Still The “Other?”
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CHINESE AND ASIAN
AMERICANS
© 2009 Committee of 100
The report has been prepared by the Committee of 100 and Harris Interactive.
For electronic copies of this report, please visit www.Committee100.org.
The Committee of 100 is a national, non-partisan, 501(c)(3) organization. The information
summarized here is based on the survey data and does not necessarily reflect the views of
the Committee of 100, its members, staff, or funding organizations.
The Committee of 100 is deeply grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation, Wells Fargo
Foundation, Verizon Foundation, and Minneapolis Foundation for their generous financial
support.
2
Frank H. Wu, C-100 Vice Chair for Research
Author of Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White
As the son of immigrants who had come from China to the
United States seeking freedom and opportunity, I grew up in
the American Midwest in the 1970s. I wanted to be just like
my classmates and neighbors, and I worked hard to
assimilate. My brothers and I always wanted to eat
hamburgers, pizza, even meatloaf, and not the five course
traditional dinners our mother would make, with a steamed
whole fish. By and large, we grew up under wonderful
circumstances that were materially better than our cousins
overseas. Yet we never forgot, because we were not allowed
to, that somehow we were different. You would not have
expected to meet people like us on Sunnydale Lane; you
would instead have believed we belonged on the other side of
the world.
This report captures that complexity: the general perception of
Asian Americans turns out to be anything but simple. It’s
impossible to reduce to a soundbite – an accurate soundbite
anyway. Instead, our experiences reflect the ambiguities of
the changing face of our nation. For within our lifetimes, we
will become the first society in human history anywhere on the
globe to cease to have any clearly identifiable majority group.
In that context, the story of Asian Americans is as varied as
the story of the United States itself. Both stories are about
ongoing progress toward great ideals.
Discrimination and diversity are hard subjects for us to discuss.
Racial and ethnic issues are controversial, and it’s easy for
emotions and stereotypes to overwhelm reason and data.
Civil rights are an even more difficult subject as to Asian
Americans. People seem to assume that individuals and
communities coming across the Pacific Ocean, rather than the
Atlantic Ocean or the Rio Grande, are well-off or only
temporarily here.
Of course many Asian immigrants and their American-born
descendants have achieved great success. Some of them
indeed travel back and forth within the global economy and
are at home in Shanghai as New York City. There is a
tremendous diversity, too, within this population that is
grouped together under an artificial label. They range from
students to entrepreneurs, recently-landed refugees to fifth
generation Californians, adoptees to mixed-race persons
enthusiastic about claiming multiple heritages.
This survey shows that we are accepted on the whole,
but doubts about our loyalty persist in the background.
We are regarded positively, yet compliments also can
turn into criticism as working hard is deemed to be unfair
competition.
The facts in this report serve as a reminder and an inspiration.
We have work to do – and we have friends who will join us. I
have confidence in the American Dream that drew my
parents, as it did the ancestors of so many
of us who are proud to call ourselves citizens of the
United States.
3
Helen Zia, C-100 Vice Chair for Media
Author of Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People
Much has changed for Chinese and Asian Americans
from the mid-20th century, when I was growing up in New
Jersey, the daughter of immigrants from China. In those days,
awareness of Americans who happened to be of Asian
descent was zero; we were completely unseen in America,
not viewed as relevant to anything in American life.
Decades later, I learned through my own research that the
footprints of other Asian Americans had been everywhere
around me: Chinese workers had toiled in steaming North
Jersey laundries in the 1870s; Japanese Americans were
farm laborers in South Jersey during World War II, offered as
an alternative to their wrongful incarceration; the original
"Siamese Twins," Chang and Eng Bunker, had crisscrossed
the New York-Philadelphia corridor in the early 1800s – all in
my own stomping grounds. Evidence of these Asian
Americans and others had been rendered "MIH" – "Missing in
History." What a difference it could have made for all
Americans to know something of these diverse peoples who
make up the American narrative.
That was a half century ago, when Asian Americans
comprised less than one percent of the U.S. population.
Today more than 15 million Americans of Asian descent
contribute their talents and dynamism to every part of America
through their tremendous growth in numbers, variety and
complexity.
Yet one thing has not changed: awareness and knowledge of
Asian Americans still lags woefully behind reality. This new
study from the Committee of 100 finds that the general U.S.
population is so lacking in fundamental knowledge about
Asian Americans that most cannot distinguish between the
widely different Asian American ethnic groups; that many
people vastly overestimate the numbers of Asians in America;
and one-third of the general population rarely or never
interacts with Chinese Americans at work, in the community,
or socially.
However, as this survey shows, the lack of basic knowledge
does not prevent people from offering firm opinions about
Asian Americans – whether they are loyal or dangerous,
whether they are contributing members to society, whether
they are capable of leadership. And where do such attitudes
come from, if not from factual sources? While some attitudes
have improved, too many still rely on simplistic stereotypes
that bear little resemblance to the full humanity for which all
people deserve to be viewed.
As Asian Americans achieve greater presence and
prominence, it is high time to base our civic understanding
and policies on an informed knowledge of all who are part of
this American democracy.
4
Table of Contents
BY SUBJECT
Background & Objectives ……………………………………………………………..
Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………..
Notes on Reading Report …...…………………………………………………………
Key Findings ……………………...……………………………………………………..
Detailed Findings ………………………………………………………………………..
I. Overall Impressions of Chinese and Asian Americans ………………………….
II. Myths of Model Minority and Perpetual Foreigner ……………………………….
III. Perspectives on Asian American Political Power ………………………………..
IV. Views on Diversity and Equal Opportunities .…………………………………….
V. Views on Immigration Issues ………………………………………………………
VI. Possible Factors Affecting Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans ..
VII. Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans ……………………..
VIII. Chinese American Experiences …………………………………………………..
Respondent Profile ..……………………………………………………………………
Appendix: Explanation of Factor Analysis …………………………………………
Survey Acknowledgement ………………………...………………………………….
About Us ……………………………………………...………………………………….
8
10
11
12
22
23
41
47
54
61
66
76
91
98
104
110
111
5
Table of Contents
BY SURVEY QUESTIONS
1. Favorability Toward Races ………………………………………..................
2. Chinese Americans’ Assessment of General Population’s Opinion ………
3. Feelings Toward Mixed Racial Marriages………………………………….…
4. Positive Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S. …………………….…
5. Negative Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S. .……………………..
6. Asian Americans’ Fit into U.S. Culture …………………………………….…
7. Perceived Racial Discrimination ……………………………………………...
8. Perceived Religious Discrimination …………………………………………..
9. Asian American Population Estimates …………………………………….…
10. Asian American Population Estimates Based on Birthplace ……………....
11. Asian American Success ……………………………………………………...
12. Chinese American Support of U.S.…………………………………………...
13. Racial Profiling ………………………………………......………….………….
14. The Political Power of Different Groups ……...………………………………
15. Presidential Voting Behavior …………………...……………………………..
16. Likelihood of Voting for an Asian American Mayor ……...………………….
17. College Admissions …………………………………………………………….
18. Asian Americans and College Admissions …...…………………………...…
19. Different Views on Career Opportunities …...………………………………..
24-26
27
28-30
31
32
33
34-36
37-39
40
40
42
43
44-46
48-50
51-52
53
55
56
57-60
6
Table of Contents
BY SURVEY QUESTIONS (CONT’D)
20. Impact of Minority Population Increase in U.S. .…………..………...…....
21. Attitudes Toward Different Immigrant Groups ………...………….…….…
22. Asian Immigrant Competition with Other Americans ……………………..
23. Immigration Criteria ………………………………………………………..…
24. Frequency of Interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans ……………
25. General Level of Intolerance …………………………...……………………
26. Attitudes Toward China ……...……………………………………………....
27. Opinions of Beijing Olympics …………...…………………………...……...
28. Impressions of Chinese People …………………………………..………...
29. Visits to Greater China and Asia …………………………………..…..……
30. Visits to Greater China and Impacts …………………………….....……....
31. U.S. Economic Outlook ………………………………………………..…..…
32. Concerns Over Job Security ……...…………………………………..…..…
33. Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans …...…..…....…
34. Optimism of Chinese Americans ……………………………………..……..
35. Unfair Treatment of Chinese Americans ………………………….….…….
36. Unfair Treatment of Chinese Americans By Areas ………...……..…..…..
37. Portrayal of Chinese Americans and Chinese People in Media …….......
38. U.S. Education about China and Chinese Society ………...……..….……
39. Chinese vs. American Self-Identification …………………...………..…….
62
63
64
65
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
74
75
77-90
93
94
94
95
96
97
7
Background and Objectives
The Committee of 100 (C-100) is a national non-partisan, non-profit membership organization comprised of prominent
Chinese Americans in a broad range of professions. With their knowledge and experience, the Committee has dedicated
its efforts to a dual mission: (1) encouraging constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and Greater
China, and (2) encouraging the full participation of Chinese Americans in all aspects of American life.
Since 1994, C-100’s survey project has released substantive public opinion reports which track the shift in attitudes
among Americans toward Greater China, Chinese Americans, and Asian Americans. In 2001, C-100 in collaboration
with Yankelovich Partners, Marttila Communications Group, and the Anti-Defamation League, conducted a seminal
survey, American Attitudes Toward Chinese Americans & Asian Americans. The study served as a benchmark for
measuring subsequent changes in public opinion, and it was instrumental in highlighting stereotypes, which
C-100 and other Asian Pacific American groups have since been trying to address and correct.
The 2009 survey is a follow-up to the 2001 survey. The objective of the new survey is three fold: (1) to assess current
attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans, (2) to gauge shifts in attitudes from 2001, and (3) to explore the factors
that help formulate perceptions and the reasoning behind attitude changes.
