Tema 7: Homofermentative Pathway Chapter 14 Pages 383 - 402 Formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase pyruvate Pyruvate Ferredoxin oxidoreductase Pyruvate Formate lyase Acetyl-CoA + formic acid Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + H2 Anaerobically Pyruvate dehydrogenase 1) Catalyze an oxidative decarboxylation. 2) It is found in aerobically grown Bacteria, mitocondria, but not in Archaea. 3) The product acetyl-CoA usually goes to the TCA cycle instead of to acetyl-P HSCoA O O HOOC-C-CH3 NAD CH3CO-SCoA + CO2 NADH2 TCA cycle Pyruvate Formate lyase 1) Catalyze an oxidative decarboxylation. where the electrons remain in the carbonyl group. 2) The product acetyl-CoA usually goes to acetyl-P. O O HOOC-C-CH3 + CoASH CH3CO-SCoA + CH2O2 Pi Phosphotransacetylase ADP CH3COOH + ATP Mg+ O CH3CO-P + HSCoA Acetate kinase 1) Catalyze an oxidative decarboxylation where ferredoxin is the Electron acceptor. Pyruvate Ferredoxin oxidoreductase 2) It is found typically in clostridia and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and other anaerobes. 3) The product acetyl-CoA usually goes to acetyl-P. O O HOOC-C-CH3 + CoASH CH3CO-SCoA + CO2 Fd ox Fd red Pi hydrogenase Phosphotransacetylase 2H+ ADP CH3COOH + ATP 2H2 O Mg+ CH3CO-P + HSCoA Acetate kinase How is acetyl-CoA made from Acetate? It is typically made as follows ADP CH3COOH OUT O Mg+ + ATP CH3CO-P + HSCoA Acetate kinase or Phosphotransacetylase acetylCoA Pi synthetase O IN CH3CO-SCoA Carbon and energy Lactic Acid Bacteria Characteristics: Gram positive, carbohydrate users, proteolysis rare, nonmotile, non-spore forming Strict fermentors, unable to synthesize cytochromes unless heme is added. catalase negative oxidase negative Nutritionally fastidious All make lactic acid (lactate) as predominant end product Lactic Acid Bacteria Types of fermentation Homofermentative: glucose to 2 lactic acids, 85-95% of glucose carbon in lactate Heterofermentative: glucose to 1 lactate, 1 ethanol, and 1 carbon dioxide, only 50% or less of glucose carbon in lactate. Types of products will define the pathway used and ATP made. Lactic Acid Bacteria Types of organisms Streptococcus: homofermentative Leuconostoc: heterofermentative Pediococcus homofermentative Lactobacillus; heterofermentative or homofermentative. Lactic Acid Bacteria Streptococcus species: Enterococcus: gut dwellers Lactococcus natural fermentations Lactic acid production: lowers pH, preserves and precipitates proteins Lactic acid bacteria Homofermentative pathway Uses Glycolytic pathway to make 2 pyruvates from glucose Overview: Activation-use 2 ATP Make ß-carbonyl C-C bond cleavage Oxidation/reduction Substrate-level phosphorylation Homofermentative Pathway in Streptococci Glucose ATP ADP Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P ATP ADP Fructose-1,6 bis P Dihydroxyacetone-P 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P 2 NAD+ Dihydroxyacetone-P 2 NADH converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Pathway shows 2 G-3-P's after this step. 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 3-phophoglycerate Reoxidation of NADH Lactate dehydrogenase 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 2-phosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ 2 lactate 2 H2O 2 phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP Used 2 ATP Made 4 ATP Net ATP yield=2 ATP/glucose 2 ATP 2 pyruvate Glycolytic Pathway for Glucose Metabolism CH2 HO H H OH H C C C OH OH H Hexokinase or PTS system = OP 3 O CH2 C C H O Glucose OH ATP H H ADP OH H C C C OH OH H H C O C Glucose-6-P OH G6P isomerase = OP 3 O CH2 H H OH H C C C C CH2OH Fructose-6-P OH OH H O ATP Phosphofructokinase = OP 3 O CH2 Fructose-1,6-bis P aldolase = OP 3 O CH2 H H ADP OH H C C C C OH OH H O H H C C OH O Glyceraldehyde-3-P Now have 2 G3P's CH2 PO3= Fructose-1,6bisP OH + H C C H O CH2 O PO3= Dihydroxyacetone-P Triose isomerase Glycolytic Pathway for Glucose Metabolism = OP 3 Triosephosphate dehydrogenase NAD+ CH2 O H H C C OH O NADH { = OP 3 PO4= Phosphoglycerate kinase O CH2 H O C C } S-Enz OH = OP O 3 ADP ATP = OP 3 Glyceraldehyde-3-P (Metabolism of only one G3P is shown) CH2 H O C C O-PO3= OH O CH2 H O C C OH 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate OH Phosphoglycerate mutase HO-CH2 H O C C OH 2-phosphoglycerate O-PO3= Enolase H2O O CH2 Pyruvate kinase C C OH phosphoenolpyruvate O-PO3= ADP O ATP CH3 C C O From the 1 and 6 carbons of glucose OH pyruvate From the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose Isomerization Reaction: Creates an electron attracting keto group at the # 2 carbon Mechanism of the isomeration reaction H HC H C O OH HC C OH O H HOCH HOCH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH H2CO H PO3= Glucose-6-P H2CO C OH C O HOCH HCOH HCOH PO3= cis-enolate H2CO • H dissociates from C2 • 2 electrons shift to form cis enediol • H from hydroxyl group dissociates • 2 electrons shift to form keto group. • Forces electrons in enol bond to shift to C1. PO3= Fructose-6-P C-C bond cleavage: Aldolase Reaction Mechanism of the aldolase reaction Enol formation PO3= H2CO C C O O- C H + O H HCOH H2CO H2CO CHOH HOCH HC PO3= H2CO H C C PO3= O O H O Dihydroxyacetone-P HCOH PO3= Carbonyl beta to Carbon with O H2CO PO3= Glyceraldehyde-3-P H dissociates from C4; 2 electrons shift to form cis enediol H from hydroxyl group (C4) dissociates 2 electrons shift to form keto group. Forces electrons in enol bond to shift to C1. Coenzymes (cofactors)/Vitamins Some are bound to enzyme Some are soluble Apoenzyme + cofactor give holoenzyme Metal ion, organic cofactors Act as co-substrate Pyruvate + NADH + H+ --> lactate + NAD+ Vitamins: Portion of cofactor that cell can’t make, must be in diet “Vital amine” Vitamin forms: Niacin Vitamin Forms O COOH N Nicotinic acid (niacin) C NH2 N Nicotinamide Nutritional disease: pellagra Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide O C + O HO P N O O HO NH2 CH2 O H H H H OH OH NH2 N P O O CH2 O H H H OH OH N N N PO4= in NADP + Reduced Form Oxidized Form H C HC HC + N R H O C CH C +2H NH2 -2H H C HC C HC CH N R O C NH2 NAD functions Function: oxidation reduction reaction, accepts hydride anion (H-): one proton and two electrons That’s why we write NADH + H + Biosynthesis uses NADP+ most often Catabolism uses NAD+ most often. In conclusion Streptococcus Uses glycolysis to degrade glucose to 2 pyruvates NADH’s made in pathway are reoxidized by reducing pyruvate to lactate NADH is key cofactor in oxidation reduction reactions ATP made solely by substrate level phosphorylation.