IB
Sports,
Exercise and
Health Science
Topic One: Anatomy
1.1.1
Distinguish anatomically between the axial and
appendicular skeleton.
Humans are vertebrates, animals having a vertebral column or backbone. They rely on a
sturdy internal frame that is centered on a prominent spine. The human skeletal system
consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of the
body weight. Bones provide a rigid framework, known as the skeleton, that support and
protect the soft organs of the body. (SEER)
The Axial Skeleton

outline the axial skeleton in red

on the right, label four major bones of the axial skeleton

on the right, annotate the general function of the axial skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton

outline the appendicular skeleton in yellow

on the left, label four major bones of the appendicular skeleton

on the left, annotate the general function of the appendicular skeleton

See…
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/divisions/
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
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1.1.2
Topic One: Anatomy
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton
– note how the systems differ in function.
AXIAL
FUNCTION
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Topic One: Anatomy
APPENDICULAR
FUNCTION
Investigation 1: A comparison of bone measurements
Materials: tape measures, skeleton poster.
Task 1

Using a tape measure, on a partner or yourself, measure the circumference of bones
at the wrist, elbow, ankle and knee.
1. Make a results table in which it is possible to compare measurements between males
and females in the class or group.
Results table 1.0: A comparison of bone circumference.
name
wrist
elbow
ankle
Knee (circumference in
cms)
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Topic One: Anatomy
1. Is the circumference (which is directly related to thickness) of bone an indication of
the maturity and strength of bones?
Answer
Task 2
Bones of males are denser than those of females and the bones of an Afro-Caribbean
skeleton are denser than those of the Caucasian skeleton. What effect would this
information have when planning a training programme?
Answer
Investigation 2
Feel around for your hip JOINT below the tissue of your IT band. It helps to sway
side to side. Place the measuring tape there and stretch it down the outside of your
leg to your knee joint. That's your femur length.
1. Collect the data from males and females, and record the distribution of measurements
from all individuals for each category of measurement.

Record on a Scatter plot graph- ‘length of femur v’s height’ and a Bar chart – ‘length of
arm’.
e.g.
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Topic One: Anatomy
Graph 1.1 Scatter plot of length of
femur v height
Graph 1.2 Bar chart of length of arm
2. Discuss and comment on the distribution of results obtained from different sporting
groups, and males as opposed to females.
1.1.4
Neatly draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.
Include the: epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, diaphysis, compact bone, bone
marrow, marrow cavity, blood vessel(s) and periosteum.
See… http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/2_anatomy_skeleton_rev4.shtml
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Topic One: Anatomy
Investigation 2: To examine the structure of bone
TASK 1
If you cut a long bone in half down the middle, you would be able to observe the structures
shown in Figure 1.8. Using the information in Figure 1.7 and 1.8 and answer the following
questions:
Figure 1.8 Longitudinal section
of a typical long bone
Figure 1.7 Head of the femur
1. Where in a long bone is spongy bone
located?
Answer:
2. Why do you think red bone marrow is
present in spongy bone?
Answer:
3.
Answer:
Suggest reasons why long bones are hollow.
4. What is the function of the yellow bone marrow located in the diaphysis?
Answer:
5. The surface of bones, except for articular surfaces, is covered by the periosteum, which
attaches itself to the bone via tiny roots. What do you think are the principle functions of
the periosteum?
Answer:
6. Comment on the positioning of the articular cartilage. Why is it where it is on the bone?
Answer:
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Topic One: Anatomy
1.1.5
Anatomical terminology and the location of bones
Watch the following clips and then complete tables one and two below:

Planes of the Human Body
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/planes-of-the-human-body-definition-anatomy-diagram.html#lesson
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-science/ap15305/anatomical-terminology--relative-position
Table One
Anatomical References for the Human Body
Reference
superior
Description
Application
above
the head is superior to the
neck
divides body into left
shoulder flexion occurs
and right segments
in a sagittal plane of motion
inferior
anterior
posterior
superficial
deep
medial
lateral
proximal
distal
plantar/palmar
dorsal
Planes of Motion
sagittal
frontal / coronal
transverse
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Topic One: Anatomy
Explaining the Planes of Motion
Let’s examine each plane in a bit more detail.
Dividing the body into left and right halves using an imaginary line gives us the sagittal
plane. Any forward and backward movement parallel to this line occurs in the sagittal
plane.
With the same imaginary line, divide the body into front and back halves and you have the
frontal plane. Any lateral (side) movement parallel to the line will occur in the frontal plane.
Last, but certainly not least, we have the transverse plane, which divides the body into top
and bottom halves. Movement parallel to the waistline, otherwise known as rotational
movement, occurs in the transverse plane.
For a clearer understanding, we can view the planes as they relate to exercises performed in
a workout session. Below are a few exercises performed in each plane.
Sagittal plane: bicep curl and forward or reverse lunges
Frontal plane: dumbbell lateral (side) raise
Transverse: horizontal wood chop



