerves
– Carry nerve impulses from receptors in body toward central
nervous system (CNS)
• Efferent nerves
– Carry nerve impulses away from CNS to effectors in body
• E.g., muscles, nerves
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Easily Confused Terms
Term
afferent
efferent
affect
effect
Meaning
inflowing toward center
outflowing away from center
to have influence upon
result of consequence of action
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Easily Confused Terms
Term
accept
except
affusion
effusion
Meaning
include or bring toward
exclude and keep away or reject
pouring upon
escaping of fluid from its normal place
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Terms with neur/o
• neur/o/surgeon = physician trained to perform
surgery on structures of nervous system
• neur/o/pathy = generalized disease condition
of nerves
• neur/algia = pain along course of nerve
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Terms with neur/o
• neur/itis = inflammation of nerve
• neur/oma = nerve tumor
• neuro/o/myel/itis = inflammation of nerves
and spinal cord
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Nervous System Procedures
• neur/o/lysis = destruction of nerve tissue
• neur/o/plasty = surgical repair of nerves
• neur/o/tripsy = surgical crushing of nerve
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Functional organization of nervous system that
responds to stress
• sym/path/etic nerves = send signals to
prepare body for fight or flight in response to
danger
• para/sym/path/etic nerves = return body to
normal resting state
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Terms with myel/o
• myel/o = combining form for spinal cord and
bone marrow
• Examples:
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myel/o/blast = bone marrow germ cell
myel/o/cyte = immature bone marrow cell
myel/o/cyt/ic = pertaining to myelocytes
myel/o/cele = herniation of spinal cord
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Suffix: -plasia
• -plasia = condition of growth or development
– Indicates change in form of structure or abnormal number
of cells
• Examples:
– a/plasia = lack of development
– dys/plasia = poor or defective development
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Suffix: -plasia
• Examples:
– myel/o/dys/plasia = defective formation of spinal cord
– chondr/o/dys/plasia = defective formation of cartilage
– oste/o/chondr/o/dys/plasia = defective formation of bone
and cartilage
– hyper/plasia = overgrowth or too much development
– hypo/plasia = underdevelopment
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Psychology
• psych/o/logy = study of mind, mental
processes, and human behavior
• psych/o = combining form
• Example:
– psych/o/logist = scientist or therapist who works in field of
psychology
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Psychiatry
• psych/iatry = field of medicine that studies
and deals with mental and neurotic disorders
• psych/iatrist = specialist physician who treats
mental disorders
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Psychological Disorders
• neuro/sis = condition in which patient knows
real from unreal but exaggerates reality
– Also known as psych/o/neur/osis
• Phobia
– Neurosis characterized by extreme or irrational fear of
something
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Psychological Disorders
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
– Neurosis that can result in:
• Repeated distressing, anxiety-producing thoughts
• Uncontrollable, repeated actions
• Fear of illness and need to wash hands, clean house, and wear mask
against germs
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Psychological Disorders
• Conversion reaction
– Neurosis characterized by bodily symptoms accounted for
by psychological conflict
• Rather than physical causes
• psych/osis = severe mental condition marked
by loss of contact with reality and having
delusions or hallucinations
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Psychological Disorders
• psych/o/sexual = mental disorder related to
sexual function
• psych/o/somatic = disorder having physical
symptoms but originating from mental or
emotional causes
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Psychological Treatments
• psych/o/therapy = process of healing mental
disorders using words, art, drama, or
movement to express feelings
• psych/o/trop/ic medication = used to alter
emotions or behavior to lower anxiety
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Pharmacology
• pharmac/o = drugs or medicine
• pharmac/ist = person licensed to dispense
prescription and nonprescription medications
from pharmacy
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Pharmacology
• neur/o/pharmac/o/logy = study of drugs that
affect nervous system
• psych/o/pharmac/o/logy = study of drugs that
act on mind and nervous system