The survey covers a wide array of issues, including race relations, social equality, immigration, and factors influencing
public attitudes. The survey uses split samples to compare attitudes toward Chinese Americans, Asian Americans, and
other racial or religious groups. In addition to the general population sample, an over-sample of Chinese Americans was
conducted. This reveals valuable and even unexpected information about the similarity and divergence in views between
the general population and Chinese Americans. The demographic difference in perceptions is another significant result.
The reprisal of the “Index of Attitudes Toward Chinese and Asian Americans” also helps uncover the underlying key
elements that impact perceptions.
8
Background and Objectives (Cont’d)
While there are many surveys conducted on racial relations and diversity issues, most surveys exclude Asian Americans.
With the dramatic rise of China, the increasing interdependence of the global economy, the election of the first African
American president, and the rapid growth of the Asian population in American society, it is now more important than ever
to examine public perceptions of Chinese and Asian Americans. Thus, the survey findings provide a set of comparable
data which can be used to generate discussions, formulate recommendations, increase awareness, and encourage
contributions of Asian Americans to American society. Our hope is that the survey will set a new tone, as any discussion
of civil rights and diversity issues should incorporate people of all backgrounds, including Asian Americans.
The study is chaired by C-100 Vice Chair for Research Frank H. Wu, coordinated by C-100 Research Director Yong Lu,
and is conducted in collaboration with the public opinion research firm Harris Interactive. The public outreach effort is led
by C-100 Vice Chair for Media Helen Zia. The study received invaluable input from the C-100 Research Committee and
Survey Advisory Committee members (see the acknowledgement list on page 110).
Our thanks also go to the Rockefeller Foundation, Wells Fargo Foundation, Verizon Foundation, and Minneapolis
Foundation for their financial support to make this report possible.
The survey results were unveiled in April 2009 in Washington, DC. For more information about the Committee of 100
and access to other survey related materials, please visit www.Committee100.org.
9
Methodology
The survey was conducted by Harris Interactive® in the United States between January 5th and 30th, 2009. A total of 1,427
interviews were completed among the general adult population, including an over-sample of self-identified Chinese Americans.
The survey was conducted by telephone and administered using a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system. The
questionnaire was developed in close collaboration with the Committee of 100. Approximately 75% of the questionnaires were
the same for the two samples.
The general population survey lasted approximately 23 minutes and consisted of 1,221 adults 18 years of age or older residing in
the United States. A proportionate number of Asian respondents were included in this sample. Results were weighted as needed
for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region, and household income to represent the national population of adults. The
sampling error for the sample of 1,221 is ±2.8 percentage points.
The Chinese American over-sample survey lasted approximately 23 minutes and consisted of 206 self-identified Chinese
Americans 18 years of age or older. The Chinese American interviews were conducted in English. Future research is expected to
also include Chinese language interviews. Results were weighted as needed for age, sex, education, marital status, and place of
birth to represent the national population of Chinese Americans. The Chinese American results were not weighted back to be
included into the general population sample in their proper proportion; the general population and Chinese American samples
were analyzed separately. The sampling error for the sample of 206 is ±6.8 percentage points.
Calls to the general population were made to a stratified random probability sample generated by Random-Digit-Dial (RDD)
method. Calls to the Chinese American over-sample were made using RDD Asian Exchange Density sample in which the
probability of ethnic densities of census tracts for Asians are correlated to exchanges. This sample proved to be inefficient for
the survey purposes, so a listed sample based on Chinese surnames was used for the remainder of the survey. A total of 47% of
the Chinese American interviews came from the RDD Asian Exchange Density sample, 52% from the listed sample, and 1% from
the RDD general population sample. Households that only used cell phones were not included in the sample. In theory, one
would expect differences between people in cell phone-only households and those in traditional landline phone households.
However, other research has not yet demonstrated significant differences between the groups. Nonetheless, future telephone
research will likely need to take this into account.
10
Notes on Reading Report
Terminology
 For the purposes of this report, abbreviations are used for some of the racial groups. Listed below is the shorthand.
-- Hispanic American = Hispanic or Latino American
-- African American = Black or African American
Survey Design
 Some questions examining race were asked of all respondents about all races. Other questions used a split sample so equal
proportions of the respondents were each asked about a different race. This is designated at the bottom of the slide in the
base language.
 Several questions asked of the general population excluded Asians when not applicable. The base language at the bottom of
the slide denotes whether or not Asians were excluded.
Percentage
 Due to rounding and multiple answers, percentages may not total 100%.
2001 Data
 A few questions from the 2001 C-100 survey were used again in 2009. For those questions, the 2001 data are listed in the
small grey box next to the 2009 data as a benchmark for comparison.
Question Order
 The questions presented in this report were re-ordered in an effort to better organize the information. For the actual order
used for survey interviews, please view the topline results on the web at www.Committee100.org.
11
Key Findings
12
Key Findings
The Committee of 100’s survey—conducted among both the U.S. general population and Chinese Americans from January 530, 2009—reveals the current status of Chinese and Asian Americans in the U.S. On one hand, the general population largely
holds favorable views of both Chinese and Asian Americans and is positive about the increase in the size of the Asian
American population. The majority of Chinese Americans are also optimistic about their opportunities in the U.S. On the
other hand, a portion of the general population still holds stereotypes and misperceptions about Chinese and Asian
Americans. There is also a significant disparity in perceptions between the general population and Chinese Americans on race
relations and on equal rights in government, education, and the workplace. In addition, the perceptions reported by the
general population are affected by a lack of knowledge about Chinese and Asian Americans.
Lack of Knowledge about Chinese and Asian Americans
 Asian Americans vs. Chinese Americans: By using the split sample, the survey shows the majority of the
general population cannot make meaningful distinctions between Chinese Americans and Asian Americans in
general. This “lumping effect” is the same result as in the 2001 survey. Asian Americans are still seen as one
generic ethnic group.[1]
 Overestimating the Number of Asian Americans: A substantial majority of the general population believe there
are far more Asians in the U.S. than in reality: Seventy-four percent say Asians constitute more than 8 percent of
the U.S. population, with 40% saying Asians are 16% or more of all Americans; only 1% of respondents say they
are not sure. (Asian Americans are about 5% of the U.S. population.)
 Underestimating the Number of Native-Born Asian Americans: A majority of the general population (51%)
incorrectly believe less than 25% Asians in the U.S. were born in the country. The actual percentage of native-born
Asian Americans is about 30%.
[1] For a few survey questions, 609 non-Asian respondents among the general population were asked their opinions about “Chinese Americans” and 598
non-Asian respondents among the general population were asked about “Asian Americans.” The results are nearly identical. The similar approach was
used for the 2001 C-100 survey.
13
Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Low Interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans: More than a third of the general population say that
rarely or never interact with Chinese Americans at work, in the community, or socially, with at least 28% of the
general population saying that they rarely or never interact with Asian Americans.
Attitude Changes from 2001
In comparison to the 2001 C-100 survey on the same topic, the general population now holds a more favorable
opinion of Chinese and Asian Americans.[2]
 Asian American as President: In 2001, 23% of the general population said they would feel uncomfortable voting
for an Asian American as President of the United States. In 2009, that number has reduced to 9%. When electing a
mayor, a majority of the general population (74%) believe the people they know would vote for an Asian American
male if he was more qualified than the white male candidate. [3]
 Asian American as Spouse: In 2001, 24% of the general population disapproved of a family member marrying
an Asian American; but in 2009, that number has reduced to 11%.
 Asian Population Increase: Seventy percent of the general population believe the increase in Asian immigrants
over the past ten years has been good for America, up from 49% in 2001.
 Asian American Contribution: In 2001, 56% of the general population believed that Chinese Americans have
contributed much to the American culture; the number has now risen to 73% in 2009.
[2] The 2001 survey was conducted in March 2001 after the Bush administration indicated a shift in U.S. relations with China from “strategic partner” to
“strategic competitor.” The 2009 survey was conducted in January 2009 shortly after Barack Obama was elected the first African American president of
the U.S. The different political surroundings might partly contribute to the improved attitudes.
[3] In the scenario provided by the survey question, only Asian American male and White American male were compared.
14
Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Asian American Loyalty: However, there are increasing suspicions about the loyalty of Asian Americans. Among
the general population, 45% believe Asian Americans are more loyal to their countries of ancestry than to the U.S.,
up from 37% in the 2001 survey.
Stereotypes Persist
While the survey shows improvement in the image of Chinese and Asian Americans in the country, it finds some
stereotypes have not changed since 2001.
 Perceived Asian American Achievements:
- Fifty-seven percent of the general population feel Asian Americans often or always achieve a higher degree of
overall success than other Americans. A majority of Chinese Americans (56%) also share this view.
- At the mention of Chinese or Asian Americans, the general population thinks of them as being educated, having
strong family values, hardworking, intellectually bright, and committing less crime than other ethnic groups. These
images have not changed since 2001.
 Loyalty of Asian Americans:
- Among the general population, 45% believe Asian Americans are more loyal to their countries of ancestry than to
the U.S., up from 37% in the 2001 survey.
- Approximately three in four Chinese Americans say Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in military or
economic conflicts, but only approximately 56% of the general population believe Chinese Americans would support
the U.S. in such conflicts.
15
Key Findings (Cont’d)
- Among the general population, 44% believe Asian Americans should think in more American ways, and 20%
believe Asian Americans do not care what happens to anyone but their own kind.
- Forty-two percent of the general population believe it is likely that the FBI would arrest an Asian American for
spying for a foreign country without sufficient evidence. Forty-seven of the general population believe this may
happen to an Arab American. Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans (54%) are as likely as Arab Americans
(54%) to be arrested for spying without proper due process.
Diverging Perceptions between Chinese Americans and the General Population?
The survey reveals significant gaps in opinions between Chinese Americans and the general population on a range
of issues.