https://www.acefitness.org/blog/2863/explaining-the-planes-ofmotion

Whack a Bone…
http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/WAB/WAB.html
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Topic One: Anatomy
1.1.6
Outline the functions of Connective Tissue
Outline the function of each of the following:

Cartilage:
Answer-

Ligament:
Answer:

Tendon:
Answer:
1.1.7
Define the term Joint
Outline the role that joints play in the human body.
Answer:
Now Try… http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/skeletal_and_muscular/
See…
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/articulating-the-importance-of-joints-in-anatomy.html
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1.1.8
Topic One: Anatomy
Distinguish between the different Types of Joints in relation
to movement permitted.
Complete the table below
Joint Type
Description
Example
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
 Which joint type is
shown?
Answer:
 See also… Joint Tutorial
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/anc09.htm
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1.1.9
Topic One: Anatomy
Outline the features of a Synovial Joints
Complete the tables below to outline the features of a typical synovial joint.
Feature
Articular capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Menisci (as in the knee)
Bursae
Ligaments
Synovial fluid
Joint cavity
Function
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1.1.10
Topic One: Anatomy
Outline the features of a Synovial Joints (cont)
Articular cartilage
Synovial/articular/joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
ligaments
Bursae
Miniscus
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Topic One: Anatomy
Investigation 3: To Examine the Structures of a Synovial Joint
TASK 1
TASK ONE
Figure 1.13 Synovial joint – the knee
Using the synovial joint illustrated in Figure 1.13,
match each letter to one of the structures listed
below and explain the function of each structure
by using appropriate reference books.
For example:
Structure 1. Articular or hyaline cartilage
A smooth, shiny cartilage which covers the ends of
bones and absorbs synovial fluid.
Answer:
F.
 Function: to prevent friction between
bones, when the joint is exercised, synovial
fluid is squeezed out of the articular cartilage at the point of contact. (McCutchen's
Weeping Lubrication Theory).
Structure 2. Joint capsule – a sleeve of fibrous tissue surrounding the joint.
Answer:
 Function:
Structure 3. Ligament – a sleeve of tough, fibrous connective tissue, which is an extension
of the joint capsule.
Answer:
 Function:
Structure 4. Synovial membrane – a sheet of epithelial cells inside the joint capsule.
Answer:
 Function:
Structure 5. Synovial fluid – the fluid enclosed in a joint, some of which is absorbed by
hyaline cartilage during exercise.
Answer:
 Function:
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Topic One: Anatomy
TASK 2
1. Identify the positions of the bones of the elbow joint (humerus, radius, ulna) and
shoulder joint (scapula, clavicle) on a partner.
Examples of the types of movements of synovial joints
2. Discuss and list in a table, the joint types and ranges of movements of the elbow and
shoulder joints?
Answer
3. Two other features that are called bursae and menisci appear in synovial joints. Bursae
are little sacs of synovial fluid, and menisci are extra layers of fibrocartilage located at
the articulating surfaces of joints. Suggest the functions of these special joint features
and give examples from the human body.
Answer
IB
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Topic One: Anatomy
Chicken Wing Dissection
Chicken Wing Dissection
How do the muscles, bones, and tendons work together to move a joint of a
chicken wing and how do they compare to a human arm?
Although many differences exist between the anatomy of humans and
chickens, one structure that shows similarities in muscle pairing and range
of motion is a bird’s wing. In this activity you will study chicken wing
structure and function, which is comparable to that of the human arm.
Investigation 4- - Synovial Joints
Fill in the table below
Types of synovial Joint
Joint type
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding
Shape of joint
Example in the body
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Topic One: Anatomy
Types of synovial joint
 Identify the type of synovial joint found in the following locations of the
human body:
Table 1.2
Location or Joint
Joint Type
the hip
the knee
the atlas and axis vertebrae
the ankle
between the tarsal bones
The smallest bone found in the human body is the stirrup
Located in the middle ear this bone is only 2.8 millimeters long.
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/humanbody.html