Design of UAV Systems
Aircraft Design (261K) and
Laboratory (161M)
“Conceptual Design of UAV Systems”
Spring Semester 2003
Instructor
Dr. Armand J. Chaput
Senior Technical Fellow
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Fort Worth, Texas
(817) 763-7427
armand.j.chaput@lmco.com
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-0
Design of UAV Systems
Objectives
Lesson objective - to answer the following questions:
• What is Conceptual Design?
• What will you learn about it?
• What are the expectations?
• Mine
• Yours
• What is the course structure, content and
schedule?
• Who am I and what do I know about air vehicle
systems and how to design them?
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-1
Design of UAV Systems
Discussion subjects
• UAV system
• Overview
• Design Phases
• Overview
• Importance of early
design decisions
• Course overview
• Objective
• Differences
• Expectations
• Participants
• Content and schedule
• Homework
• Course background
• Personal background
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-2
Design of UAV Systems
But first what is a UAV?
My definition - A reusable unmanned (or uninhabited
if you prefer) air vehicle
• Includes target drones but excludes cruise missiles
- Even if the cruise missile has a data link
- Even if the technology is similar (which it is)
UAV
c 2003 LM Corporation
UAV
Course Introduction
UAV
UAV
1-3
Design of UAV Systems
And there are many kinds
ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm
Fixed wing
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm
Free wing
Small
Rotary
wing
Micro
Tilt wing/rotor
c 2003 LM Corporation
Tail Sitters
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
Lockheed
Martin Aeronautics Company
Course Introduction
1-4
Design of UAV Systems
UAV System Elements
But a UAV system is much more than a reusable
air vehicle or vehicles
• Our system definition includes five elements
1. The environment in which the UAVs operate or the
System Element (e.g. the airspace, the data links,
relay aircraft, etc.)
2. The air vehicle(s) or the Air Vehicle Element
3. The control station(s) or the Mission Control
Element
4. The payload(s) or the Payload Element
5. The maintenance and support system or the
Support Element
Others define the system differently but at the
bottom line there is no difference - without all the
elements, the system won’t work
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-5
System Element
Design of UAV Systems
Concept of Operations (ConOps)
SATCOM
Discover II
& Other Overheads
Airborne
Comm
Node
AWACS Rivet Joint
Recce
Joint Stars
Target
Set
MCE
Mission Control
Element (MCE)
Launch and Recovery
Element (LRE)
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Global
Comms
External
Systems
National
Imagery
Q/P
Q
P
MCS
Data
Fusion
Theater
Imagery
P
P
P
National
SIGINT
Q
Q
Q
R
R
P
P
P
Sensor
Management
Theater
SIGINT
Space
Relay
Q/P
P
P
Data
Fusion
UCAV
C
Air
Relay
P
Mission
Planning
Q/P
Q/P
Direct
Comms
•Sensing
•Control
C
P
C
P
The environment(s)
in which the UAV
operates
UCAV
•Sensing
•Control
Theater
C2
Communications Network
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Course Introduction
1-6
Design of UAV Systems
Air Vehicle Element
The Airplane(s)
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Course Introduction
1-7
Design of UAV Systems
Mission Control Element
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm
The Control Station(s)
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Course Introduction
1-8
Design of UAV Systems
Payload Element
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
The Payload(s)
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-9
Design of UAV Systems
Support Element
Support and Logistics
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-10
Design of UAV Systems
Next subject
• UAV system
• Overview
• Design Phases
• Overview
• Importance of early
design decisions
• Course overview
• Objective
• Differences
• Expectations
• Participants
• Content and schedule
• Homework
• Course background
• Personal background
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-11
Design of UAV Systems
Advanced design phases
1. Pre-concept design (my term)
• The very early work that establishes the general concept,
what it should do and how it will be used
• Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the
government) now done by customers and companies
• The product is usually a set of initial requirements and
expectations for cost and schedule
2. Conceptual design
• The next phase that starts with overall requirements and
objectives and develops a preferred system concept and
a plan to develop it
• The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design
with enough technical, cost and risk information to
convince your customer to buy your concept
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-12
Design of UAV Systems
Later phases
3. Preliminary design
• The subsequent phase that turns the preferred system
concept into a well substantiated design and proposes
a detailed plan to build and test it
• The product is usually documentation and a design
review with enough detailed technical and cost
substantiation, planning and risk reduction to convince
your customer to let you build it
4. Detailed design
• The final phase that completely defines the design for
production and test