 Favorability: Chinese Americans perceive the general population to be less favorable toward their race than the
general population’s actual reported favorability. The general population has a mean favorability score of 80 toward
Chinese Americans (on a scale of 0-100), while the Chinese Americans’ estimate is only 64. Twenty-two percent of
18-34 year old Chinese Americans feel the general population’s favorability toward their race is less than 50.
 Racial Discrimination: Of the general population, 63% feel Asian Americans face a lot or some discrimination,
while slightly more Chinese Americans (69%) feel that Asian Americans encounter a lot or some prejudice.
 Fit into U.S. Culture: A large majority of the general population (87%) perceive Asian Americans as fitting well
into mainstream U.S. culture. This contrasts with 79% of the Chinese Americans who hold the same opinion.
16
Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Political Influence: While 36% of the general population think that Asian Americans have about the right amount of power
and influence in Washington, only 15% of Chinese Americans believe this to be true. 47% of the general population think that
Asian Americans have too little power in Washington, while 82% of Chinese Americans hold this view.
 Equality in Higher Education: Sixty-five percent of the general population believe Asian American students are
adequately represented on college campuses. In contrast, only 45% of Chinese Americans agree and 36% say they
are underrepresented.
 Equality in the Workplace: Forty-six percent of the general population believe Asian Americans are promoted at
the same pace as White Americans; only 29% of Chinese Americans agree. Similarly, 50% of the general
population believe Asian Americans are adequately represented on corporate boards, while only 23% of Chinese
Americans feel the same way.
Views on Immigration and Diversity
Attitudes of the general population and Chinese Americans on Asian immigration, success, and diversity are very similar and
generally positive, though Chinese Americans show significantly more tolerance on some issues.
 Number of Asian Immigrants: There is a general consensus among the general population (61%) and Chinese Americans
(57%) that the number of Asian immigrants entering the U.S. each year is about right.
 Success of Asian Immigrants: Seventy-two percent of the general population disagree that Asian immigrants are taking
away too many jobs from other Americans. A similar proportion (73%) says it does not bother them if they see some Asian
immigrants succeeding more than native-born Americans.
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Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Immigration Criteria: Both the general population and Chinese Americans believe various factors should be
considered in determining which immigrants are allowed into the U.S., including family reunification, specialized
skills, and willingness to work in unattractive occupations. Chinese Americans feel more strongly along the same
lines.
 Diversity: There is a strong agreement among the general population and Chinese Americans that one of the
most important goals for a college in forming an entering class is a racially diverse student body.
 Gay Marriage: Sixty-three percent of Chinese Americans compared to 51% of the general population disagree
with the statement “Gay couples should not be allowed to be legally married.”
Chinese American Outlook
A few questions were exclusively asked of the Chinese American over-sample.
 Future Outlook: A large majority (85%) of Chinese Americans are optimistic about the opportunities for
themselves in the U.S.
 Unfair Treatment: Almost three in five (58%) Chinese Americans report they have been discriminated against
because of their Chinese descent. Most of them experience verbal harassment (39%) or disrespect/poor service
(27%).
 Media Portrayal: Chinese Americans believe the portrayal of themselves (60%) in the U.S. media is much more
positive than the coverage of the people of China (35%).
 Education about China: There is an overall agreement (66%) that U.S. schools today are not sufficiently
educating students on China and Chinese society and culture.
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Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Chinese American Identity: Chinese Americans tend to think of themselves as either equally Chinese and
American (48%) or more American than Chinese (39%). Only 12% consider themselves more Chinese than
American.
Predictors of Negative Attitudes
 Demographic Characteristics: The index analysis conducted of the survey shows that age, education, and
income correlate to attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans. Among the general population, individuals who
are older, less educated, and with lower household incomes display, on average, higher levels of prejudice toward
Chinese and Asian Americans.
 Interaction: The survey indicates that those who interact less frequently with Chinese and Asian Americans are
more likely to be more prejudiced.
 General Level of Intolerance: The survey shows that intolerance breeds further intolerance. Therefore, if a
person is intolerant toward gays, equal rights, freedom of speech, and Asian immigrants’ success, then he or she is
much more likely to be more prejudiced toward Chinese and Asian Americans. In addition, prejudice toward Asian
Americans is a subset of overall prejudice toward minorities. Those who feel negatively about Asian Americans are
also more likely to have the same sentiments about Hispanic and African Americans.
 China: Both the 2001 and 2009 surveys reveal that negative attitudes toward China are a contributing factor to
anti-Asian sentiment. Those with a high degree of prejudice towards Chinese Americans are also those who: (1) are
more likely to perceive China as a high future threat to the U.S., (2) had a less favorable impression of China after
Beijing hosted the Olympics, (3) hold a less favorable opinion about Chinese people, and (4) have never traveled to
China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan.
19
Key Findings (Cont’d)
 Economic Distress: The survey was conducted during a particularly difficult period in U.S. economic history.
Over a third of the general population say they are worried that someone in their households might lose their jobs
because of the economic situation. This is up from 14% in 2001. Nevertheless, the analysis did not find economic
distress as a direct factor affecting attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Asian Americans have made notable progress in gaining acceptance as Americans, but in some important arenas,
the general population still views Americans of Asian ancestry as the “Other.” The survey helps identify the areas in
which there is a disparity of perceptions between Chinese Americans and the general population. All communities
should work together to encourage further understanding of and contributions by Asian Americans in American
society.
 The survey reveals that the general population has a significant lack of knowledge about the Chinese American
and Asian American population. As Americans of Chinese and Asian descent continue to grow in numbers and
impact on society, policymakers and the general population need to increase their awareness of this population in
order to make sound decisions that affect all Americans. This may be accomplished through greater and improved
access to information in the educational system as well as through other forms of media available to the general
population and policymakers.
 The survey shows a lack of education and cultural exposure is a key underlying factor for prejudicial views.
However, 66% Chinese Americans believe U.S. schools are not sufficiently teaching Chinese culture; in addition,
only 14% of the general population have ever visited Asia. Therefore, ensuring universal access to education and
creating more educational programs on Asian Americans, Asia, and Asian culture will be helpful in improving
perceptions.
20
Key Findings (Cont’d)
 The survey finds more interactions with diverse communities improve public attitudes. However, more than a
quarter of the general population report they never or rarely interact with Asian Americans. The most effective way
for Asian Americans to combat the perception of being “less patriotic” and “clannish” and “sticking together” is to
increase their profile in American society by increasing their civic engagement, including actively participating in
political and community activities, increasing philanthropy, and enhancing visibility in government.
 The survey reveals that negative attitudes toward Asian Americans correlate with negative attitudes toward other
racial groups, such as African Americans and Hispanic Americans. Therefore, it is important for Asian Americans to
engage in bridge building efforts with other minority communities. The pursuit of equity should include people of all
racial backgrounds.
By encouraging more informed awareness of Asian Americans, as well as more education and research about the
distinct backgrounds, experiences and contributions these important American populations bring to the U.S., all
Americans stand to benefit from better public policies and community relationships, and can build a stronger nation
together based on the shared ideals of a diverse democracy.
21
Detailed Findings
22
I. Overall Impressions of Chinese
and Asian Americans
23
Favorability Toward Races
Both the general population and Chinese Americans have a generally high favorability toward all
races, but Chinese Americans are slightly less favorable toward other races when compared to the
general population.
24
1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel
toward…?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Favorability Toward Races
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
The general population is equally favorable toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
Mean Score
83
80
78
80
80
Significantly more likely to report “100” Favorability toward Chinese Americans
• Females (42% vs. 31% males)
• Catholics and “other” religions (both 42% vs. 26% Protestant)
• Medium (36%) and high (41%) interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (vs. 24% low)
• Favorable impression of Chinese people (39% vs. 19% unfavorable)
• China is not much/no threat (48% vs. 31% extreme/somewhat threat)
• Not bothered by Asian American success (40% vs. 28% bothered)
• Disagree that Asian Americans are taking away jobs (40% vs. 27% agree)
• Higher tolerance levels (39% medium, 43% high vs. 28% low)
25
1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel
toward…?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
Favorability Toward Races
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
Chinese Americans feel slightly less favorable toward African and Hispanic Americans than they do
toward White or Asian Americans. African Americans feel similarly toward both Chinese and White
Americans. However, Hispanic Americans are less favorable toward Chinese Americans than they are
toward White Americans.
Chinese
African
Hispanic
Americans’ Americans’ Americans’
Mean Score Mean Score Mean Score
Chinese Americans
77
83
88
72
89
83
72
82
85
78
82
84
N/A
83
85
26
1. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you feel
toward…?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Chinese Americans’ Assessment of
General Population’s Opinion
Chinese Americans, especially younger Chinese Americans, perceive the general population
to be less favorable toward their race than the general population’s actual reported favorability.
General population’s reported favorability = 80
vs.
Chinese Americans’ perceived view of general population’s favorability = 64
22% of 18-34 year old Chinese Americans feel the
general population’s favorability toward their race is less
than 50
2. On a scale of 1 to 100 with 1 meaning extremely negative and 100 meaning extremely positive, please tell me how you
believe other Americans feel toward Chinese Americans?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
27
Feelings Toward Mixed Racial Marriages
The general population is more likely to approve of a family member marrying a White American than
an Asian, Hispanic, or African American. Similarly, Chinese Americans are more likely to say they
approve of a family member marrying an Asian American than a White, Hispanic, or African American.
28
3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Feelings Toward Mixed Racial Marriages
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
The general population is more approving of mixed racial marriages now than they were in 2001.
Twenty-four percent disapproved of a marriage with an Asian American in 2001 and now only 11% of
the general population disapprove. Also, the general population today is more likely to approve of a
family member marrying an Asian American than an African American.
