Agenda
• Do Now
• Finish “Imperialism & Anti-Imperialism”
• “U.S. Foreign Policy” Notes
• Homework:
• Research Question due Wednesday
DO NOW:
• Reflect on this quote. Apply it to your general
knowledge of imperialism and foreign policy.
• “If you want to make peace with your enemy, you have to
work with your enemy. Then he becomes your partner.”
–Nelson Mandela
U.S. Foreign Policy
1865-1914
American History
Ms. Costas
March 2015
Essential Question:
• Why did the United States join
the Imperial Club at the end of
the 19th century?
Motivation for U.S. Imperialism
• Commercial/Business Interests
• Military/Strategic Interests
• Social Darwinist Thinking
• White Man’s Burden
• Religious/Missionary Interests
• Closing the American Frontier
• Manifest Destiny
Imperialism & Anti-Imperialism
• In pairs or small groups – look through the political
cartoons regarding imperialist sentiment
• Answer the questions for each cartoon [in the
packet]
• When you finish, answer the open response question
at the end of the packet
• Packet will be collected for 2 classwork grades
Changing U.S. Foreign Policy
• 1790 – 1865 U.S. policy centered around:
• Westward expansion
• Protecting U.S. interests abroad
• Limiting foreign influence in the Americas
• Industrial boom shifts U.S. relations with the world
• Isolationists  World Power
Seward, Alaska, and French in Mexico
• William H. Seward
• Secretary of State (1861 – 1869)
• The French in Mexico
• French tried invading Mexico
• U.S. invoked Monroe Doctrine
• The Purchase of Alaska
• Russia vs. Great Britain
• “Seward’s Icebox” for $7.2 million
The “New Imperialism”
• Growth of industrialization led to
foreign involvement
• Worldwide markets
• Sources of raw materials
• Advocates of expansionist policy hoped
to achieve ends by economic and
diplomatic means
• Not military action
International Darwinism
• “Survival of the fittest” applied competition among nations
• Manifest Destiny
• Imperialism
• Acquiring new territory or gaining control over the political or economic
life of other countries
• Advocates of American expansion included:
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Missionaries
Politicians
Naval Strategists
Journalists
Latin America
• U.S. views self as protector of Latin America
• Beginning with Monroe Doctrine
• Pan-American Conference (1889)
• Founded organization for nations of Western Hemisphere
• James G. Blaine
• Organization of American States (1948)
• Cleveland and Olney vs. Great Britain
• Boundary dispute between Venezuela and Guiana
• Turning point in U.S. and British relations
The Spanish-American War
• Cuba = target of American imperialism between 1850 –
1890
• Investments in Cuban sugar
• Spanish misrule in Cuba
• Monroe Doctrine
Causes of War
• Jingoism  intense form of nationalism calling for
aggressive foreign policy
• Cleveland & McKinley – military action was morally wrong
and economically unsound
• Events that led to demand for war against Spain
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Cuban Revolt
Yellow Press
De Lome Letter (1898)
Sinking of the Maine
McKinley’s War Message
Teller Amendment
Fighting the War
• “A splendid little war”
• The Philippines
• Roosevelt orders naval fleet to Spanish ruled Philippines
• Commanded by Commodore George Dewey
• Secured Manila on August 13, 1898
• Invasion of Cuba
• American and Cuban forces defeat Spanish army
• Turning points
• Battle of San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898)
• Battle of Santiago Bay (July 3, 1898)
Annexation of Hawaii
• Settled by American missionaries and entrepreneurs
• 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani
• Presidential Response:
• Cleveland opposed efforts to annex Hawaii
• McKinley OK’s annexation following war
• Hawaii becomes territory in 1900
• Fiftieth state in 1959
Controversy Over the Treaty of Peace
• Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) provided for:
• Cuban independence
• U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
• U.S. acquisition of Philippines for $20mil to Spain
• The Philippine question – to take over?
• Treaty of Paris Ratified
• Filipinos were outraged
• Philippine-American War (1899 – 1902)
• Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Other Results of the War
• Insular Cases
• Constitutional rights were not automatically guaranteed
• Cuba and Platt Amendment (1901)
• Never sign treaty with foreign power that impaired independence
• Never build up excessive public debt
• U.S. may intervene in affairs to preserve independence and maintain
law and order
• Allow U.S. to maintain naval bases, including one in Guantanamo
Bay
• Election of 1900
• McKinley & Roosevelt for growing economic prosperity
• Recognition of U.S. Power
Open Door Policy in China
• John Hay, Secretary of State, declares “Open Door Policy” to
China
• All nations have equal trading privileges in China
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Boxers – Chinese nationalists – rebel against Christian missionaries
• U.S. troops crush rebellion
• Hay’s second round of notes
• U.S. commitment:
• Preserve China’s territorial integrity
• Safeguard “equal impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese
empire”
Roosevelt’s Big-Stick Policy
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
• Roosevelt’s attempt to establish U.S. as a word power
• Criticized for breaking from the tradition of noninvolvement
in global politics
The Panama Canal
• Canal through Central America to connect Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans
• Revolution in Panama
• Granted independence from Colombia
• Granted U.S. long-term control of canal zone
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
• U.S. can build canal without British involvement
• Building the Canal
• 1904 – 1914
• George Goethals
• Dr. William Gorgas
• Congress paid Colombia $25mil for Panama
The Roosevelt Corollary
• Added to the Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. would intervene in delinquent
Latin American countries
• Manage collection of customs taxes
• Result  poor U.S. relations with
Latin American region
East Asia
• Relationship between Japan and U.S. grows competitive
• Russo-Japanese War
• Roosevelt organized diplomatic conference – Treaty of Portsmouth
• “Gentleman’s Agreement”
• Discrimination against Japanese Americans
• Japanese gov’t restricted emigration to U.S.
• Great White Fleet
• Sent by Roosevelt to show Naval Power
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
• Mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions
• Support for Open Door Policy in China
Peace Efforts
• Big-Stick policy was to maintain peace between rival
nations
• Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
• Second International Peace Conference (1907)
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Foreign policy was mildly expansionist
• Depended more on investors’ dollars than on the navy’s
battleships
• Promote U.S. trade by supporting American enterprising
abroad
• Named dollar diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy Cont’d.
• Growing anti-imperialism
• U.S. and overseas
• Railroads in China
• U.S. participation in building of RR (1911)
• Manchuria  U.S. excluded
• Defiance of U.S. Open Door Policy
• Intervention in Nicaragua
• U.S. intervention to protect American investments
• Civil War in Nicaragua (1912)
• U.S. Marines until 1933
The Lodge Corollary
• Passed by Henry Cabot Lodge (R) MA
• Protect U.S. from Asian powers
• Non-European powers were excluded from owning
territory in the Western Hemisphere
• Opposed by Taft
• Offended Japan & Latin America
Wilson and Moral Diplomacy
• New Freedom  Moral approach to foreign affairs
• Moral Diplomacy
• Righting past wrongs
• The Philippines
• Puerto Rico
• The Panama Canal
• Conciliation Treaties
• Submit disputes to international commissions
• Observe a one-year cooling off period before military action
Military Intervention in Latin America
• Used U.S. marines to fix financial and political troubles
in Central America and Caribbean
• Haiti
• Dominican Republic
• Necessary to protect Panama Canal
Conflict in Mexico
• Mexican revolution tested Wilson’s
moral approach
• Tampico Incident
• Joint mediation between U.S. and
Mexico
• Pancho Villa and the U.S.
expeditionary force