Big theme in biology:
Structure & Function
are related!
This is true at all levels of organization: molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms.
1
Note log scale.
2
Animals
Bacteria
Plants
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Protists
Archaea
Fungi
3
Contrasting the size and complexity of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
TEM 15,000
Nucleoid
region
Colorized TEM 15,000
Prokaryotic cell
Nucleus
Fig 4.3A
Eukaryotic cell
Organelles
4
Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
5
Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage
Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:
Simple
Cells
Complex
Cells
6
7
8
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into
functional compartments
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Centriole
Golgi
apparatus
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate
filament
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Microfilament
Figure 4.4A
A “typical” animal cell
9
10
Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm
Structure
Function
(Organelle)
(Job)
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse.” Converts food energy in
to usable energy (ATP). “Mighty”
Generator.
ER
Carries proteins throughout the cell.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins.
Golgi Bodies
Receives, packages & sends materials.
“UPS” of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Captures light energy to make food
energy. “Solar Panels” of the cell.
(plant only)
Vacuoles
Storage. (Water, food and other
materials)
Lysosomes
Chemicals for breakdown.
11
12
Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:
13
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope
Pore
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s
genetic control center.
14
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Figure 4.7
Nuclear
envelope
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Rough ER
TEM 45,000
Smooth ER
Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.
Rough ER makes membranes and proteins.
15
Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.
16
17
Organization of a “typical” plant cell
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Not in
animal
cells
Microtubule
Central
vacuole
Intermediate
filament
Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cytoskeleton
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.4B
18
Chloroplasts convert light energy
to chemical energy (glucose).
Chloroplast
Stroma
TEM 9,750
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Intermembrane
space
Fig 4.14
19
FUNCTION
STRUCTURES
Breakdown / Digestion
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes.
Energy Processing
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts.
Support, Movement and
Communication
Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular
Matrix, Cell Junctions
Manufacturing
Nucleus, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies.
Genetic headquarters
Nucleus
20
Must Know & Challenge Structures
MUST KNOW
CHALLENGE
1. Nucleus
Centriole
2. Mitochondria
Plastids
3. Chloroplast
Microtubules
4. Cell Wall
Microfilaments
5. Cell Membrane
Nucleolus
6. Ribosomes
Rough ER
7. Vacuole
Smooth ER
8. Cytoplasm
9. Golgi body (apparatus)
10. Lysosomes
11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
21
Review Checklist:
 Write out the three parts of the CELL THEORY.
 Who is Robert Hooke? Why is he important?
 Compare & Contrast frame between plant & animal cells.
 Compare & Contrast frame between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
 Make a structure & function table for all the cell parts.
 Sketch a plant cell, color it in and label all parts.
 Sketch an animal cell, color it in and label all parts
 Active study!
 Know your vocab!
22
Cellular and
sub-cellular levels
• Cell
membrane has
surface area of
1/30 the
surface area of
period on
typical page.
• Nucleus has a
surface area of
1/10 of cell
membrane.
23
Organelles and Subcellular Structures
Manufacturing
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi
Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane
system.)
Breakdown:
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
Energy Processing:
Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:
Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell
junctions
24