A. Autotrophs - use sun’s energy
directly (plants)
B. Heterotrophs - obtain energy by the
foods they eat. (animals)
* all organisms use
the energy from
the
Cellular Respiration
ALL organisms obtain usable
energy (ATP) in a process
called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular
respiration is the opposite of
the equation for
photosynthesis.
KINGDOM
PLANTAE
Characteristics
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• photosynthetic (autotrophic)
• most reproduce sexually and
asexually
• Contain cell walls (cellulose),
chloroplasts, and large central
vacuole
Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis Comparison
Diagram
Introduction to Plants
Plant adaptations:
 Plants evolved from aquatic algae
 Had to gain the ability to conserve water
 Cuticle – waxy covering, helps prevent
the water loss and is a barrier to
microorganisms
 Stomata - openings in the outer cell layers
of leaves for gas exchange
Roots - take in water and dissolved
minerals
Stems - Transport water and dissolved
substances, stores food and water,
contains vascular tissue (xylem and
Phloem)
Leaves (blade) – site of photosynthesis
Vascular Tissue – allows faster transport
of water and nutrients, provides
structure (xylem and phloem)
Seeds - contains an embryo, nutrients,
and protective coat; allows seeds to
survive in harsh conditions and sprout
when favorable
Transpiration
• evaporation of water from plants.
• occurs chiefly at the leaves while
their stomata are open for the
passage of CO2 and O2 during
photosynthesis.
Classification of Plants
Divided into 3 basic groups based on
evolutionary adaptations.
1. Nonvascular plants (mosses)
2. Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
3. Seed plants (gymnosperms and
angiosperms)
1. Non-vascular Plants
• Ex. Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts and
hornworts
• 400 million years old; 16,000 species
• Gametophyte is dominant
• Required water to reproduce –
swimming sperm
• No vascular tissue to low to ground
• Evolutionary adaptation – Cuticle;
stomata
2. SEEDLESS VASCULAR
PLANTS
• Ex. Ferns (pterophyta), whiskferns,
lycopods and horsetails
• All are seedless, sperm must swim
(no pollen)
• sporophyte is the dominate
generation.
• Evolutionary adaptations – roots,
stems and vascular tissue (xylem
and phloem)
3. Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms “cone-bearers”
(conifers, ginkos) and angiosperms
(flowering plants)
• Gametophyte becomes more
reduced
• Evolutionary adaptations Pollination replaces swimming
sperm, seed evolved, flower