2001
N/A
11%
12%
10%
2001
N/A
58%
67%
66%
2001
N/A
34%
21%
24%
Significantly more likely to approve of Asian American Marriage
• Age 65 or older (41% vs. 31% 35-49 year olds)
• Democrat (39% vs. 28% Independent)
• Favorable impression of Chinese people (34% vs. 29% unfavorable)
• More favorable impression of China after Olympics (40% vs. 24% less favorable)
• Increased Asian American population good for U.S. (38% vs. 25% bad for U.S.)
3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
29
Feelings Toward Mixed Racial Marriages
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
Similar to the general population, over half of Chinese Americans say they would not care if a family
member married someone of any of the four races.
30
3. How would you feel if someone in your family married a/an…?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Positive Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S.
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Top-of-mind positive mentions for both Chinese and Asian people in the U.S. include character traits,
values, culture, and skills. There are more positive mentions than negative.
Shown “Chinese”
Shown “Asian”
Overall Response Nets
“Chinese” “Asian”
Character Traits: 55%
54%
Values:
23%
15%
Culture:
19%
21%
Skills/Abilities:
10%
12%
*Mentions with more than 2% responding
4. When thinking about Chinese/Asian people in the United States and their cultures, what are some of the positive things that
come to your mind?
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese:” n=609; Shown “Asian:” n=598)
31
Negative Impressions of Chinese and Asians in U.S.
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
The most common top-of-mind negative mentions include gangs and other crimes, not
learning English, and sticking together.
Shown “Chinese”
Shown “Asian”
Overall Response Nets
“Chinese” “Asian”
Character Traits: 3%
11%
Culture:
5%
6%
Skills/Abilities:
2%
3%
*Mentions with more than 2% responding
32
5. When thinking about Chinese/Asian people in the United States and their cultures, what are some of the negative things that
come to your mind?
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese:” n=609; Shown “Asian:” n=598)
Asian Americans’ Fit into U.S. Culture
The general population believes Asian Americans fit into mainstream U.S. culture more than
Chinese Americans believe they do.
Significantly more likely to say Somewhat/Very Well (General Population)
• Some college or more (91% vs. 81% high school or less)
• Favorability of Asian Americans that is >75 (91% vs. 81% 75 or less)
• Believe Chinese Americans would support U.S. in conflicts (92% vs. 80% China)
• Not bothered by Asian American success (90% vs. 76% bothered)
• Disagree that Asian Americans are taking away jobs (90% vs. 78% agree)
• Increase in Asian American population good for U.S. (93% vs. 72% bad for U.S.)
33
6. In general, would you say that Asian Americans fit into mainstream U.S. culture…?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Perceived Racial Discrimination
Both the general population and Chinese Americans feel Hispanic and African Americans face the
most discrimination. The general population is slightly less likely than Chinese Americans to believe
Asian Americans face discrimination
34
7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Perceived Racial Discrimination
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Perceived amounts of racial discrimination have not changed significantly since 2001 for any race
examined.
2001
N/A
74%
72%
62%
2001
N/A
26%
27%
38%
Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Face A Lot/Some
• Females (70% vs. 57% males)
• Favorable impression of Chinese people (66% vs. 51% unfavorable)
• High tolerance (74% vs. 61% medium and 60% low)
35
7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
Perceived Racial Discrimination
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
A large majority of Chinese Americans believe African and Hispanic Americans face at least some
racial discrimination. They are less likely than the general population to think that White Americans
face discrimination.
Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Face A
Lot/Some
• Chinese Americans whose grandparent’s or older generation
were the first of their families to live permanently in U.S. (78%
vs. 54% own generation)
36
7. How much racial discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Perceived Religious Discrimination
Both the general population and Chinese Americans believe Muslim and Jewish Americans face the
most religious discrimination. However, both groups do not perceive the religious groups, with the
exception of Muslims, to be facing the same level of discrimination that racial minorities face.
37
8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Perceived Religious Discrimination
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Over half of the general population perceive Muslim Americans to be currently facing a lot of
discrimination due to their religion. A third feel Catholics face no discrimination.
Significantly more likely to say Muslim Americans Face A Lot/Some
• Females (84% vs. 77% males)
• Some college or more (85% vs. 75% high school or less)
• Democrat (86% vs. 79% Republican)
Significantly more likely to say Evangelical Protestants Face A Lot/Some
• 35-49 year olds (43%), 65+ (47%) vs. 50-64 (38%)
• Republican (48% vs. 36% Democrats)
• Protestant (50%) vs. Catholic (39%) and “other” religions (33%)
8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
38
Perceived Religious Discrimination
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
Chinese Americans generally perceive religious groups to face slightly less discrimination when
compared to how the general population perceives them.
Significantly more likely to say Muslim Americans Face A lot/Some
• $75,000+ household income (87% vs. 67% <$75,000 household
income)
• Chinese Americans whose grandparents’ or older generation were
the first of their families to live permanently in U.S. (88% vs. 63% own
generation)
39
8. How much religious discrimination do you think each of the following groups face today?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Asian American Population Estimates
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
The majority (74%) overestimated the proportion of the population that is made up of Asian
Americans. At the same time, most (51%) underestimated how many Asians were born in the U.S.
Estimated percentage of U.S. population that is of
Asian descent
Estimated percentage of Asians in U.S. that
Actual
were native-born
percentage:
about 30%
13%
23%
Actual
percentage:
about 5%
27%
14%
37%
8% 3%
11%
24%
2%
Significantly more likely to say 20% +
• Females (34% vs. 19% males)
• 18-34 year olds (34% vs. 23% 50+)
• High school or less (36% vs. 20% some college or more)
• Democrat (32% vs. 24% Republican)
• <$35,000 household income (37% vs. 20% $50,000+)
• Bothered by Asian American success (33% vs. 25% not bothered)
• Agree Asian Americans are taking away jobs (39% vs. 22% disagree)
• Increase in Asian American population bad for America (43% vs. 26% good)
Significantly more likely to say <15%
• 65+ year olds (47% vs. 37% 18-49)
• South (40%) and Midwest (41%) vs. West (29%)
• Some college or less (41% vs. 28% college or more)
• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (48% vs. 36% favorable)
• Believe Chinese Americans would support China in conflicts (49% vs. 30%
U.S.)
• Bothered by Asian American success (46% vs. 34% not bothered)
40
9. Approximately what percentage of the United States population would you 10. Approximately what percentage of Asian people in the United States
estimate is made up by people of Asian descent?
do you think were born in the United States?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
II. Myths of Model Minority
and Perpetual Foreigner
41
Asian American Success
Over half of both the general population and Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans achieve a
higher degree of overall success often or always in comparison to other Americans.
Significantly more likely to say Always/Often
• Pessimistic about 12-month economic outlook (61% vs. 51% optimistic)
• Suburban (63%) vs. rural (51%) and urban (51%)
42
11. How often do you believe Asian Americans achieve a higher degree of overall success than other Americans?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Chinese American Support of U.S.
Approximately three-quarters of Chinese Americans say Chinese Americans would support the U.S. in military or
economic conflicts between the U.S. and China, but only about 56% of the general population believe Chinese
Americans would support the U.S. in such conflicts.
Economic Issues
Military Issues
Significantly more likely to say Support China in Economic Issues
(General Population)
• 65 years old + (46% vs. 57% 18-64)
• South (39%) and Midwest (40%) vs. West (28%)
• Rural (43% vs. 32% urban)
• African American (56% vs. 33% White)
• High school or less (45% vs. 29% some college or more )
• Concerned about job loss (43% vs. 31% not concerned)
• Low interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (48% vs. 36%
medium and 31% high)
• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (60% vs. 32% favorable)
• Have not visited China/Asia (38% vs. 19% have visited)
• Uncomfortable voting for an Asian American presidential
candidate (71% vs. 32% no difference)
• Bothered by Asian American success (56% vs. 29% not bothered)
• Agree Asian Americans are taking jobs (60% vs. 27% disagree)
• Increase in Asian American population is bad for U.S. (53% vs. 20%
good for U.S.)
43
12. Generally speaking, when it comes to economic/military issues between the U.S. and China, in your view, are Chinese
Americans more likely to support the U.S. or China?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Racial Profiling
Chinese Americans are more likely than the general population to believe the FBI would arrest an
Asian American without sufficient evidence. They are less likely to believe the FBI would arrest a
White American without evidence.
44
13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without having sufficient
evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence?
BASE: General Population (Shown “Arab:” n=306; Shown “Asian:” n=304; Shown “African:” n=304; Shown “White:” n=307)
Chinese Americans (Shown “Arab:” n=51; Shown “Asian:” n=51; Shown “African:” n=53; Shown “White:” n=51)
Racial Profiling
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Approximately half of the general population think the FBI might prematurely arrest an Arab
American suspect. This is significantly greater than any other race. Just over two in five think
this could happen to an Asian American.
Significantly more likely to say Somewhat/Very Likely to Prematurely Arrest
an Asian American
• High school or less (52% vs. 30% college or more)
• Democrat (55% vs. 29% Republican)
45
13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without
having sufficient evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence?
BASE: General Population (Shown “Arab:” n=306; Shown “Asian:” n=304; Shown “African:” n=304; Shown “White:” n=307)
Racial Profiling
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
Chinese Americans believe Asian Americans are as likely as Arab Americans to be arrested by the FBI without
the proper evidence.
46
13. Suppose there was a/an…American who was arrested by the FBI for spying for a foreign country. This person claimed that the FBI arrested him without
having sufficient evidence. How likely do you think it is that the FBI might have arrested him without having sufficient evidence?
