MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW PPT
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powerpoints we have viewed this semester.
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
(AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION)
Considered one of the great turning points in history.
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People learned to plant crops (rice, wheat, barley, etc.)
Invented the plow, used fertilizer, irrigation
Domesticated animals
Settled in villages
WHAT WAS THE BIG CHANGE DURING THE
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION?
• The change from hunting and gathering to
systematic farming and domesticating
animals.
• As a result, social roles changed
– A warrior class developed
– Priests gained importance
– The importance of women’s roles decreased
WHAT DID THE CHANGE TO AGRICULTURE
ENABLE EARLY PEOPLE TO DO?
• Settle in villages and towns instead of being
nomadic hunters and gatherers.
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the concept of land ownership
modifications to the natural environment
higher population densities in certain areas
Creation of "trading economies" using surplus
production from increasing crop yields, and the
development of new technologies.
Civilization – a form of culture in which some people
live in cities and have complex social institutions, use
some form of writing, and are skilled in science, art, and
technology
Characteristics of Civilization:
• Developed government
• Division of labor – a social structure
• Rise of Cities
• Use of writing
• Artistic achievement and innovations
• Importance of religion in culture
RIVER VALLEYS
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THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
AROSE IN RIVER VALLEYS
Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia)
Nile (Egypt)
Indus (Harappa & Mahenjo-Daro)
Huang He or Yellow (China)
Commonalities – Rivers to sustain life, mild climate,
fertile soil (China & Egypt had geographic barriers
like mountains to aid in protection)
Hammurabi’s Code
– Pertained to all aspects of life
– Did not apply to all people equally
(later civilizations will have written
Law codes, such as the Roman
Twelve Tables, Justinian’s Code, etc.)
COMPARING SPARTA AND ATHENS
SPARTA
TYPE OF
GOVERNMENT
STATE
CULTURE
ATHENS
Oligarchy – 2
kings/Council of Elders
First Democracy –
People have the rule
Strict Military State –
people controlled by state
Cultural Center – art,
philosophy, education
MEN'S
SOCIAL ROLE
Soldiers
Civic participation/
business
WOMEN'S
SOCIAL ROLE
Relative freedom to
run the household
Subordinate to men –
can go out in public
unescorted
Military training for
boys / athletic training
for girls
Wealthy boys taught
by tutors / girls learn
to take care of a home
CHILDREN &
EDUCATION
Philosophers
HELLENISTIC GREECE
• In 338 B.C. the king of Macedonia (Philip II) brought
all Greek city-states under his control.
• His son, Alexander the Great, went on to conquer
most of the Mediterranean world, including Egypt
and Persia (as far as the Indus River).
• Alexander spread Greek culture throughout his
new empire, from Europe to Africa and Asia.
– Blended Greek and Persian cultures
– Built new cities
– Encouraged learning and philosophy
• Complete page 2 of “Greek Geeks” and add to your
notebook.
Greek Achievements
• Democracy
• Realistic art (statues depicting the ideal form)
• Architecture (use of balance, symmetry,
columns, marble temples and public buildings)
• Philosophy
• Drama and literature
THE RULE OF ROMAN LAW
• Government officials were not above the law and could
not act outside the law
• THE TWELVE TABLES
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Issued by the Republic and placed in public meeting places
Protected the plebeians
Covered civil, criminal, and religious law
Provided a foundation for later law codes
All citizens were “equal under the law”
• Contributed concept of a contract and established rules
for property ownership
• Established legal processes (court trials, appeals, innocent until proven
guilty)
PAX ROMANA
“The Roman Peace” (27 B.C. – 395 A.D.)