• The product is usually a set of detailed specifications,
drawings, manufacturing instructions and test plans
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-13
Cumulative Percent Of Life Cycle Cost
Design of UAV Systems
Importance of early decisions
100
95
85
Detailed
Design
Preliminary
Design
70
50
Concept
Design
Pre-concept
Design
10
Milestones
I
II
III
IOC
Out of Service
Source – Defense Systems Management College, 3 Dec. 1991
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-14
Design of UAV Systems
Importance cont’d
• Many aerospace program problems trace back to
early design decisions (examples from my experience)
• A-12 - All composite structure
• F-16 XL - Engine selection
• NASP - Binary program goal (SSTO or nothing)
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/a-12.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/mystery/nasp.htm
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-15
Design of UAV Systems
Next subject
• UAV system
• Overview
• Advanced Design Phases
• Overview
• Importance of early
design decisions
• Course overview
• Objective
• Differences
• Expectations
• Participants
• Content and schedule
• Homework
• Course background
• Personal background
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-16
Design of UAV Systems
Overall course objective
Our focus will be on the first two phases of design
• These are the most critical design decision phases
• Preliminary and detailed design are company and
design & analysis tool specific
- Other specialized Aero/ME/EE courses apply
We will cover both pre-concept and conceptual
design from a team design perspective
• Team design is more complicated than individual
design
- Excellent planning and management is required
We will learn how and when to adapt methods and
data from manned systems
• Some are applicable, others are not
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-17
Design of UAV Systems
Course differences
• Traditional aircraft design courses focus on aeroengine-structures design and integration. We have to
cover much more:
• Control stations
• Concepts of operations
• Basing and mission coverage • Sensor payloads
• Weapon payloads
• Effectiveness
• Support concepts
• Communications
• Cost
• Operating environments
• Therefore, we cannot go into as much depth in the
traditional aircraft design and integration areas
• We do have time to even discuss some traditional
aircraft design subjects
We will focus almost exclusively on full size,
fixed wing, subsonic UAVs
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-18
Design of UAV Systems
Overall course structure
Meets every Friday (2-5 p.m.) in Pharmacy 2.114
- Lectures
- Will address design of all the elements
- Example problems
- Will show how to apply the lecture material
- Spreadsheet model demonstrations
- Will be used extensively for pre-concept design
- Some models are applicable to conceptual design (with
calibration based on conceptual design methods)
Remaining laboratory hours are available to work on
projects
- I will be flying back to Fort Worth (weather permitting)
Expect to spend additional hours outside of class
- Doing design and analysis (individually and in teams)
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-19
Design of UAV Systems
Overall schedule
Week 1
• Course introduction
• Introduction to UAVs
Week 2
• UAV conceptual design issues
• Fundamentals of system design
Week 3
• Concepts of operation
• UAV operating environments
Week 4
• Sortie rate estimates
• Requirements analysis
Week 5
• Communication considerations and sizing
Week 6
• Control station considerations and sizing
• Payload (EO/IR and radar) considerations and sizing
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-20
Design of UAV Systems
Overall schedule
Week 7
• Reliability, maintenance, safety and support
• Life cycle cost
Week 8
• Mid term presentations
Week 9
• Introduction to air vehicle design
• Conceptual level aerodynamics
• Standard atmosphere models
Week 10
• Spring break
Week 11
• Parametric propulsion
Week 12
• Parametric weights
• Parametric geometry
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-21
Design of UAV Systems
Schedule cont’d
Week 13
• Air vehicle performance
• Integrated performance model
• Methodology and correlation
Week 14
• Air vehicle design (example)
Week 15
• System concept design
Week 16
• Project preparations
Week 17
• Project presentations
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-22
Design of UAV Systems
References
Pre-concept design
• Chaput, Concept Design of UAV Systems
• Chaput, Concept design spreadsheet models
• Conceptual design
Primary references
• Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition
• Raymer, RDS-Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and
Performance
• Roskam, Airplane Design, Parts I - VIII; Airplane Aerodynamics
and Performance, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight
Controls, Parts I&II.
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-23
Design of UAV Systems
Reference notation
UAV PCD = Chaput, Pre-Concept Design of UAV Systems
RayAD
RayRDS
RosAP
= Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual
Approach
= Raymer, Student Software for Aircraft
Design, Sizing and Performance
= Roskam, Airplane Aerodynamics and
Performance
= Roskam, Airplane Design, Part I
RosAD.1
...through...