BASE: Chinese Americans (Shown “Arab:” n=51; Shown “Asian:” n=51; Shown “African:” n=53; Shown “White:” n=51)
III. Perspectives on Asian
American Political Power
47
The Political Power of Different Groups
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Approximately half of the general population feel that Asian and Hispanic Americans do not have
enough influence in Washington. Over two in five believe White Americans have too much influence.
Significantly more likely to say Asian Americans Have “Too Little” Influence in Washington
• 18-64 year olds (52% vs. 26% 65+)
Favorable impression of Chinese people (51% vs. 33% unfavorable)
• African American (71%) and Hispanic (58%) vs. White (40%)
Increase in Asian American population is good for U.S. (58% vs. 40% bad)
• Democrat (58% vs. 37% Republican)
High (67%) and medium (48%) tolerance vs. low (34%)
• Urban (51% vs. 40% rural)
Disagree that Asian Americans are taking jobs (55% vs. 26% agree)
• Catholics (50%) and “other” religions (52%) vs. Protestant (38%) Not bothered by Asian American success (52% vs. 35% bothered)
• High interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (53%) vs.
Perceived discrimination faced by Asian Americans is A Lot/Some (50% vs. 42%
medium (43%) and low (38%)
Little/None)
48
14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African
Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
The Political Power of Different Groups
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
A large majority of Chinese Americans feel Asian Americans have too little influence in government
and over two-thirds believe White Americans have too much.
49
14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African
Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Chinese American Perspectives on Political Power
Chinese Americans are more likely than the general population to believe that Asian Americans and
Hispanic Americans are lacking influence in Washington.
Too Little Influence
50
14. And now a question about the power of different groups in influencing government policy and policy makers in Washington. Do you think White/Asian/Hispanic/African
Americans have too much, too little, or about the right amount of power and influence in Washington?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Presidential Voting Behavior
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Although large majorities report that race would make no difference in their vote for a presidential
candidate, almost one in ten admit they would be uncomfortable voting for an Asian American or
Hispanic American. But 9% is an improvement over the 2001 survey in which 23% said they would
feel uncomfortable voting for an Asian American candidate.
2001
N/A
6%
N/A
1%
13%
2001
N/A
15%
N/A
23%
14%
Significantly more likely to say Uncomfortable Voting for
Asian American
• Age 65+ (18% vs. 8% 18-64)
• Midwest (16%) vs. Northeast (6%), South (8%), and West (8%)
• Suburban (12% vs. 5% urban)
• High school or less (13% vs. 5% college or more)
• Low interaction with Chinese/Asian Americans (14% vs. 7% high)
• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (30% vs. 6% favorable)
• Less favorable impression after Olympics (13% vs. 8% more favorable)
• Have not visited China/Asia (10% vs. 3% have visited)
• Increased Asian American population bad for U.S. (23% vs. 4% good)
2001
N/A
76%
N/A
71%
70%
15. If given a choice in the next presidential election, how would you feel about voting for a candidate who is a/an Asian/African/Hispanic/White
American/Woman – would you prefer that, would it make you uncomfortable, or would it not make any difference?
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
51
Presidential Voting Behavior
AMONG CHINESE AMERICANS
Most Chinese Americans say the race and gender of a respondent would make no difference in their
vote for a presidential candidate. However, Chinese Americans, in contrast to the general population,
are slightly more favorable to an Asian American candidate and slightly less favorable to a woman
candidate.
52
15. If given a choice in the next presidential election, how would you feel about voting for a candidate who is a/an Asian/African/Hispanic/White
American/Woman – would you prefer that, would it make you uncomfortable, or would it not make any difference?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Likelihood of Voting for an Asian American Mayor
Three-quarters of the general population believe that the people they know would vote for an
Asian American mayor in the scenario provided by the survey question. However, when an accent is
introduced, significantly fewer say the people they know would vote for him. When Chinese Americans
were asked, the accent appears to have little influence in how their acquaintances would vote.
Asian American Mayor
Asian American Mayor
Speaking with an Accent
53
16. Suppose that in an election for mayor of a city, one candidate is a White American male and the other is an Asian American male who is a little more qualified than the white candidate
[and speaks with an accent]. How likely is that people you know would vote for the Asian American?
BASE: General Population (Shown “accent:” n=609; Did not shown “accent:” n=612); Chinese Americans (Shown “accent:” n=104; Did not shown “accent:” n=102)
IV. Views on Diversity
and Equal Opportunities
54
College Admissions
Of the three goals asked, both the general population and Chinese Americans agree that the most
important goal for a college in forming an entering class is a racially diverse student body. The second
most important goal is good relations with alumni and donors, and the third is successful athletic
teams.
vs.
Significantly more likely to say Good Relations
• Males (32% vs. 25% females)
• Midwest (36% vs. 24% West)
• Republican (35% vs. 22% Democrat)
• Suburban (31% vs. 23% urban)
vs.
vs.
Significantly more likely to say Athletic Teams
• Midwest (21% vs. 12% Northeast)
• Republican (26% vs. 13% Democrat)
• High school or less (22% vs. 14% some college or more)
• <$35,000 Household income (25% vs. 14% $35,000+)
• Rural (28% vs. 18% urban)
17. Now I’m going to read you some sets of goals a college might consider when deciding how to form an entering class.
As I read each set please tell me which of the two goals you think is more important for a college to achieve.
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
55
Asian Americans and College Admissions
Two-thirds of the general population believe Asian Americans are adequately represented on college
campuses; the number is significantly higher when compared to the number of Chinese Americans
(45%) who feel they are adequately represented. Twice as many Chinese Americans when compared
to the general population believe Asian Americans are underrepresented.
Significantly more likely to believe Overrepresented (General Population)
• Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (20% vs. 6% favorable)
• Less favorable impression after Olympics (14% vs. 5% more favorable)
• China is extreme/somewhat of a threat (9% vs. 5% not much/no threat)
• Favorability toward Asian Americans <100 ( 10% vs. 4% 100)
• Increase in Asian American population bad for U.S. (19% vs. 5% good)
56
18. From what you may have seen, read, or heard, do you believe that Asian American students are overrepresented,
underrepresented, or adequately represented on college campuses?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Different Views on Career Opportunities
There is a significant disparity in perceptions of the workplace. The general population is more likely
than Chinese Americans to believe Asian Americans are promoted at the same pace as White
Americans and are adequately represented on corporate boards.
Compared with White Americans,
Strongly/Somewhat Agree
Asian Americans…
57
19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the
following statements: Compared with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans…
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63)
Different Views on Career Opportunities
Of the three racial groups, the general population is most likely to believe Asian Americans get equal
pay for equal work and least likely to think Hispanic Americans do. Chinese Americans are less likely
than the general population to believe Asian Americans are paid at the same level as White Americans.
Get equal pay for similar jobs
GENERAL POPULATION
CHINESE AMERICANS
58
19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared
with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans get equal pays for similar jobs.
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410)
Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)
Different Views on Career Opportunities
The general population is less likely to believe Asian Americans are promoted as rapidly as White
Americans than to believe Asian Americans receive equal pay for similar work. Only 29% of
Chinese Americans believes Asian Americans are promoted at the same pace as White Americans.
Promoted as rapidly to higher ranks of management
GENERAL POPULATION
CHINESE AMERICANS
59
19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared with
White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans are promoted as rapidly to higher ranks of management.
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410)
Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)
Different Views on Career Opportunities
The general population is divided on whether or not they believe Asian Americans are adequately
represented on corporate boards. But there is a strong agreement among Chinese Americans that
Asian Americans are not represented adequately on corporate boards.
Adequately represented on corporate boards
GENERAL POPULATION
CHINESE AMERICANS
60
19. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement: Compared
with White Americans, Asian/African/Hispanic Americans are adequately represented on corporate boards.
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=410; Shown “African:” n=410; Shown “Hispanic:" n=410)
Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=63; Shown “African:” n=63; Shown “Hispanic:” n=80)
V. Views on Immigration Issues
61
Impact of Minority Population Increases in U.S.
Seven in ten of the general population believe the increase in Asian immigrants over the past 10
years has been good for the country, up from 49% in 2001. One in five still believes it is bad. Public
attitudes toward the Hispanic American population increase remain divided.
2001
49%
89%
70%
Hispanic American
Population Increase
Asian American
Population
Increase
13%
2001
45%
2001
28%
44%41%
3%
Good for Bad for
America America
31%
14%
45%
31%
27%
20%
2001
21%
3% 3%
No
Impact
7% 5%
2%
Not
Good for Bad for
Sure/Ref America America
General Population
7%
No
Impact
10%
24%v
Not
Sure/Ref
Chinese Americans
Significantly more likely to say Asian American Increase is Good (General Population)
• 18-34 year olds (78% vs. 60% 65+)
Chinese Americans support U.S. in conflicts (80% vs. 55% China)
• Northeast (85%) vs. South (61%) and Midwest (67%)
Not bothered by Asian American success (78% vs. 47% bothered)
• Optimistic economic outlook (78% vs. 65% pessimistic)
Disagree that Asian Americans are taking jobs (83% vs. 38% agree)
• High (73%) and medium (72%) interaction vs. low (57%)
High (80%) and medium (73%) tolerance vs. low (60%)
• Favorable impression of Chinese people (75% vs. 41% unfavorable) China is not much/no threat (83% vs. 65% extreme/somewhat threat)
62
20. The Asian/Hispanic American population in the U.S. has increased significantly in the past ten years — do you believe this is good for America or bad for America?
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=613; Shown “Hispanic:” n=608); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=98; Shown “Hispanic:” n=108)
Attitudes Toward Different Immigrant Groups
A majority of the general population believe that the number of Asian immigrants entering the U.S.
each year is about right and there are “too many” Hispanic immigrants entering the country.
Asian Immigrants
Entering U.S.
61%
Hispanic Immigrants
Entering U.S.
