WHO Collaborating Centre for
International Drug Monitoring
Dr. Mohamed Farah
the Uppsala Monitoring Centre
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WHO Drug Monitoring Programme
Founding Members 1968
Australia Canada Denmark Germany Ireland Netherlands New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States of America
Sweden
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WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring
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WHO Collaborating Centre
the Uppsala Monitoring Centre
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established as a foundation 1978
based on agreement Sweden – WHO
international administrative board
WHO Headquarters responsible for policy
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Signalling Procedure
What should be achieved?
• Signals should not be missed
• Signals should be found early
• ‘False’ signals should be kept to a
minimum
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Process for joining WHO
Programme
1. Ministry of Health
(or equivalent)
designates National
Centre
Ministry of Health
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2. Ministry of Health sends
formal application to WHOHQ, Geneva
National
Centre
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3. National Centre sends
sample reports to the UMC
the UMC
WHO-HQ
Geneva
4. UMC notifies WHO-HQ
that reports are compatible
5. WHO-HQ advises Ministry of
Health of admittance to the
Programme
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Africa -WHO
Official member
South Africa (1992)
Morocco (1992)
Tunisia (1993)
Tanzania (1993)
Zimbabwe (1998)
Egypt (2001)
Ghana (2001)
Nigeria (2004)
Associate member
Democratic Republic of Congo
Madagascar
Sierra leone
Botswana
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Uganda
Zambia
Algeria
Mozambique (2005)
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Nomina si nescis, perit et
cognitio rerum.
(Carl von Linné, Critica botanica)
If you do not know the names, the knowledge
about the things vanishes as well.
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Isibhaha
Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.
Syn: Warburgia breyeri Pott.; Warburgia ugandensis Sprague; Chibaca salutaris Bertl. f.
Common names: Pepper bark tree, Pepperbasboom (Afr.), Shibaha (Tsonga),
Amazwecehlabayo (Zulu), Isibaha (Z, V), Manaka (Venda), Sebaha (Sotho)
Muthiga (Kikuyu), Sogdom (Amharic), Msokonoi (Swahili)
Uses: Expectorant, Chest infections, Sinusitis, Malaria, Venereal
diseases, Stomach ulcers, Toothache and Dermatological disorders
Chemistry
warburganal
muzigadial
polygodial
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mukaadial
Artemisia annua L. leaf
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Artemisia annuua L.
The plant can grown in many places but it may not
contain artemisinin. For example: Visitors of the ancient
palaces in the forbidden city in beijing can find nice
artemisia annua plants pushing left and right as weeds,
but these plants do not contain artemisinin
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Artemisia annua L.
The average artemisinin concentration in plants of
European origin range from 0.03 to 0.22 % (dry leaves weight
basis) artemisinin,
but a clone from China could contain up to 1.1 % artemisinin
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Artemisia annua L.
