Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14
Expansive Nation
1800-1850
Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14
Expansive Nation
Overview
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Changes in Transportation
Industrial Revolution/Factory System
Reform
Slavery
Culture/Religion
Age of Jackson
Native Americans
Manifest Destiny/Westward Movement
Steam Power/ Steamships
***cheaper and faster to
move goods
Changes in
Transportation
Roads
Cumberland Road runs
from Maryland to Ohio –
1833 (***state and
federal $ used)
Canals
• Erie Canal connects
Lake Erie to New
York City – 1825
• 3,000 miles of
canals in use –
1840
*** lower food prices
in East, more
immigrants moving
West, stronger
economic ties
between sections)
Railroads
B & O – first national railroad
***changed towns like Chicago
into big commercial centers
Railroads
Democracy in America (1835-40),
Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, “The Americans
always display a clear, free, original, and
inventive power of mind.”
What about our situation allowed for industry
to surpass all other nations in the world by
the end of the 1800s?
Industrial Revolution
• British inventors began to make textiles with
machines.
• A British textile worker, Samuel Slater, set up a
textile factory in Rhode Island in 1790.
• This was the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution in the U.S.!
When factories replace
work done by hands –
mass production
Factory System
• Lowell Mills – model
– Employed white, teenage farm girls
– Lived in mills in highly regulated environment
– Work protests and strikes organized over
wage cuts
Harriet Robinson:
Lowell Mill Girls
Author:
Place and Time:
Prior Knowledge:
Audience:
Reason:
The Main Idea:
Significance:
Factory System
Causes
•Trade Embargo
•War of 1812
•Tariffs enacted by Congress
•1811 – New York passed law
allowing incorporation allowing for
big capital to expand business
•Immigration – constant work force
•New inventions
Patents
1790 to 1840 = 11,500
1840 to 1900 = 682,000
Effects
•Worker exploitation
•12 hour days – six days a week
were norm
•Development of poor working
class
•End of self-sufficient household
•Changed family structure women and children worked
•Led to growth in financial
businesses – banking and
insurance
•First unions created
•Gap between wealthy and poor
increased
•Rapid growth of cotton industry
AP Test Questions
Transportation and Industrialization
Discuss the impact of the “transportation revolution,” 1820 – 1860, on the U.S.
(1973)
In the period 1815 to 1860, improvements in transportation and increased interregional trade should have united Americans, but instead produced sectional
division and finally disunion. Discuss with reference to the impact of improved
transportation and increased inter-regional trade on the Northeast (New
England and Middle Atlantic states), the South, and the West. (1980)
Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture,
sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Assess the validity of this statement. (1989)
Cities
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9 of 10 largest cities in North
Unsafe
No police force until 1830s
No water service
No sanitation
Immigration – north and west of Europe
– Potato famine in Ireland 1845-1850
– Failed German Revolution in 1848
– Nativism -> anti-immigrant
– Know-Nothings Political Party
Reform Movements
Public Schools
Horace Mann – Massachusetts
Believed all humans had right to education
Created grade levels with trained teachers
Care for Mentally ILL
Dorthea Dix – Massachusetts
Reported on poor treatment of mentally ill to state gov’t
Other Reforms
Prison, hospitals, orphanages, alcohol ban (temperance movement),
abolition, women’s rights
Middle Passage = Atlantic Crossing
Estimated that between 1.5 to 2 million
slaves died during the journey
• Took about six weeks
• Slaves shackled to each other
• 10-15% died during trip (disease,
starvation, suicide, weather)
End of Slave Trade - Slavery
• 1808 - Britain and US outlaw slave trade
• 1833 - Britain abolishes slavery in British
territories
• 1848 – France abolishes slavery in its
colonies
• 1865 – U.S. abolished slavery
• 1888 – Brazil abolishes slavery (last in
Americas)
Cotton Gin
It was difficult to make a profit from cotton because
cottonseeds were removed by hand.
Fact = It took one person an entire day to clean one pound of
cotton.
Cotton Ball,
picked 1915
Georgia
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin (short for engine) in
1793.
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.
Effects of the Cotton Gin
• Plantation owners began to earn a lot of
money growing cotton
• It increases their dependency on slave labor.
Abolitionist Movement
People against slavery – 2nd Great Awakening fueled belief
that slavery was a sin.
• American Colonization Society – transport freed slaves
back to Africa
• American Anti-Slavery Society – 1831
Started by William Lloyd Garrison -The Liberator
• Black Abolitionists
Fredrick Douglass - North Star
Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
Religion – Second Great
Awakening
Revivals
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• Reaction to rationalism, Age of Enlightenment
Presbyterian
1823 Charles Finney from New York
Appealed to emotions and fear of
damnation
Baptists and Methodists
South and West – traveling preachers
By 1850, they had become the largest
Protestant denominations in country
Literature - Transcendentalists
After War of 1812,
nationalism produced
material that was about
American themes
Writers that questioned
capitalism and church
teachings
Ralph Waldo Emerson – do not
imitate European culture,
create new American culture
(American Scholar)
Henry David Thoreau – use
nature to discover
truths(Walden)
Communal Experiments
Shakers – 6,000 members by 1840s
Held common property, strictly separated
sexes
Died out by mid-1900s
New Harmony – nonreligious, Indiana,
reaction to inequity created by Industrial
Revolution, Robert Owen, utopian
socialism
Oneida – John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida,
NY, shared property, economic equality,
shared marriage partners, made
silverware
Account for the emergence of utopian communities from the mid-1820's through the
1840's and evaluate their success and/or failure. (74)
American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and
pessimistic views of human nature and society. Assess the validity of this statement
in reference to reform movements of THREE of the following areas:
Education
Temperance
Women's Rights
Utopian experiments
Penal institutions (88)
In what ways did the early nineteenth-century reform movements for abolition and
women's rights illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the
early American republic? (93)
Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following influenced the development of American
society.
Puritanism during the seventeenth century
The Great Awakening during the eighteenth century
The Second Great awakening during the nineteenth century (94)