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Narcotics
• Can cause addition
– Only prescribed by physicians with narcotic license
• narc/o = combining form for sleep
• narc/o/tics = substances that produce sleep,
pain relief, and near-unconsciousness
– E.g., opium, codeine, morphine
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Terms with narc/o
• narc/osis = condition induced by narcotics
• narc/o/lepsy = disorder characterized by
seizures or attacks of sleep
– Causes:
• Cerebroma, cerebral arteriosclerosis, paresis, and brain disease
– -lepsy = seizure
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Epilepsy
• Seizure disorder in which brain suddenly and
briefly changes how it works
– Previously classified by types of seizures
• Petit mal and grand mal
– Now described by part of brain involved
• Partial and general
– Treatment:
• Medication and surgery
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Arteries
• Blood vessels that carry blood away from heart
• arteri/o = combining form
• Examples:
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arteri/o/scler/osis = hardening of arteries
arteri/o/malcia = softening of arteries
arteri/o/fibr/osis = fibrous condition of arteries
arteri/ectasia = arterial dilation
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Terms with ather/o
• ather/o = combining form meaning fatty or
porridge-like
• Examples:
– ather/oma = fatty plaque that accumulates on inside wall
of artery
– ather/ectomy or end/arter/ectomy = excision of atheroma
• Most commonly performed on carotid artery
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Atherosclerosis
• ather/o/scler/osis = condition of hardening of
arteries due to atheroma
• Can lead to heart attacks and strokes
• Most common cause of angina pectoris
– Chest pain
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Atherosclerosis
• Symptoms:
– Fatty streaks in carotid arteries
• Prevention:
– Normal cholesterol levels, increase in high density
lipoprotein (HDL), decrease in low density lipoprotein
(LDL), smoking cessation, and increase in physical activity
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Hematology
• hem/o and hemat/o = combining terms for
blood
• Examples:
– hemat/o/logy = study of blood
– hemat/o/logist = person who specializes in science of
blood
– hem/angi/o/blast = embryonic blood vessel cell
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Hematology
• Examples:
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hem/angi/oma = benign tumor of blood vessel
hem/arthr/osis = blood in joint
hemat/o/phobia = abnormal fear of blood
hemato/o/lysis = destruction of blood cells
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Hemangioma
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Blood Tests
• hem/o/globin = protein pigment in RBCs that
carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
• hem/o/globin blood test (HGB) =
measurement to detect anemia
– Normal average for women:
• 12 to 14 grams
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Blood Tests
• hemat/o/crit = measures percent of formed
elements compared to total volume of blood
– Formed elements
• Blood cells
– Normal average range:
• 36 to 45 percent
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Terms with thromb/o
• thromb/o = combining form for blood clot
• thrombus = medical term for blood clot
• thrombi = plural form
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Terms with thromb/o
• Examples:
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thromb/o/cyte = cell that aids clotting
thromb/o/cyt/o/penia = lack of cells that aid clotting
thromb/osis = condition of forming thrombus
thromb/o/genic = pertaining to formation of a thrombus
thromb/oid = resembling thrombus
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Thrombi Procedures
• thromb/ectomy = excision of thrombus
• thromb/o/lysis = destruction of thrombus
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Effects of Thrombi
• Thrombus may occlude (block) vessel
– Results in:
• Stoppage of blood supply and infarct of tissue
– Infarct = necrosis = death
• my/o/cardi/al in/farct/ion = death of heart
muscle
• cerebr/al in/farct/ion = occlusion of artery
that supplies blood to brain
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Embolus
• Thrombus or piece of thrombus traveling
through blood vessels to other parts of body
– Can cause block in vessel
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Veins
• Vessels that carry blood to heart
• phleb/o, ven/o, and ven/i = combining forms
• Example:
– ven/ous = pertaining to veins
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Veinal Procedures
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phleb/ectomy = excision of vein
phleb/o/pexy = surgical fixation of vein
phleb/ectasia = venous dilation
phleb/o/plasty = surgical repair of vein
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Veinal Procedures