RosAD.8 = Roskam, Airplane Design, Part VIII
RosFD.1 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and
Automatic Flight Controls, Part I
RosFD.2 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and
Automatic Flight Controls, Part II
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-24
Design of UAV Systems
Spreadsheet models and data
• Mission area coverage – UT.mission.coverage.xls
• Mission sortie rate – UT.sortie.xls
• Communication line of sight – UT. RFLOS.xls
• Air vehicle performance (internal combustion)
- UT.ICProp.xls
• Air vehicle performance (turboprop)
- UT.TBPprop.xls
• Air vehicle performance (turbofan)
- UT.TBFan.xls
• Sensor data – UT.sensor.xls
• Datalink data – UT.datalink.xls
• Life cycle cost - UT.aircraft cost.xls
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-25
Design of UAV Systems
Course materials
Will be provided electronically
1. Will be available one week in advance
• Read ahead if you want
- But it is not a requirement
2. Paper copies are your responsibility
• Limit of one copy per student
• Note the Lockheed Martin Copyright
3. All lectures based on public source materials
• If you are looking for Lockheed Martin secrets
you will be disappointed
4. But the methods, thought processes and
approaches are very state of the art
• You will learn how it is done in the real world
• One exception – no stealth coverage
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 26
Design of UAV Systems
Questions
Three ways
1. Ask in class
• Good questions help everybody learn
2. Ask electronically
• Ask questions by Email
• Answers will be by Email and should be posted
on the course bulletin board by all recipients
3. Ask personally
• Office in WRW 305A, phone ?
• Office hours Friday, 11:00 -2:00
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 27
Design of UAV Systems
Homework
Assigned weekly (starting week 3)
1. Practice what we teach
• Applications of design methods
• With design project focus
• Should be easy if you pay attention
2. Submit weekly
• Don’t be late
• Will be hard to catch up while keeping up
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 28
Design of UAV Systems
Examinations
• This course is about application of knowledge
to design
- Design projects/presentations will be given in
lieu of exams
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 29
Design of UAV Systems
Project presentations
• Presentations will be your major product
- Team presentation grades will be shared by team
- With adjustments for individual performance
• Formats
• Electronic
- Use standard MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint as
appropriate
- Scanned materials should use standard pdf, jpg or
gif formats
• Other
• Please minimize non-electronic submittals but we
will accept paper copies if no other option
available
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 30
Design of UAV Systems
Design projects
Two major project submittals/presentations
1. Initial system concept design (week 8)
- Concept of Operation
- Communications
- Control stations
- Payload
- Notional air vehicle concept
- Cost and effectiveness
2. Preferred system concept (week 17)
- Air vehicle design
- Trade study results
- System performance
- Cost and effectiveness
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 31
Design of UAV Systems
•
•
•
•
Class participation and attendance
Homework
Mid term design review
Final design review
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
Grade basis
- 20%
- 20%
- 25%
- 35%
1- 32
Design of UAV Systems
Course participants
Introduce yourself
• Name
• Hometown
• Interest in aircraft design
• What are your expectations ?
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-33
Design of UAV Systems
My expectations
• You will not be UAV expert
• You will understand the fundamental conceptual
design issues and how to approach them
• You will understand where to go for more
information
• Your will be able to develop a UAV system
conceptual design that should work
• Major components defined
• Reasonably optimized size and performance
• Reasonable cost estimates
• Reasonable effectiveness estimates
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-34
Design of UAV Systems
Next subject
• UAV system
• Overview
• Advanced Design Phases
• Overview
• Importance of early
design decisions
• Course overview
• Objective
• Differences
• Expectations
• Participants
• Content and schedule
• Homework
• Course background
• Personal background
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 35
Design of UAV Systems
Course background
1999 Agreement Established Sejong-Lockheed Martin
Aerospace Research Center - Part of an LM corporate
commitment to support Korean aerospace development
• Near term - Korean fighter production (F-16)
• Mid term - T-50 program co-development
• Long term - Sejong-LM Aerospace Research
Center
• Sejong project focus
• Support student programs
• Radio control aircraft competition
• Provide scholarships
• Undergraduate and graduate
• Help establish Sejong center of excellence
• UAV studies
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1- 36
Design of UAV Systems
Who am I?
Lockheed Martin - 20+ years in advanced aerospace
product development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Systems Engineering - Senior Technical Fellow
Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles - IPT lead (start  early 99)
LM/Boeing/Northrop AFX - Chief Engineer
National Aerospace Plane - National team Chief Engineer
National Aerospace Plane - Company Program Director
Advanced Design Department - Manager
Other credentials
• Member, US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1997-2001, 2003)
• Member, Naval Studies Board (2003)
• Member, Board of Trustees, Association for Unmanned Vehicle
Systems International (1998-2001)
• Member, AIAA Aircraft Design Technical Committee
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-37
Design of UAV Systems
Who am I - cont’d?
Prior Employment
• Central Intelligence Agency (1969-80)
• Active duty with US Army (1967-69)
• Boeing Launch Systems Company (1966)
Education
• Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University
• Master of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M
• Bachelor of Science , Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M
Other
• Flight Instructor, single engine, land
• Commercial pilot, instrument rated ,single & multi-engine
• “UAV pilot” (radio control model aircraft) since age 13
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
1-38
Design of UAV Systems
c 2003 LM Corporation
Course Introduction
Intermission
1-39