58% 55%
57%
31% 33%
22%
21%
11%
Too
many
6%
11%
Too few
12%
3% 1%
About
Not
the right Sure/Ref
number
General Population
Too
many
Too few
7%
12%
About
Not
the right Sure/Ref
number
Chinese Americans
Significantly more likely to say Too Many Asian American Entering (General Population)
• Midwest (33%) vs. Northeast (14%) and West (16%)
Low interaction (31%) with Chinese/Asian Americans vs. medium (19%)
• Rural (32%) vs. urban (19%) and suburban (20%)
Bothered by Asian American success (44% vs. 14% not bothered)
• High school or less (28% vs. 15% college or more)
Agree Asian Americans are taking jobs (53% vs. 10% disagree)
• China will be an extreme/somewhat of a threat (28% vs. 9% not much/no threat) Have not visited Asia/China (24% vs. 9% have visited)
• Low favorability toward Asian Americans of 75 or less (36%) vs. 76-99 (10%)
Unfavorable impression of Chinese people (48% vs. 18% favorable) and 100 (16%)
63
21. In your opinion, are there too many, too few, or about the right number of Asian/Hispanic immigrants entering the United States each year?
BASE: General Population (Shown “Asian:” n=613; Shown “Hispanic:” n=608); Chinese Americans (Shown “Asian:” n=98; Shown “Hispanic:” n=108)
Asian Immigrant Competition with Other Americans
AMONG GENERAL POPULATION
Three in four of the general population disagree that Asian immigrants are taking away too many jobs
from others Americans. A similar proportion does not have an uneasiness about Asian immigrants
achieving a higher level of success than Americans born in the U.S.
2%
Significantly more likely to say Taking Jobs
• 65 years old + (33% vs. 24% 18-64)
• Low favorability toward Asian Americans (36%) vs. 76-99 (16%) and 100 (21%)
• Midwest (35%) vs. Northeast (21%) and West (18%)
• Rural (33% vs. 21% urban)
• Some college or less (29% vs. 15% college or more)
• <$35,000 household income (34% vs. 21% $50,000+)
• Bothered by Asian American success (63% vs. 13% not bothered)
• Low (33%) and medium (27%) tolerance
vs. high (12%)
14%
• Low interaction (48%) vs. high (21%) and medium (22%)
• Unfavorable impression of Chinese (54% vs. 21% favorable)
37%
• Concerned for job loss (36%
vs. 20% not concerned)
• Have not visited China/Asia (28% vs. 11% have visited)
24%v
• Think too many Asian immigrants (66% vs. right number 17%)
• Think increase in Asian American population is bad for U.S. (68% vs. 15% good)
64
22. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements: (1) Asian immigrants are taking
away too many jobs from other Americans; (2) It bothers me to see Asian immigrants succeeding more than Americans who were born here.
BASE: General Population (n=1221)
Immigration Criteria
In general, Chinese Americans feel more strongly than the general population that various factors,
including family reunification, special skills, and willingness to work in unattractive occupations, should
be considered in determining which immigrants are allowed into the U.S.
14%
37%
24%v
2%
65
23. I am going to read you some factors that might be considered in determining which immigrants to allow into the United States. As I read each factor
please tell me if you think it should be considered in decision-making.
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
VI. Possible Factors Affecting
Attitudes Toward Chinese and
Asian Americans
66
Introduction
This section investigates several issues that were suspected to influence public
perceptions of Chinese and Asian Americans, including interaction with Chinese and
Asian Americans, general level of intolerance, attitudes toward China, culture exposure,
and economic outlook. The next section (section VII) examines how these factors are
correlated with levels of prejudice toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
67
Frequency of Interaction with Chinese and Asian Americans
The most frequent interactions happen at work or school. More than a quarter of the general population
say they never or rarely interact with Chinese or Asian Americans. Younger people interact with both
Chinese and Asian Americans more than older people. Those in the South and Midwest are more likely
to say they never interact with Chinese Americans. Other findings from the survey and factor analysis of
the Attitude Index (shown in section VII on page 87) indicate that more prejudiced respondents tend to
interact less frequently with Chinese and Asian Americans.
SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS”
SHOWN “ASIAN AMEICANS”
68
24. About how often would you say you interact with Chinese/Asian Americans ?
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
General Level of Intolerance
The plurality of the general population disagree that gay marriage should not be legal, the U.S. has gone
too far in pushing equal rights, and books containing dangerous ideas should be banned from public
libraries. Chinese Americans are more open to gay marriage than the general population. Other
findings from the survey and factor analysis of the Attitude Index (page 87) show that more prejudiced
respondents are also less tolerant towards gay couples, equal rights, and freedom of speech.
Strongly/Somewhat Agree
Strongly/Somewhat Disagree
A segmentation based
only on the three
statements places
Americans into three
levels of tolerance:
69
25. Now I’m going to read you a list of statements. Please tell me how strongly you agree or disagree with each
one.
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Attitudes Toward China
From a list of six nations which may present a future threat to the U.S., both the general population
and Chinese Americans rank: Iran and North Korea as the most threatening countries, China and
Russia are nearly tied in third, followed by India and Japan. The general population’s attitudes toward
China as a threat have remained unchanged since 2001. C-100’s 2001 and 2009 surveys both reveal
that those with a high degree of prejudice toward Chinese Americans are also those who are more
likely to perceive China as a high future threat to the U.S. (page 87)
2001
68%
2001
57%
2001
39%
70
26. I am going to read you a list of countries. For each country, please tell me if you think it will be an extreme
threat, somewhat of a threat, not much of a threat, or no threat to the U.S. in ten years.
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Opinions of Beijing Olympics
Overall, China hosting the 2008 Summer Olympics had a positive impact on the general population’s
impression of China. It had an even greater positive impact on Chinese Americans’ impression of
the country. The Index analysis (page 87) shows that those with a high degree of prejudice toward
Chinese Americans are more likely to have a less favorable impression of China after Beijing hosted
the Olympics.
71
27. How did China hosting the 2008 Summer Olympics change your impression of China, if at all? Did it give
you a...of China?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Impressions of Chinese People
Both the general population and Chinese Americans have favorable impressions of the people of
China, but the general population’s impressions are higher. C-100’s 2001 and 2009 surveys both
indicate that more prejudiced respondents are also more likely to hold less favorable opinions about
Chinese people (page 87).
2001
13%
2001
52%
2001
17%
2001
5%
72
28. What is your impression of the people of China?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Visits to Greater China and Asia
For half of those who visited China, this resulted in a more favorable impression of Chinese
Americans. For those who visited Asia, this did not change their impression of Asian Americans. Other
findings in the survey and factor analysis of the Attitude Index (page 87) also confirm that visits
to China contribute to more positive feelings about Chinese Americans.
Ever Visited China, Hong Kong, or
Taiwan for Business or Pleasure
Visit Change Your Impression?
Ever Visited Asia
for Business or Pleasure
73
29. Have you ever visited Mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan/Asia for either business
30. After visiting Mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan/Asia, was your impression of
or pleasure?
Chinese/Asian Americans more favorable, less favorable, or was there no change?
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Greater China:” n=609;
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Greater China:” n=62; Shown “Asia:” n=97)
Shown “Asia:” n=598)
U.S. Economic Outlook
The general population and Chinese Americans are both divided on how they expect the economy to
perform in the next 12 months. Just over two in five expect it to worsen and approximately one-third
believes it will improve. Index analysis of the survey does not show that economic distress triggers
anti-Asian sentiment.
74
31. Please look ahead to the next 12 months — do you believe the U.S. economy will improve, will stay
stable, or will worsen?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
Concerns Over Job Security
While a majority of the general population are not at all or only a little worried about themselves or a
member of their household losing their job, over a third are worried quite a bit or a great deal. This is
up from only 14% in 2001. Chinese Americans feel similarly. The Index analysis does not find that job
insecurity is a significant driver of anti-Asian sentiment.
2001
7%
2001
7%
2001
24%
75
32. How worried are you that you or someone in your household might lose their job because of the economic
situation — do you worry about this a great deal, quite a bit, only a little, or not at all?
BASE: General Population (n=1221); Chinese Americans (n=206)
VII. Index of Attitudes Toward
Chinese and Asian Americans
76
Index Statements
Attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans are very similar, though the general population is more
likely to perceive Chinese Americans as placing a higher value on education than Asian Americans.
Almost all respondents agree that Asian and Chinese Americans are committed to their family, hard
working, intelligent, and make significant contributions to America.
24%v
2%
2001
56%
57%
2001
35%
30%
*Note: The 2001 survey answer choice wording was “probably true” and “probably false” meaning the 2009 data is not a
direct comparison to the 2001 data. It is only displayed here for reference.
77
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
Index Statements (Cont’d)
Approximately two in five agree that Chinese and Asian Americans should think in more American
ways. Similar numbers suggest that the groups are more loyal to China or their respective country.
The data supports the perpetual foreigner stereotype. There is also some agreement that Chinese and
Asian Americans like to be at the head of things and believe themselves to be smarter than everyone
else.
2001
2001
32%
34%
32%
37%
24%v
2%
2001
2001
2001
28%
32%
34%
29%
2001
23%
20%
21%
21%
*Note: The 2001 survey answer choice wording was “probably true” and “probably false” meaning the 2009 data is not a
direct comparison to the 2001 data. It is only displayed here for reference.
78
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609; Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
Index of Chinese and Asian American Attitudes
Based on their answers to the index statements, the general population is segmented to create an index
of attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans. There are four levels in the index that range from low
prejudice, or the most positive attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans, to high prejudice, or the
most negative attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
29%
21%
24%
26%
Please see Appendix (page 104) for a detailed explanation of factor analysis and index development.
