Structure and Composition of
Matter. Dispersions.
Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical
Biochemistry and FH Motol
Matej Kohutiar, Bruno Sopko
Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Atom
Chemical bond
Gas phase
Liquid phase
Solid state
Dispersions and colloid systems
Atom
• Atom: nucleus + electron cloud
• Nucleus: nucleons = protons + neutrons
• Electron cloud: electrons
Atomic number
Nucleon number
Neutron number
Atom
• Atom: nucleus + electron cloud
• Nucleus: nucleons = protons + neutrons
• Electron cloud: electrons
Atomic number
Nucleon number
Neutron number
16
O
8
Particles
Electron
• Dualistic properties – wave and particular
• Wave function and orbital
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Electron and Wave Function
Atomic orbitals
Quantum number
2. Chemical Bond
Electronegativity
• The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract
shared electrons to itself
•
•
•
•
Pauling
Mulliken X=(1/2,8). (I+A)/2
Trend in PSP
electropositivity
Electronegativity in PSP
Chemical bonds
•
•
•
•
•
Ionic bond
Covalent bond (polar x nonpolar)
Coordinate bon
Metal bond
Week Intermolecular interactions
Ionic bond
• There is no 100% ionic bond
• Electronegativity difference (Δ≥1.7)
• Move of electrons toward elemnt with higher
electronegativity
• High tv, tt
Covalent bond
• „electron sharing “ 0,4≤ Δx <1,2
• Polar x nonpolar
• „Attracting“ force of one atom influences the
other
→ vibrant equilibrium
Coordinate covalent bonding
• Electron pair donor/acceptor
• Coordination compounds
• Central atom (metal ion) and
Ligand
• Central atom : vacant orbital
• Ligand: electron pair donor
Coordinate covalent bonding
Intermolecular Forces
• 10 x weaker than covalent bonding
• Chlorine sublimation 25,2 kJ/mol
• Chlorine dissociation 243 kJ/mol
• Interaction: ion-ion
• Interaction: dipole-dipole
• Interaction: ion-induced dipole
London’s Forces
• Between nonpolar molecules
• Permanent electron oscillation
• Interaction: induced dipole-induced dipole
Hydrogen Bond
• Very electronegative atom: F, O, N
• 10-40kJ/mol
• Boiling point..
Bond Polarity
• Bond polarity
• Molecule polarity
3. Gas phase
Gas
• ρ, p, T, V, n
• Ideal mixing (1 phase)
pV  nRT
Amagat’s law
V1
+
V2
=
V1+V2
Dalton’s law
Gas
V   Vi
i
p   pi
i
RT
p   pi 
V
i
n
i
i
Gas exchange - circulation
Henry's law
Vi   i pi
Henry's law
Vi   i pi
T  310 K
p  101325 Pa
pO2  14,18kPa
pCO2  6,13kPa
Henry's law
Vi   i pi
T  310 K
p  101325 Pa
O  1,97 104 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pO2  14,18kPa
CO  4,93 103 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pCO2  6,13kPa
2
2
Henry's law
Vi   i pi
T  310 K
p  101325 Pa
O  1,97 104 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pO2  14,18kPa
CO  4,93 103 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pCO2  6,13kPa
2
2
VO2  1,97  10 4  14,18  2,79  10 4 cm 3 / 1cm 3 
 0,28cm 3 / 100cm 3 plazmy
Henry's law
Vi   i pi
T  310 K
p  101325 Pa
O  1,97 104 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pO2  14,18kPa
CO  4,93 103 cm3kPa1 / 1cm3
pCO2  6,13kPa
2
2
VO2  1,97  10 4  14,18  2,79  10 4 cm 3 / 1cm 3 
 0,28cm 3 / 100cm 3 plazmy
3
VCO2  4,93  10  6,13  0,030cm / 1cm 
 3cm 3 / 100cm 3 plazmy
3
3
Maximal depth of dive?
98% He + 2% O2
pO2  101,325  0,20  20265 Pa
pmix
20265

 1013250 Pa  1013kPa
0,02
pcelk  patm  hg  101  h 1000  9,81  1013
h  93m
4. Liquid phase
Liquid phase
Liquid phase
1716,99
log p  4,14259 
234,268  t
h  3000m; t  17 C
p  71,12kPa

t  90,3 C

5. Solid state
Solid state
Solid state
6. Disperse and Colloidal Systems
Dispersions
• Disperse phase
• Disperse environment
•
•
•
•
Sorting:
According the size of dispersed particles
According the shape of dispersed particles
According the amount of dispersed particles
Dispersions
Colloid Systems
Colloid Systems
Lyosol
1. Lyophobic system
2. Lyophylic system
3. Associative colloidal systems
(Gel)
Lyophobic colloidal system
Lyophilic colloidal systems
Associative colloidal system
Micelles
Lipoprotein structure
Phase diagram - Bile
Sources
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• https://www.lifecellaustralia.com/blog/posts/skin-structure
• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1K6F_Crystal_Structure_Of_The_Collagen_Triple_Helix_Model_Pro-_Pro-Gly103_05.png
• http://www.sfdm.scad.edu/faculty/mkesson/vsfx319/wip/best_winter2007/jesse_weglein/maya_pattern_animation/maya_pattern_animation.html
• http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/blood3.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte
• http://www.primesight.net/education.htm
• http://www.quantumintro.com/
• http://www.universetoday.com/56747/atom-structure/
• http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Quantum_Mechanics/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electronic_Orbitals
• http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045_s99/lectures/lec_12.html
• http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/bondel.html
• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l5_p3.html
• http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals/lectureNotes-Revision/Topic2B_Water.htm
• http://www.grandinetti.org/Teaching/Chem121/Lectures/MOTheory
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferasirox
• http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3313/3393071/blb2402.html
• http://www.aboutthemcat.com/chemistry/chemical-reactions.php
• http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/pH/ph_water.htm
• http://blogs.harrisonhigh.org/jamey_stiltz/chemistry/unit-4-bonding/
• http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/g-h/hybridization/
• http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v398/n6724/fig_tab/398223a0_F3.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_nanoparticle_Zeta-potential.png
• http://www.mi2g.com/cgi/mi2g/frameset.php?pageid=http%3A//www.mi2g.com/cgi/mi2g/press/110210.php
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15093234
• https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/lipids.htm
• http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/finish/6
• http://www.ach.nitech.ac.jp/~physchem/taga/1tagag_e.html
• http://eweb.furman.edu/~wworthen/bio111/cellover.htm
• http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm
• http://eatingacademy.com/nutrition/the-straight-dope-on-cholesterol-part-ii
• http://www.uptomed.ir/Digimed.ir/sabiston-2009/Sabiston_2009/HTML/518.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibbs-donnan-en.svg
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Respiratory_System.html
http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/GenChem1/L13/1.html