1,8-Cineole: leaf pesticide, insectifuge, herbicide
Alpha-Pinene: leaf herbicide, insecticide, pesticide, insectifuge, insectiphile
Artemisic-acid: plant: pesticide
Artemisinin: flower leaf antimalarial, pesticide, schizonticide, herbicide
Beta-Pinene: plant: herbicide, insectifuge, pesticide
Beta-Sitosterol: plant: pesticide, antifeedant
Borneol: plant: herbicide, insectifuge, pesticide, insect-repellent
Camphene: plant: insectifuge, pesticide
Camphor: leaf antifeedant herbicide, insect-repellent, insectifuge, pesticide
Caryophyllene-oxide: plant: antifeedant, insecticide, pesticide
Cuminaldehyde: leaf: larvicide, pesticide
Delta-Cadinene: plant: pesticide
Deoxyartemisinin: plant: pesticide
Menthol: plant: pesticide, termiticide
Ocimene: plant: insecticide
P-Cymene: plant: herbicide, insectifuge, pesticide
Scopoletin: plant: herbicide, pesticide
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Terpinen-4-ol: plant: herbicide, insectifuge, pesticide
Artemisia annua L., flower, leaf
ARTEMISININ
Antimalarial
Antitumor
Antiviral
Calcium-Antagonist
Cytotoxic
Herbicide
Immunomodulator
Neurotoxic
Pesticide
Plasmodicide
Schizonticide
Teratogenic
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Artemisia annua L. leaf
Artemisinin 青蒿素
Dihydroartemisinin
Artemether
Arteether
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Artesunate
Artemisinin Synthesis
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Artemisinin can be synthesized,
but
synthetic compound is unlikely to be economically
competitive with the naturally produced compound
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Case report
WHO Record number:
Country:
Type of report:
Age: 54 Years
Adverse Reaction(s):
Outcome:
Suspected Drug:
Drug administration data:
Indication:
Concomitant Drug(s):
Rechallenge action:
Rechallenge outcome:
Ghana
Spontaneous report/Hospital
Sex: Female
Face oedema; Oedema periorbital
Not recovered
Artesunate
200 Milligram Oral Total
MALARIA
Nifedipine 20 Milligram Oral per Day
Rechallenge
Reaction recurred
Nifedipine: 17 Face oedema
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29 Oedema periorbital
Artemether
Total number of reports 44
Agitation 6
Anorexia
Headache 9
Hypoplasia cerebellar
Paroniria
Stomatitis
Ataxia cerebellar Fra
Insomnia
Sweating increased 2
Confusion
Jaundice
Urine abnormal 2
Confusion Fra
Nausea 2
Vision abnorma
Dizziness 9
Neurosis
Eye malformation Zaf
Vomiting 2
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Artesunate Reports 22260
Anxiety 8
Alopecia 8
Agitation 341
Face oedema, Gha
Abdominal pain 11
Ataxia 2
Cheilitis 29
Anorexia 513
Fever tha,Vnm
Allergic reaction Zaf
Delirium
Coughing 2
Asthenia Gha
Gingival bleeding 2
Dizziness Gha, 1439 Th
Dyspnoea
Nausea 990 Bullous eruption Hallucination 20
0anaemia
Epistaxis 3
Confusion 195
Hyperventilation
Oedema periorbital Gha
Insomnia 6
Flatulence
Depression 53
Hypotension Gha
Paranoid reaction 6
Naevus
Haematuria
Diarrhoea 207
Palpitation 241
Paroniria 52, Gha 1
Rash 2
Jaundice 61 Headache 1161
Spasm generalized
Rash maculo-papular 6
Pallor 85
Melaena
Stomatitis 40
Urine abnormal 2
Rash erythematous 24
Purpura
Pharyngitis
vomiting 720
Urticaria 3, 1 Vnm
Sweating increased
Pruritus 47
Tachycardia
Anaemiah aemolytic 2
Thrombocytopenia 2
Tinnitus 3
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Vision abnormal 168
Hypoaesthesia Tza
Artemisinin and derivatives
There is a fear that improper use of artemisinin and its
derivatives will spur the malaria parasite to evolve to
resist treatment with the compounds, something that has
happened to all previous malaria therapies
Spread of chloroquine
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resistance of Plasmodium falciparum
Natural Mosquito Repellents
Agastache cana (Hook.) Woot. & Standl.
Azadirachta indica Juss f.
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle
Melissa officinalis L.
Pelargonium citrosum Vanleenii
Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. ex Ait.
Nepeta cataria L.*
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*It is ten times more effective than DEET at repelling mosquitoes
Mosquito’s natural enemy
Mosquitofish
Bat 600/h
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If you think you're too small to
be effective, you have never been in
bed with a mosquito!
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Thank you for your attention!
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Is it acceptable that an African child dies of malaria every
30 seconds when safe and effective treatment is available.
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”Pull out, Bettyl Pull out...You’ve hit on artery”
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Mystic Herbal balm ?
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Mystic Herbal balm ?
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