Anatomy & Physiology
Unit 1 – Introduction
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy
• Study of structure & parts
• Gross Anatomy
• Large, easily observable structures
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Only viewable by microscope
• Physiology
• Study of function and how parts
work
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
Blood
muscle
vessel
tissue
Connective (organ)
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
Blood
muscle
vessel
Cardiotissue
Connective (organ)
vascular
tissue
system
Organ level
Organs are made up
Organ system level
of different types
Organ systems consist of different
of tissues
organs that work together closely
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
Blood
muscle
vessel
Cardio- Organismal level
tissue
Connective (organ)
vascular Human organisms
tissue
are made up of many
system
Organ level
organ systems
Organs are made up
Organ system level
of different types
Organ systems consist of different
of tissues
organs that work together closely
Organ Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Lymphatic
Reproductive
Integumentary
system
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
Cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic
system
Nervous
system
Digestive
system
Respiratory
system
Urinary
system
Male
Reproductive
system
Female
Reproductive
system
Endocrine system
Male
Female
Integumentary System
•
•
•
•
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Skeletal System
•
•
•
•
Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Muscular System
• Produces movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Nervous System
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Endocrine System
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Cardiovascular System
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes CO2
Digestive System
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Urinary System
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid-base balance
• Regulates water and electrolytes
Lymphatic System
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Cleanses the blood
• Involved in immunity
Reproductive System
• Produces offspring
Characteristics of Life
Characteristics of Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Movement
Maintain boundaries
Response (reaction to change)
Growth (in size, not shape)
Reproduction (new organisms & cells)
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation (changing absorbed substances into different forms)
Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
Requirements of Organisms
Requirements of Organisms
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure (breathing, circulation)
Homeostasis
• Dynamic equilibrium
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment
• 3 parts:
• Receptor – receives info; detects stimuli
• Control center – determines set point & response
• Effector – provides means for response to stimulus
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Effector
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Control
center
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Effector
Receptor (sensor)
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Afferent Pathway
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Efferent Pathway
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
Activity
Generates
body heat.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
Homeostatic Mechanisms
• Negative feedback (most common)
• Prevent sudden changes
• Shuts off original stimulus or reduces it
• Positive feedback
• Increases or adds to the change
• Produces more instability & chaos
• Blood clotting; child birth
Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical position
•
•
•
•
Standing erect
Facing forward
Upper limbs at the sides
Palms facing forward and thumbs out
Terminology
• Universal system, used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Specific regions or structures
Directional Terms
• Superior (also: cranial or cephalad)
• Above; toward head or upper part of
structure/body
• Inferior (also: caudal)
• Below; away from head or toward lower part of
structure/body
• Ventral (also: anterior)
• In front of; at/toward front of body
Directional Terms (continued)
• Dorsal (also: posterior)
• Behind; toward backside of body
• Medial
• On the inner side of; toward or at midline of
body
• Lateral
• On the outer side of; away from midline of body
• Proximal
• Closer to origin of the body part (or point of
attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
• Used for the extremities
Directional Terms (continued again)
• Distal
• Farther from origin of body part (or
point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk)
• Used for the extremities
• Superficial (also: external)
• Toward or at the body surface
• Deep (also: internal)
• More internal; away from body surface
• Ipsilateral – same side
• Contralateral – opposite side
Midline
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Anterior
(Ventral)
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Regional Terms/Body Landmarks
Body Planes & Sections
• Sagittal section – divides into left & right parts
• Median (or midsagittal) section – divides into equal left & right parts
• Frontal (or coronal) section – divides into anterior & posterior parts
• Transverse (or horizontal, or cross) section – divides into superior &
inferior parts
Sagittal
(Midsagittal)
Transverse
Coronal
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
Other Body Sections
Cross Section
Oblique section
Longitudinal section
Body Cavities
• 2 layers:
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or
body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal peritoneum
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral peritoneum
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal perineum
• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral perineum
Body Cavities
• Dorsal
• Cranial cavity – houses brain
• Vertebral cavity – houses spinal cord
• Ventral
• Thoracic cavity – heart, lungs
• Abdominopelvic – digestive, urinary system organs
Cranial cavity
Body Cavities
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Middle ear cavity
Regions of the Body
• Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions
(more specific)
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
region
Right
hypochondriac
region