• A long period of peace ushered in by Augustus
• Great engineering feats
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Concrete for large buildings
A network of nearly 50,000 miles of roads and bridges
New cities
aqueducts
• Rome was a center of commerce, communication,
trade, politics, culture, and military power
• Expansion changed its basic character
– Professional armies loyal to its generals
– Large force of slaves performed much of its labor
Religion continued…
• The Rise of Christianity
– Based on the teachings of Jesus who was crucified
by the Romans for his teachings
– Spread by his followers who were persecuted for
their beliefs
– The apostle, Paul, was famous for travelling
throughout the empire converting people to
Christianity
– Eventually became the official religion of the
Empire
LEFT SIDE
Causes:
Military decline and
constant threat of invasion
Effects:
Weak leadership, economic
decline, growth
Fall of the Roman Empire
Lack of government,
dangerous living conditions
Social and economic decline
throughout Western Europe
Accomplishments of Rome
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Pax Romana
Adoption of Christianity
Large-scale Building and architecture
Extended rule of other territories
Legal systems that became the foundation of
later law codes (Rule of Law)
Left Side
• The mixing of Aryan and
native peoples led to a new
social order
• The new rules allowed only
Aryans to occupy the higher
social classes
• There were 5 castes
• Caste lines were rigid and
based on birth
• DRAW A DIAGRAM OF THE
CASTE SYSTEM
Priests
(Brahmins)
Warriors
(Kshatriyas)
Landowners (Vaisyas)
Peasants (Sudras)
Untouchables
The Gupta Empire (320 A.D. – 535
A.D.)
• United the territory around the Ganges
• Emperors encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade with
foreign lands, especially China
• Had a “Golden Age” of Hindu Culture for nearly two
centuries
– Built universities
– Supported learning, the arts (colorful murals), and literature
(poems and plays written in Sanskrit)
– Scholars excelled in math (concept of zero, idea of infinity, a
decimal system, Arabic numerals)
– Astronomy (Earth was round and rotated on its axis, solar year,
movement of heavenly bodies)
– Medicine (set bones, skin grafts)
• Declined when invaded by the Huns
HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
• Unified China for over 400 years following years of civil war
• Political achievements
– Established civil service examinations based on Confucian ideas
– Strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the
independence of nobles
– Commoners could move up the social ladder
– Spread Confucian ideals
• Innovations
– Paper
– Lead-glazed ceramics
– Improved silk-weaving
Continued…
• Economy
– Established overland trade routes, the Silk Road,
connecting trade with the Roman Empire and other
regions
– Exported silk, iron, and bronze for gold, linen cloth,
glass, ivory, animal hides, horses and cattle
FALL OF THE HAN DYANSTY
• Ruled an immense empire for 400 years
• Han emperors were weakened by a series of
rebellions
• Provincial governors raised taxes and raised their
own armies (some became local warlords)
• Economic hardship and population growth
• Emperor turned over power to a warlord and Han
China collapsed into a series of civil wars and split
into separate states
• Caused a long period of political, economic, and
social decline
The Ottoman Empire
• Captured Constantinople in 1453
• A “Gunpowder Empire” located between Europe
and Asia
• Interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures
• Reached its height under the reign of Suleiman the
Magnificent
– Conquered Egypt and N. Africa and parts of Eastern
Europe
– Controlled much of the trade in the Mediterranean Sea
(to N. Africa, Europe, and other parts of the Middle
East)
• Ottomans were defeated in 1571 by Spaniards and
Venetians
More about the ottomans…
• Government:
– Ruled by the Sultan (all-powerful ruler) and his lavish
court with a capital at Istanbul (Constantinople)
– Well-organized and efficient government, assisted
by a special army, The Janissaries (soldiers
recruited and trained at childhood)
• Culture
– Sunni branch of Islam
– Recognized diversity -Jews and Christians
represented by own leaders and represented by
their own laws and collected their own taxes
– Art was tied to religion in that the greatest