• phleb/o/tomy = incision into vein
• ven/i/puncture = incision into vein to obtain
blood sample
• phleb/o/graphy = process of obtaining x-ray
of vein
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Vessels
• angi/o = combining form
• Examples:
– angi/o/blast = germ cell from which vessels develop
– angi/o/graphy = process of obtaining x-ray of vessel
– angi/o/gram = image of vessel
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Vessel Procedures
• angi/o/scopy = process of using looking
device to examine vessel
• angi/ectasia = dilation of vessel
• angi/o/lysis = destruction or breaking down of
vessels
• angi/o/plasty = repair of vessel
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Anesthesiology
• esthesia = feeling or sensation
• Examples:
– an/esthesi/a = without or lack of sensation
– an/esthesi/o/logy = branch of medicine concerned with
anesthesia
– an/esthesi/o/logist = physician specialist in anesthesia
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Anesthesiology
• Examples:
– an/esthet/ist = person who administers anesthetic agents
• Novocaine
– Local anesthetic agent that removes sensation in specific area
– dys/esthesi/a = impairment of sensation
– hypo/esthesi/a = impaired sensation
– hyper/esthesi/a = oversensitivity to pain
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Pain
• alges = combining form
• Examples:
– alges/ia = extreme oversensitivity to pain
• Synonym for hyperesthesia
– alges/ic = pertaining to pain
– alges/i/meter = instrument used to measure pain
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Pain Conditions
• an/alges/ia = condition without pain
• par/alges/ia = abnormal pain
• par/alg/ia = abnormal pain
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Muscles
• my/o = combining form
• Origin
– Greek
– myon = muscle
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Types of Muscles
1. Striated
– Skeletal
– Voluntary
– Location:
• Covers skeleton
– Function:
• Skeletal movement
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Types of Muscles
2. Smooth
– Visceral
– Involuntary
– Location:
• Organs and vessels
– Function:
• Movement of liquids, gases, and solids
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Types of Muscles
3. Cardiac
– Location:
• Heart
– Function:
• Maintain heartbeat
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Animation
Click Here to Play Types of Muscle Tissue Animation
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Types of Muscles
• Three combining forms:
– rhabd/o/my/o = striated
– leiomy/o = smooth
– my/o/cardi/o = heart
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Muscle Conditions
• my/o/pathy = any muscle disease
• cardi/o/my/o/pathy and my/o/cardi/o/pathy
= heart muscle disease
• my/o/spasm = spasm of muscle
• my/asthenia gravis = autoimmune disease
that causes muscle weakness
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Muscle Conditions
• my/o/scler/osis = hardening of muscle tissue
• my/o/fibr/oma = fibrous muscle tumor
• my/o/lip/oma = muscle tumor containing fatty
elements
• my/oid = resembling muscle
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Measuring Muscle Activity
• electr/o/my/graphy (EMG) = measures and
creates image of muscle activity using surface
and needle electrodes
• electr/o/eur/o/my/graphy = similar diagnostic
tool that measures nerve function
Tests used to confirm carpal tunnel syndrome
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Kinesiology
• kinesi/o/logy = study of muscular body
movements
• kinesi/algia = pain on movement
• brady/kinesia = slowness of movement
• Exercise physiologist
– Person who studies science of how body moves
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Prefix: para• para- = near or abnormal
• Examples:
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para/nephr/itis = inflammation near kidney
para/salping/itis = inflammation near fallopian tubes
para/hepat/itis = inflammation near liver
para/oste/o/arthr/o/pathy = disease near bone and joint
para/noid = delusions of persecution
par/esthesia = abnormal touch sensation
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Paralysis
• para/lysis = loss of muscle function and
sensation
• para/plegia = paralysis of lower body
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Rupture
• -rrhexis = suffix meaning rupture
• Terms for rupture:
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cardio/o/rrhexis = of heart
angi/o/rrhexis = of vessel
arteri/o/rrhexis = of artery
phleb/o/rrhexis = of vein
metr/o/rrhexis and hyster/o/rrhexis = of uterine tissues
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Paroxysm
• Symptom coming on suddenly
– Spasm
• paroxysm/al = adjectival form
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
– Sudden onset of shortness of breath at night
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