Pakistan
Independent Pakistan and
Government Since Then
Civil War
• Pakistan begins as two separate and
divided states
• East Pakistan is more populous; West
Pakistan houses government
• East Pakistan declares independence
from West Pakistan in 1971
• Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins,
becomes new nation of Bangladesh
Politics
• Pakistan goes back and forth from
being a democracy and being ruled by
a military dictator after a coup.
• Pakistani politics have a tradition of
being underhanded, violent, and
volatile.
Pakistan
Politics
Jinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto
(1973-77)
Benazir Bhutto>>
(1988-90, 93-96)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)
Zardari (now)
<< Musharraf
(1999-2008)
History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders
• 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan,
dies
• 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated.
• 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic.
• 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president.
• 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup.
• 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM.
• 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a
military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes
into exile, returns in 1986.
• 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s
Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM.
• 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of
incompetence & corruption.
History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued
• 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization.
• 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election
brings Bhutto back to power.
• 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption
allegations.
• 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League
wins elections.
• 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and
sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by
General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup.
• 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss
parliament.
• 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes
over media and communication networks.
• 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment
• 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto
A Pattern of Instability



Many different
governments rule
Pakistan, non achieve
stability
Benazir Bhutto leads
Pakistan in 1980s and
1990s but is ousted.
The military now rules.
Bhutto is assassinated
in 2007.
U.S. President George W. Bush
condemned the assassination in a
27 December press conference.
Gen. Pervex Musharaff
 Coup d’etat.
 Secular government against Islamic
fundamentalists.
 U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”
The Musharraf Era
• Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self
appointed as president in 2001.
• Enjoyed western support due to his announced
intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan.
• Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended
the constitution and jailed several supreme court
members before they were about to evaluate the validity
of his election.
• During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive
economic performance.
• Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.
Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror
• US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since
he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on
terror.
• US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating
over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11.
• Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against
Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support.
• Question now is whether or not the US should
have continued to support Musharraf since he
became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.
President
Prime Minister
Syed Yusuf Raza
Asif Ali Zardari
Gilani
Effects: Suffering Economy
 Economy suffered from decades of
internal political disputes
 a fast growing population
 mixed levels of foreign investment
 a costly, ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India
Major problems & Issues
in Pakistan today
 Economic development.
 Political instability/military
dictatorship.
 Hindu-Muslim tensions.
 Gender issues  honor killings.
 Terrorism.
 The Kashmir dispute and nuclear
weapons.
Conflict Over Kashmir
Kashmir, Nehru, the
British
Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to
sign on with India, and Nehru
makes exception to the rule of
partition:
“in cases of majority population
land goes to Pakistan in border
regions”......
Kashmir
18


Kashmir, a region
occupied by Pakistan
and India, lies south
of the Wakhan
Corridor of
Afghanistan.
This disputed territory
is the scene of
sporadic fighting
between the armies of
Pakistan and India.
China also occupies a
part of Kashmir.
History of the Conflict


The territory of
Kashmir
The territory was
handed over to India
after they gained
independence from the
British in 1947.
The Problem



The Kashmir area was
predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to
India and agreed to place
Kashmir under Indian rule if
India would protect Kashmir
from invasion.
If there had been a vote in
Kashmir, the majority
probably would have voted
to become part of Pakistan
for religious reasons.
Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Kashmir
Valley
-
4%
95%
-
Jammu
-
66%
30%
4%
Ladakh
50%
-
46%
3%
Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Northern
Areas
-
-
99%
-
Azad
Jammu and
Kashmir
-
99%
-
Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data
The Importance of Kashmir to India and
Pakistan
• The geography is
mostly rural, with
large mountains,
deserts, and valleys.
• The region could
have natural
resources such as oil,
gold, or silver that has
not yet been
discovered.
Control of the Indus River
• The Indus begins in
Kashmir, flows through
Pakistan, then flows into
mainland India.
• Since Kashmir is part of
India, they could dam the
Indus and change the
flow of the river.
• Without fertile land to
grow crops, Pakistan
would become a desert
and its people would
starve.
Religious Sites
• Both Pakistan and
India have sites in
Kashmir that are
important to their
respective religions.
– Pakistan is
predominately Muslim.
Kashmir is
predominately Muslim.
– India is predominately
Hindu.
Strategic Location
• India-Kashmir acts as
a buffer.
• Pakistan-Kashmir
offers a fertile
roadway into India for
possible invasion.
1947: Pakistan
invaded
Kashmir
... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8,
ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...
1965:
Second war
over Kashmir
1965 War
Conflict’s Context:
US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War
War

Three major wars between
India and Pakistan have
been fought over the
Kashmir territory