79
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS”
Among the general population, less prejudiced respondents are more likely to agree with the positive
statements about Chinese Americans and disagree with the negative statements. At the same time,
more prejudiced respondents are more likely to agree with the negative statements.
37%
24%v
2%
Note page 80 to 90: Green
font indicates that index level
is statistically significantly
higher than at least one other
index level.
80
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609)
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS” (CONT’D)
37%
24%v
2%
81
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609)
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “CHINESE AMERICANS” (CONT’D)
37%
24%v
2%
82
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=609)
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS”
Similarly, the less prejudiced respondents among the general population are more likely to agree with
the positive statements about Asian Americans. At the same time, the more prejudiced respondents
are more likely to agree with the negative statements.
37%
24%v
2%
83
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS” (CONT’D)
37%
24%v
2%
84
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
Index Statements by Index
AMONG THOSE SHOWN “ASIAN AMERICANS” (CONT’D)
37%
24%v
2%
85
33. I am going to read you a list of statements expressing different opinions about Chinese/Asian Americans, and, for each one, please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat
agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with it. There are no right or wrong answers.
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (Shown “Asian Americans:” n=598)
Index by Demographics
Among the general population, individuals who are older, less educated, and with lower income levels
display, on average, higher levels of prejudice.
Index
High
Med.
High
Med.
Low
Index
Low
Gender
High
Med.
High
Med. Low
Low
Household Income
Male
46%
54%
51%
48%
<$35,000
34%
29%
19%
21%
Female
54%
46%
49%
52%
$35,000-$50,000
14%
11%
15%
11%
$50,000-$75,000
18%
15%
22%
16%
$75,000+
24%
35%
35%
46%
Age
18-34
21%
26%
27%
34%
35-49
32%
27%
30%
31%
50-64
24%
29%
29%
25%
High school or less
58%
50%
34%
32%
65+
23%
19%
14%
10%
Some college/Associate’s
22%
26%
34%
34%
College or more
19%
24%
32%
33%
Region
Northeast
16%
14%
21%
22%
South
36%
34%
35%
38%
Midwest
27%
21%
21%
20%
West
21%
31%
23%
19%
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)
Education
86
Index by Factors
Among the general population, those who perceive China will be a threat in the next ten years, those with an
unfavorable impression of Chinese people, those who have a lower interaction with Chinese and Asian
Americans, those who had a less favorable impression of China after Beijing hosted the Olympics, those who
have not visited China or Asia, and those who are less tolerant of the three statements are more likely to have a
higher degree of prejudice toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
Index
High
Med.
High
Index
Med.
Low
Low
12 Month Economic Outlook
High
Med.
High
Med.
Low
Low
2008 Beijing Olympics
Improve
35%
40%
38%
33%
More favorable
45%
53%
48%
47%
Stay stable
18%
13%
18%
16%
Less favorable
32%
21%
23%
19%
Worsen
43%
44%
42%
47%
Visited China/Asia
Yes
6%
9%
10%
19%
No
94%
91%
90%
81%
Ban books with dangerous ideas
57%
48%
28%
25%
China as Perceived Threat
Extreme/Somewhat
78%
63%
69%
58%
Not much/No threat
20%
32%
29%
42%
Impression of Chinese People
Tolerance: Agree
Favorable
65%
83%
90%
94%
Gay marriage should not be allowed
60%
51%
45%
29%
Unfavorable
30%
13%
9%
2%
Gone too far with equal rights
56%
45%
35%
27%
High
36%
42%
52%
60%
Medium
39%
42%
37%
33%
Low
25%
16%
12%
7%
Interaction
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)
87
Index by Attitudes/Behaviors
Those with more positive attitudes toward Asian Americans in general and with more positive feelings
about their loyalty and fit with mainstream U.S. culture are less prejudiced.
Index
High
Med.
High
Index
Med.
Low
Low
High
Med.
High
Med.
Low
Low
13%
39%
38%
6%
39%
39%
3%
50%
38%
1%
56%
31%
U.S.
26%
50%
68%
72%
China
65%
39%
25%
18%
U.S.
28%
51%
70%
77%
China
63%
39%
22%
13%
Asian American
Influence on
Government
Favorability Toward Asian
Americans
<50
50-74
75-89
14%
29%
14%
5%
29%
18%
1%
20%
19%
1%
16%
16%
90-99
10%
14%
19%
14%
100
27%
30%
37%
51%
Asian American Fit with
U.S. Culture
Very/somewhat
well
75%
83%
97%
93%
Somewhat not
well/Not at all
21%
15%
3%
21%
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)
Too much
Too little
About right
Side in Economic
Conflicts
Side in Military
Conflicts
88
Index by Attitudes/Behaviors (Cont’d)
Among the general population, those with negative attitudes toward Asian American immigration and
those who feel threatened by their success are more likely to be more prejudiced.
Index
High
Med.
High
Index
Med.
Low
Low
Representation on College
Campus
High
Med.
High
Med.
Low
Low
Number of Immigrants Entering U.S.
Overrepresented
16%
8%
3%
3%
Too many
53%
24%
11%
5%
Underrepresented
18%
21%
16%
16%
Too few
6%
2%
6%
7%
Adequately
represented
59%
59%
71%
72%
About the right number
34%
59%
71%
72%
Asian American Population
Increase
Asian Immigrants Taking Jobs
Good for America
45%
63%
81%
85%
Agree
57%
30%
14%
5%
Bad for America
46%
27%
9%
5%
Disagree
39%
65%
84%
93%
No impact
2%
3%
4%
5%
Agree
56%
27%
15%
5%
Disagree
42%
69%
84%
94%
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)
Bothered by Asian
Immigrant Success
89
Index by Attitudes/Behaviors (Cont’d)
Those in the general population who would feel uncomfortable voting for an Asian American presidential
candidate, disapprove of a marriage with an Asian American, and are less likely to believe in racial
diversity are more likely to be prejudiced.
Index
High
Med.
High
Index
Med.
Low
Low
Vote for Asian American
Candidate
High
Med.
High
Med.
Low
Low
Collegiate Goals
Prefer that
4%
2%
2%
3%
Good relations w/ alumni & donors
31%
30%
29%
25%
Uncomfortable
24%
9%
3%
1%
A racially diverse student body
57%
63%
66%
70%
No difference
69%
87%
93%
95%
Good relations w/ alumni & donors
58%
70%
70%
73%
Successful athletic teams
33%
19%
22%
18%
Approve of Asian
American Marriage
Approve strongly
20%
17%
22%
27%
A racially diverse student body
64%
78%
76%
82%
Approve somewhat
19%
14%
10%
4%
Successful athletic teams
28%
14%
18%
12%
Would not care
37%
55%
61%
64%
Disapprove somewhat
15%
9%
5%
3%
Disapprove strongly
9%
4%
1%
1%
BASE: Non-Asian General Population (n=1207)
90
VIII. Chinese American Experiences
91
Introduction
This section includes questions asked only of the Chinese American over-sample.
92
Optimism of Chinese Americans
A large majority (85%) of Chinese Americans are optimistic about opportunities for Chinese Americans
in the U.S.
Significantly more likely to say Optimistic
• Born in U.S. (94% vs. 79% born in China)
• Chinese Americans whose parents’ (90%) and grandparents’ (92%)
generation or older were the first of their families to live permanently
in U.S. vs. own generation (70%)
34. Would you say you are very optimistic, somewhat optimistic, somewhat pessimistic, or very pessimistic about opportunities
for Chinese Americans in the U.S.?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
93
Unfair Treatment of Chinese Americans
Almost three in five Chinese Americans report they have been discriminated against because of their
Chinese descent, with two in five having experienced some type of verbal harassment.
Ever Been Treated Unfairly
In what ways were you treated unfairly?
Significantly more likely to have experienced discrimination
• No family members in China (73% vs. 48% have family members)
• Chinese Americans born in U.S. (59% verbal harassment vs. 28% born in China)
• Chinese Americans born in China (39% disrespect/poor service vs. 15% born in
U.S.)
94
35. Have you ever been discriminated against or treated unfairly because
you are of Chinese descent?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
36. In what ways were you discriminated against or treated unfairly
because you are of Chinese descent?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Portrayal of Chinese Americans and Chinese People in Media
Chinese Americans believe they are portrayed much more positively in the U.S. media as compared to
the people of China.
95
37. How do you believe Chinese Americans/Chinese people in China are portrayed in the U.S. media?
BASE: Chinese Americans (Shown “Chinese Americans:” n=63;” Shown “Chinese people in China:” n=143)
U.S. Education about China and Chinese Society
There is an overall agreement (two-thirds) that U.S. schools are not sufficiently teaching students
about China, Chinese society, and its culture.
Significantly more likely to agree
• Born in China (37% vs. 16% born in U.S.)
• Chinese Americans whose own generation are the first of their
families to live permanently in U.S. (50%) vs. parents’ generation
(23%) and grandparents’ generation or older (23%)
38. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statement:
Schools in the U.S. today sufficiently educate students on China and Chinese society and culture.
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
96
Chinese vs. American Self-Identification
Chinese Americans tend to think of themselves as either equally Chinese and American or more
American than Chinese. Only 12% consider themselves more Chinese than American.
Significantly more likely to say Chinese
• Born in China (55% vs. 34% U.S.)
Significantly more likely to say American
• Born in U.S. (60% vs. 29% China)
• Chinese Americans whose parents’ generation were the
first of their families to live permanently in the U.S. (52%
vs. 22% own generation)
97
39. Which of the following statements most closely describes how you think of yourself?
BASE: Chinese Americans (n=206)
Respondent Profile
98
Introduction
The following tables list the demographic characteristics of the two samples – the general
population and Chinese Americans. General population results were weighted as needed
for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region, and household income to represent the
national population of adults. Chinese Americans results were weighted as needed for
age, sex, education, marital status, and place of birth to represent the national population
of Chinese Americans.