examples were the beautiful mosques (temples)
Akbar the Great
• Most famous Mughal ruler (Babur’s
grandson)
– Conquered Muslim and Hindu states uniting all
Northern India under his rule
– Promoted religious tolerance
– Ended special Hindu taxes and used Hindu
officials in government
– Divided empire into 12 provinces
– Local government was run by well-trained
officials (enforced laws, collected taxes)
– Encouraged learning, painting, music, and
literature
Shah Jahan
• Akbar’s grandson
• Re-imposed taxes on Hindus and destroyed Hindu
temples
• Many converted to Islam (some to avoid taxes,
others from lower castes, to escape the caste
system)
• Even more artistic and cultural achievements
– Built palaces, fortresses, and mosques
• Most famous was Taj Mahal (tomb for his
wife)
• Combined Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles
Gold-Salt Trade – Ghana, Mali, Songhai
• Sahara was never completely cut off from Eurasia
• Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara because of
gold and other riches in West Africa
• West Africa lacked salt – vital to human survival
• Merchants picked up large blocks of salt on their
journey and exchanged them for gold
• A thriving trade developed, based on gold-salt trade
• Ideas were exchanged, such as Islamic beliefs
Notes on Mali 1240-1400:
• Rulers brought both gold and salt mines under their
direct control
• Rulers converted to Islam, although most people did not
• Mansa Musa – expanded kingdom greatly
– Made a religious pilgrimage to Mecca
– Brought Muslim scholars and architects back to Mali
with him
– Muslim scholarship flourished
– Timbuktu became an important center of several
important universities and attracted student from
Europe, Asia, and Africa
Ibn Battuta –
• Arab traveler that wrote
about Mansa Musa and
his respect for law and
the power of its ruler
• Because of his extensive
travels and his records
historians know a lot
about this time period in
Africa and the Middle
East
• He was like the Marco
Polo of the Muslims
More about the Tang
• Empress Wu Zetian
– Implemented government reforms
– Built a new capital city of Chang’an
(largest city in the world – merchants
and officials from Persia, India, Arabia,
and Syria could be found there)
• Artistic Achievements
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Pottery with painted glazed figures
Metalwork and jade
Poetry and painting
Unique gardens
• Mapmaking, medicine, and block printing
• Encouraged Commerce
the Song Dynasty
• Achievements
– The Grand Canal – connected Beijing, the Hwang Ho, and the
Yangtze Rivers (used to ship grain within China)
– Continued to enlarge the Great Wall for protection
– Caravans carried silks over the Silk Road
– Large ships carried goods to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, India,
and Africa
– Science and Technology
• New instruments for astronomers
• Acupuncture
• Advanced mathematics
• Gunpowder in war
• Compass for navigation
• Moveable type
• Created an alliance with the Mongols
THE MONGOLS
• Established the greatest land empire the world had ever
seen
• Divided into several loosely organized tribes
– Slept in domed tents made of felt
– Excellent horsemen and archers (used stirrups)
• Ghengis Khan (Chinggis Khan)
– United Mongols by 1206
– Conquered Mongolia, China, &
Muslim States of Central Asia
– Although a brutal warrior who used
terror, he was tolerant of religions
– Promoted trade
– Used local administrators
– Ordered a written script for Mongol language
The Empire after Ghengis Khan
• Ghengis Khan’s successors extended Mongol rule
into Persia, Russia, Iraq, and the rest of China
– This was the largest land empire the world has seen
– There was a “Pax Mongolia” – people could trade safely
from one end of the empire to the other
• The empire was so vast, it was soon divided into four
kingdoms (each ruled by a different descendant of
Ghengis Khan)
Introduction
• While the Byzantine Empire survived in the
east, important changes were taking place in
Western Europe.
• Historians call this period of history (from the
fall of Rome in 476 A.D. to the 1400s) the
Middle Ages (medieval period) – the period
between ancient and modern times
• Barbarian invasions contributed to the defeat
of the Romans, and after a period of
invasions, they established their own
kingdoms in many parts of the former Roman
Empire.
THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE DAY:
• Constant warfare disrupted trade
• Violence made travel unsafe
• Bridges and roads fell into disrepair, and cities and
towns were abandoned
• Bandits roamed freely
• Wealthy families moved to the safety of fortified
homes in the country
• No interest in learning
• Shortages of food and goods grew
• Churches and monasteries became the only places
where people could read and write
Feudalism (800-1400)
• The system of government of the Middle Ages
– To protect themselves from violence and to
provide for basic economic needs
– Kings offered nobles a grant of land (fief) in
exchange for loyalty and service
– The nobleman (vassal) gave homage
(allegiance) to the king
– Helped people survive the breakdown of
central government and order
– Characterized by key social, political, and
economic relationships
Economic system - Manorialism
• The Manor
– The Lord’s home and surrounding territory (peasant
homes, village, and farmland)
– Produced its own food, clothing, and shelter (trade was
dangerous)
– Varied in size depending on wealth (some nobles had
many manors)
• Peasants (Serfs)
– Farm laborers gave a portion of their harvest to the lord
in return for the lord’s protection
– Bound to the land and had no voice in most matters
– Worked long hours to produce the food for all members
of society
Social Roles
• Feudalism provided for a strict class structure based on the control
of land and power
• People were born into a social class and could not change their
position
• Women
– Obedient to men
– Had large numbers of children (many died in
infancy)
– Noble women spent their time in prayer and
domestic chores
– Few received an education
– Peasant women worked closely with their husbands,
ran the home, and looked after livestock
• People lived in extended families (large
households)
Economic system - Manorialism
• The Manor
– The Lord’s home and surrounding territory (peasant
homes, village, and farmland)
– Produced its own food, clothing, and shelter (trade was
dangerous)
– Varied in size depending on wealth (some nobles had
many manors)
• Peasants (Serfs)
– Farm laborers gave a portion of their harvest to the lord
in return for the lord’s protection
– Bound to the land and had no voice in most matters
– Worked long hours to produce the food for all members
of society
THE CHURCH
• Roman Catholic Church was single most powerful
organization in Western Europe
– People believed the Church represented God and held
the power to send a person to Heaven or Hell.
– Many nobles left land to the Church when they died,
hoping to gain entry into Heaven. (Church was the
largest landowner)
– Church gained additional wealth through tithes
(Church taxes)
– The Church was the main center of learning (Church
officials were usually the only ones who could read or
write). Rulers often relied on Church officials because
they were educated.
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN THINKERS
• St. Augustine (Lived at the time of the fall of Rome)
– Questioned why God would let barbarians destroy the
Christian civilization of Rome
– Concluded that no earthly city could last forever, only the
“City of God” in Heaven is eternal
• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
– Showed how pre-Christian works of philosophy were
compatible with Christian teaching
– Said people should trust both faith and reason
– Believed in the existence of “natural law” – laws based on
reason
– Believed that citizens have the right to remove rulers who
continually enact unjust laws (ruler’s power came from
God through the people)
OUTCOME OF THE CRUSADES
• Brought new goods to Europe,
stimulating a rebirth in trade
(silk, rice, spices, coffee, etc.)
• Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Contributed to the break down of
feudalism
• Europeans learned about new
technology (zero, weapons, etc.)
• Christian persecution of Jews and
Muslims and Muslim persecution
of Christians
Continued…
• THE GREAT SCHISM (1378-1417)
– The Pope clashes with secular (non-religious) rulers
– In 1305, a Frenchman was elected Pope and moved the
papacy to Avignon in France (it fell under the French King’s
influence)
– In 1378, an Italian was elected Pope and moved the
papacy back to Rome
– French Cardinals claimed the election was unlawful and
elected a French Pope to keep the papacy in France
– This schism (split) greatly weakened the church
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES
• Growth of towns
– Increased trade led to the growth of towns
and cities
– Rise of a new merchant class
– Formation of guilds (powerful associations of
merchants and craftsmen)
• New inventions (mills, mechanical clocks)
• Cities founded Universities
• Gothic architecture (pointed arches, high spires,
stained glass, flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings)
Continued…
• THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)
– Between England and France (king of
England claimed the French throne)
– Strengthened royal power in both countries
(kings developed large standing armies instead of
relying on feudal lords)
– Created greater national feelings
– Knights became less important in battle
– New military technology was introduced (long
bow, gunpowder, cannons)
– Joan of Arc became an inspiration and martyr
for the French
Background – The Renaissance
began in Italy
• Location – centrally located in the
Mediterranean Sea region
• As trade increased, Italian cities
became centers of banking, commerce,
and industry
• Merchants and nobles acted as patrons
– Supported artists, writers, and scholars
– Powerful leaders (because no single ruler
had united the Italian peninsula)
Characteristics of the Renaissance
• Secularism (non-religious) – increased as people
began to show greater interest in this world rather
than the “here after”
• Reason – used observation and experience to
explain the world rather than Christian teachings
• Humanism – emphasized dignity, worth, and
uniqueness of individuals. (man is the focus of all
things)
• Christian Humanism – a movement in northern
Europe that promoted reason through Christian
teachings
Masters of the “High Renaissance”
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Leonardo Da Vinci
Michaelangelo
Rafael
Donatello
AKA: NINJA TURTLES
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
• The epitome of the “Renaissance Man”
• Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist
– Dissected human bodies
– Kept a notebook of designs (machine gun,
helicopter, etc.)