1947-1948
1965
1971
A fourth war almost took
place when Pakistan
invaded and attempted to
capture Kargil.
The Battle for Kashmir



India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in
northern India
Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region
continues.
In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars
 Indo-Pakistan
War of 1947
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)
1971 India-Pakistan War
1999 Kargil Skirmish
Context:
Both nations
nuclear powers
Kargil Conflict (1999)
• In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few
days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear
tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence
capability.
• Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore
Summit was held in 1999.
• The sense of optimism was short-lived, however,
since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces
and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but
strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district
of India.
Nine killed in violence in India's Kashmir
March 21, 2001
JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in
a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled
northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indian Soldiers Near the
Pakistani Border - 2001
A Pakistani Ranger at the IndianPakistani Joint Border Check Post
in Wagha, India - 2001
Anti-war Protestors in Karachi,
Pakistan - 2001
Kashmiri Militants - 2003
Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008
163 people die from terrorist bombings
A Kashmir Connection?
Lashkar,
Regional History
and Islamist
Militarism
Taj Mahal Hotel
Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters
Kashmir Today
Insurgency and Terrorism, State and Proxies
Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into
refugee camps in Jammu
Still:
Kashmiris not allowed to decide their own fate
Stalemate Continues....
Nuclear Rivalry Between
Pakistan and India
INDIAN PARADOX –
POVERTY AND POWER
What title would you give this
political cartoon?
Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan
Indian Nuclear Power
Plants
Pakistani Nuclear Power
Plants
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India does possess nuclear weapons and
maintains short- and intermediate-range
ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft,
surface ships, and submarines under
development as possible delivery systems
and platforms.
• Although it lacks an operational ballistic
missile submarines India has ambitions of
possessing a nuclear triad in the near
future.
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India tested a nuclear device in 1974
(code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it
called a "peaceful nuclear explosive."
• India performed further nuclear tests in
1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").
The India-Pakistan Arms Race
Heats Up in the Late 1990s
THE “ISLAMIC
BOMB”
• PAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEAR
DEVICE IN DESERT IN
1998.
• DR. A.Q. KHAN
RESPONSIBLE FOR
ITS SECRET
DEVELOPMENT, AND
SHARED
TECHNOLOGY WITH
“ROGUE STATES” LIKE
LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,
MAYBE OTHERS
Supporters of former Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant
nationalist slogans in support for his
nuclear policy - 1998
1998: India tested
their first nuclear
weapon. Pakistan
followed with
nuclear tests.
Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari
Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him
by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him
for making India a nuclear power - 1998
Right-wing Pakistani Activists
Burn Indian Flag to Protest
Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998
Hot Air Balloon Protesting India &
Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998
2002 Military Statistics
India Displays Nuclear Missiles
During “Republic Day,” - 2002
India Successfully Tested
Agni Missiles - 2002
2002 Nuclear
Statistics
Musharraf and Vajpayee at a
meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal
in 2002
Is this a possibility?
Partners in the “War on
Terror?”
Threat of Taliban to Pakistan
Taliban Connections Rooted in
Pakistan
• The Taliban emerged as a powerful
movement in late 1994 when Pakistan
chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying
to open a trade route from Pakistan to
Central Asia.
• With Pakistan providing weapons, military
training, and financial support, the Taliban
gained control over several Afghan cities
and successfully captured Kabul in
September 1996
Taliban Connections to Pakistan
• Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious
and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan,
especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of
Pakistan.
• Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee
camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet
invasion.
• Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns
constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan.
• Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated
in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command
center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops
and a major destination for the Afghan refugees
Taliban Connections to Pakistan
• Pakistani Taliban members have been
involved:
• In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks
inside Afghanistan
• Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal
Shehzad
• Participated in numerous suicide bombings
and urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan
including the siege at the Pakistan Naval
Base Mehran in Karachi
Pakistani Taliban Alliance with
Al-Qaeda
• Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War
• Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda
leaders
• Has been operationally active with the
terrorist group
• Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin
Laden
• Vows to continue the war with the USA
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani
Pakthun tribesmen were mobilized for
armed action and crossed the Durand Line
into Afghanistan to resist both the
American and NATO forces.
• For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun
cleric and leader of the Movement for the
Enforcement of Islamic Law infiltrated
Afghanistan with about 10,000 boys and
young men.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghan’s
Taliban and Al-Qaeda’s senior leadership
along with hundreds of Afghan, Arab,
Chechen, Uzbek, East Asian, and
Sudanese fighters in Pakistan distributed
millions of dollars among the tribal elders
for shelter
• Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds
from the tribesmen to establish training
camps and command and control centers.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded
the tribal areas, it transformed the existing
widespread militancy into a full-blown
insurgency.
• This has since spread throughout Pakistan
The war spills over into Pakistan
• Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of the
Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward
• Taliban and Haqqani Network across the
Pakistani border provinces
• Cross-border illicit trade
• US operations in Pakistan
– CIA and Special Forces assassination teams
– CIA drone bombings
– The assassination of Osama Bin Laden
91
Refugees
• Afghans constitute the largest single refugee
population in the world with an estimated 6 million
people or 30 percent of the global refugee
population.
• The population has been greatly affected by a
refugee problem for years.
• Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.
92
Refugees
• Pakistan has received the most
93
Pakistani Taliban Numbers
• There are about 40 militant groups with a
combined membership between 30,000
and 35,000.
• They are decentralized and do not always
agree.
• They use social networks to recruit, raise
funds, and to harass people.
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• Recruit young men by offering them
access to and membership in social
networks, money, power, and respect
• Many are young unemployed men who
have had no access to education or jobs
• Brainwash the men during the interactions
• For example, many of the suicide bombers
are poor, uneducated students in their
early teens
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of
infrastructure
• The government’s inability to provide education
and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts
• Most join because they are poor and feel that
the government does not care about them.
• For example, in 2009, the average salary of a
low-level Taliban member was $180 a month,
while in other areas it was as high as $240 a
month
Why Pakistan Men Join the
Taliban
• The government’s inability to provide
better shelter and services to the refugees
in the camps have aided recruitment.
• Young men frustrated by the preventable
deaths of family members due to
pneumonia and diarrhea join the Taliban
• The Taliban provides swift and free justice
in hostile areas
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• They sometimes use abduction and other
coercive tactics to recruit fighters and quell
dissent.
• In early 2007, they began forcing school
children to sign up for suicide bombing
missions by kidnapping 30 children
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• The Pakistani Army when fighting against
the insurgents have killed many civilians
and this has led to the people joining the
Taliban for revenge
• For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were
killed during Pakistan Army actions
• The Pakistani Army also alienates locals
by arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions,
unlawful killings, deliberate property
damage, executing people without trials
BBC, 2009
Most Recent and Widely Known
Pakistani Taliban Attack
•
•
•
•
•
The banned Islamist group, which has intimate links to the Afghan Taliban and
al Qaeda, unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen activist Malala Yousufzai
as she rode home from school in a van October 9, 2012
But before that, the group, formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP),
took the global spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a Pakistani-American,
attempted to detonate a car bomb in New York's Times Square in May 2010.
The TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified that he had received
training from them.
Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the group is very closely linked
with its namesake in Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares its
religious extremist ideology -- but is its own distinct group.
The TTP also has a different goal, but its tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi,
director of policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a Pakistani think tank.
"Their primary target is the Pakistani state and its military," he says. "It resents
the fact that it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and it wants Sharia to
be imposed in Pakistan."
Malal Yousafzai
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the right of girls to education, and for exposing
the daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban took control of the Swat valley.
She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu under the pen name “Gul Makai” since the
age of 11.
As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley in 2009, her identity was made public.
She received the National Peace Award from former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on
December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize the
same year by the Dutch organisation “Kids Rights”.
Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported
by UNICEF in 2011.
She appeared on national and international television to express her views on the rights
of children and girls.
On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan,
confirmed to international media that they attacked her because “she [was] anti-Taliban
and secular”, adding that she “would not be spared. She was pro-West, she [was] speaking
against Taliban and she [was] calling President Obama her idol […]She [was] young but
she [was] promoting Western culture in Pashtun areas”,he said. He reiterated the threats
to kill her if she survives the attack.
Malala Yousafzai
• Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai through
her native Swat Valley, one of the most conservative
regions in Pakistan.
• They demanded that other girls in the vehicle identify her.
Malala had faced frequent death threats in the past.
• Some of the girls pointed her out.
• At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three girls.
• Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but bullets
struck Malala in the head and neck.
• The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got away.
• Malala was left in critical condition.
• An uncle described her as having excruciating pain and
being unable to stop moving her arms and legs.
Malala Yousafzai
• Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an
attempted assassination by the Taliban in
October, has spoken publicly for the first time of
her recovery in Britain, saying God has given her
"a second life" thanks to the prayers of those
who supported her around the world.
• Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth
hospital in Birmingham since being flown to
Britain after being shot by the Taliban for
campaigning for women's rights and girls'
education
Malala’s Courage
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/world/asia/pakistan-erupts-in-angerover-talibans-shooting-of-malala-yousafzai.html?hp