99
Respondent Profile
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Region
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Gender
Northeast
19%
24%
Male
49%
49%
South
36%
11%
Female
51%
51%
Midwest
22%
10%
Race/Ethnicity
West
23%
55%
White
68%
-
Spanish/Hispanic/Latino
12%
-
Age
18-34
28%
37%
Black/African American
10%
-
35-49
31%
33%
Asian
3%
100%
50-64
26%
23%
Native American
2%
-
65+
16%
7%
Pacific Islander
*
-
Mean
46.4
41.9
Other
3%
100
Respondent Profile (Cont’d)
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Education
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
2008 Household Income
High school or less
43%
20%
<$35,000
25%
15%
Some college/Associate’s
degree
29%
22%
$35,000-less than $50,000
12%
8%
Bachelors/Some graduate
19%
25%
$50,000-less than $75,000
18%
14%
Post-graduate degree
9%
34%
$75,000-less than $100,000
12%
12%
$100,000+
24%
35%
9%
16%
Marital Status
Married
52%
64%
Not Sure/Refused
Single, never married
24%
28%
Political Identification
Divorced/Separated
12%
6%
Republican
27%
22%
Living with partner
4%
2%
Democrat
37%
34%
Widowed
8%
*
Independent
26%
27%
101
Respondent Profile (Cont’d)
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
General
Population
(n=1221)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Number of Adults in
Household
Religious Affiliation
Protestant
33%
18%
1
18%
11%
Catholic
22%
8%
2
56%
56%
Muslim
1%
-
3
15%
16%
Jewish
1%
-
4
8%
12%
Buddhist
1%
15%
5
1%
3%
Something else
32%
27%
Mean
2.3
2.4
No religious preference
9%
30%
102
Respondent Profile – Chinese Americans Only
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Place of Birth
Chinese
Americans
(n=206)
Chinese Language
Abilities
Any Family Still in China
U.S.
35%
Yes
60%
Only read
-
Greater China (NET)
54%
No
39%
Only speak
27%
Mainland
30%
First to Live Permanently in
U.S.
Read and speak
58%
Hong Kong
9%
Me/my generation
30%
Neither
15%
Taiwan
13%
Parents’ generation
37%
Singapore
1%
Grandparents’ generation
24%
12%
Older generation
8%
Elsewhere
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Appendix:
Explanation of Factor Analysis
104
Appendix
Steps Toward Index
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
• Purpose: Used to see how variables cluster together and explore if they are measuring some common
dimensions.
• Results: Allowed for a first approximation of the underlying structure of the data.
• Conducted separate analysis based on question wording, addressed potential differences of those
expressing opinions about Chinese and Asian Americans.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
• Purpose: Used to test the factor structure (also known as measurement model).
• Results: Suggested that there were few significant differences across the two versions of the
questionnaires.
• A few items did not load well with their underlying factors. After removal of those items, the factor
structure for both versions of the questionnaire was quite similar.
Analyze Factors
• While the previous analysis suggested a larger number of factors, the lack of discrimination among two
of them led to the merger of them into a single dimension.
-- After removal of the offending items, and merger of the two highly correlated
factors, a four-factor dimension was deemed acceptable and with a reasonable fit.
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Appendix
Steps Toward Index (Cont’d)
Test One-Factor Solution
• In addition to the four-factor solution, a one-factor solution was tested, under the assumption
that all the items belonged to the same construct, much like in 2001. This model yielded a
poorly fitting model, with many items having a non-significant relationship with the underlying
factor.
Final Factor Solution
• The final solution consists of four factors, with factor 1 and factor 2 showing a higher degree of
reliability among the items.
Decision on Final Index
• After assessing the four-factor solution, the simple factor scores were estimated. This
consisted of the average of the items that were loaded into each factor and placed respondents
into one of four segments. These segments were then correlated with standard demographics,
such as age, level of education, and income.
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Appendix
Attitudinal Dimensions Toward Chinese and Asian Americans
After removing items that did not load well with their underlying factors, the factor structure for both
versions of the questionnaire was quite similar.
“Asian”
“Chinese”
Load Factor
Load Factor
Dimension 1
• Have contributed much to the cultural life of America
• Should think in more American ways
• Always like to be at the head of things
• Are more loyal to China/their country of ancestry than to the U.S.
• Oftentimes think they are smarter than everyone else is
• Are hard to get close to and make friends with
• Don't care what happens to anyone but their own kind
.42
.57
.41
.68
.65
.65
.76
.41
.57
.49
.66
.68
.61
.69
Dimension 2
• Have too much influence in the U.S. high technology sector
• Have too much power in the business world
.79
.73
.70
.81
Dimension 3
• Place a high value on education
• A strong commitment to family values characterizes many
.71
.68
.54
.57
Dimension 4
•
•
•
•
.67
.54
.62
.42
.50
.60
.67
.42
Did Not Load
Tend to be hardworking and diligent
Have contributed much to the U.S. high technology sector
Most are intellectually bright
A lot can be described as working all of the time
• Most are not very vocal
• Commit less crime than other ethnic groups
• Put a high priority on social lives
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Appendix
Dimensions Behind Chinese and Asian American Prejudice
For the initial analysis, we will focus on Dimension 1.
Dimension 1
• Have contributed much to the cultural life of America (inverse)
• Should think in more American ways
• Always like to be at the head of things
• Are more loyal to China/their country of ancestry than to the U.S.
• Oftentimes think they are smarter than everyone else is
• Are hard to get close to and make friends with
• Don't care what happens to anyone but their own kind
Reliability
.79
Dimension 2
• Have too much influence in the U.S. high technology sector
• Have too much power in the business world
.73
Dimension 3
• Place a high value on education
• A strong commitment to family values characterizes many
.65
Dimension 4
•
•
•
•
Tend to be hardworking and diligent
Have contributed much to the U.S. high technology sector
Most are intellectually bright
A lot can be described as working all of the time
Why Dimension 1?
• The statements tie into other questions throughout the survey
• More variation in responses to items than for Factors 3 and 4
• More reliable
• More variability in items
.73
108
Appendix
Index of Chinese and Asian American Attitudes
The general population is segmented based on their factor scores in Dimension 1 to create an index of
attitudes toward Chinese and Asian Americans.
29%
21%
24%
26%
109
Survey Acknowledgement
C-100 Research Committee
(Comprised of C-100 members)
C-100 Survey Advisory Committee
(Comprised of independent experts)
Frank H. Wu (Chair), Author of Yellow: Race in
America Beyond Black and White
Terry M. Ao, Asian American Justice Center
Michael Fung, Wal-Mart Stores
Robert W. Gee, Gee Strategies Group
Cheng Li, Brookings Institution
Michael C. Lin, Organization of Chinese Americans
(retired)
Weiming Lu, Urban Planning and Development
Advisor, Minneapolis Foundation
Xiaobo Lu, Columbia University
Betty Lee Sung, CUNY
Chi Wang, U.S.-China Policy Foundation
Benjamin H. Wu, U.S.-Asia Institute
Jeremy Wu, U.S. Census Bureau
Linda Tsao Yang, Asian Corporate
Governance Association
Mitchell J. Chang, UCLA
Yen Le Espiritu, UCSD
Jane Junn, Rutgers University
Jerry Kang, UCLA
Madhulika Khandelwal, CUNY
Claire Jean Kim, UC Irvine
Munson Kwok, Chinese American Citizens Alliance
Taeku Lee, UC Berkeley
Pei-te Lien, UCSB
S. Floyd Mori, Japanese American Citizens League
Don T. Nakanishi, UCLA
Karen K. Narasaki, Asian American Justice Center
Paul Ong, UCLA
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Larry H. Shinagawa, University of Maryland
Helen Zia, Author of Asian American Dream: The
Emergence of an American People
Janelle Wong, USC
Jane Leung Larson, Editor of Committee Bridges
*Note: Institutional affiliations shown for identification purposes only
George Wu, Organization of Chinese Americans
110
About Us
Committee of 100
The Committee of 100 (C-100) is a national non-partisan, non-profit membership organization comprised of prominent Chinese
Americans in a broad range of professions. With their knowledge and experience, the Committee has dedicated its efforts to a dual
mission: (1) encouraging constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and Greater China, and (2) encouraging
the full participation of Chinese Americans in all aspects of American life. C-100 was co-founded in 1989 by I.M. Pei, Yo-Yo Ma,
and other distinguished Chinese Americans. They recognized the need for an organization that brings a strong Chinese American
perspective to critical issues pertaining to Chinese Americans and Sino-U.S. relations. “Seeking common ground while respecting
differences” is the precept guiding all Committee actions. C-100 currently has about 150 members. www.Committee100.org
Frank H. Wu, a member of the Committee of 100 and Vice Chair for Research, is the author of Yellow: Race in
America Beyond Black and White. He is a long time member of the faculty at Howard University, former Dean of Wayne
State University Law School, and has taught at George Washington University, Maryland, Columbia, and Michigan.
Yong Lu is the Research Director for the Committee of 100. She has conducted extensive U.S.-China political research for the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Center for Strategic and International Studies, and has reporting experience with
both U.S. and Chinese media, including CNN, Xinhua, and Shanghai Television.
Harris Interactive
Harris Interactive is a global leader in custom market research. With a long and rich history in multimodal research, powered by its
science and technology, Harris Interactive assists clients in achieving business results. Harris Interactive serves clients globally
through its North American, European and Asian offices and a network of independent market research firms.
www.Harrisinteractive.com
The Harris Interactive team consisted of David Krane, Vice President of the Public Affairs and Policy Research team, Jon Siegel,
Senior Vice President and Methodologist on the Advanced Analytics team, and Kaylan Orkis, Research Associate on the Public
Affairs and Policy Research team.
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