– Last Supper, Mona Lisa
Gutenberg and the printing revolution
• Johann Gutenberg (German printer)
– Developed a printing press with
moveable type
– Moveable type, a special press, and oilbased inks allowed the mass production
of printed books
– Encouraged the rapid spread of new
ideas
– Increased literacy
MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)
• A German monk and Bible scholar
• Opposed the sale of indulgences
– Pardons from punishment for sin
– Church sold them to increase
revenue for the Church
• Posted Ninety-Five Theses
(statements) on his Church door,
challenging the Pope’s right to
sell indulgences
• Translated the Bible into German
LUTHER’S FIGHT WITH THE CHURCH
• Pope excommunicated him (in defiance, he
publicly burned the decrees)
• Was summoned to the Diet of Worms where
he refused to recant (take back) his
statements and was declared an outlaw
• Received protection from a number of
German princes
• Started a new church, the Lutheran Church
THE CATHOLIC COUNTERREFORMATION
• Council of Trent – redefined Catholic beliefs
and ended the sale of indulgences
• Established the Inquisition – court to punish
heretics (also banned Protestant books)
• The Jesuits – an order of monks founded by
Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 dedicated to
defending and spreading the Catholic faith
The Hebrews (Israelites) 1200 B.C.E.
• Mostly nomadic herders
• Influenced both Mesopotamia and Egypt due
to its geographic location near the eastern
Mediterranean
• Developed the first monotheistic religion
– Ten Commandments
– Forefathers, Abraham and Moses entered into
covenants with God (Yahweh)
Activity
• Add Confucianism and Daoism to your Religions chart
– Confucius – taught ideas he believed were the basic order of the
universe. Stressed following traditional ways to achieve peace and
harmony. All was based on social obligations.
• Obedience and order
• Importance of family
• Family served as model for society (duty, good deeds, civilized
way of life)
– Lao Tzu (Daoism or Taoism) – believed that nature has a “way” in
which it moves. People should accept the way rather than to try to
resist it.
• Respect for nature and harmony
• Use contemplation and abandon earthly concerns
The Spread of Buddhism
• A new religion, Buddhism, began around 500 B.C.
• Spread quickly and attracted many followers
• Missionaries helped it spread throughout India and
other Southeast Asian countries (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand,
Indochina)
• It also spread to central Asia, China, Japan, and Korea
• It was popular among many groups because it rejected
the caste system
Activity
• FILL IN THE BUDDHISM SECTION OF YOUR
RELIGIONS CHART
– Basic philosophy: based on the idea of self-denial and
meditation
– Gods: do not believe in a supreme being
– Holy books: no major holy book, but teachings can be
found in the Sutras
– Major beliefs: Four Noble Truths – explain life’s meaning.
Eightfold Path – must be followed to achieve Nirvana.
Nirvana – a state of eternal peace and bliss and release
from the soul’s endless reincarnation.
ISLAM:
• Founded in the 7th century (A.D. 600s)
• By Mohammed
– Born in 570 A.D.
– A merchant and shepherd in Mecca
– Had a vision in which he was told to convert Arab
tribes to believe in a single God, Allah (same God
worshipped by Jews and Christians)
• Islam is the Arabic word for “submission”
• Within 100 years, it grew to control an area larger
than the Roman Empire
Activity:
• Complete your religions chart by
adding Islam
• Major beliefs – one God, the Five Pillars
(confession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting,
pilgrimage)
• Holy book – Quran (Koran)
• Holy places – Mecca, Jerusalem, and their place
of worship the mosque
Sikhism (add to religions chart)
• New religion in Northern India
– Founder – interactions between Muslims and
Hindus
– Major beliefs
• Reincarnation
• One God
• God can be known through meditation (a form of
deep contemplation)
• Equality in the eyes of God
– Scriptures teach moderation (eat little, sleep little,
talk little, consume little)
– No caste system
– Sikh men do not cut their hair (often wear turbans)
– Holy places – Temples and shrines (Golden Temple)