Chapter 13-Industrial and Social
Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
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Landowners began to use crop
rotation to increase the amount of
food produced. The crop being
grown would change each season
The invention of machines meant
less workers were needed on
farms
As a result, families developed
cottage industries where wool was
spun into cloth. This work was
often done at home
Inventors and their Machines
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Many inventions had to do
with farming
Jethro Tull created a seed
drill that planted seeds in
a straight line
Andrew Meikle made a
threshing machine which
cut down on the number of
workers needed and
allowed for easier work
Inventors and their Machines
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Eli Whitney invented the
cotton gin which allowed 1
worker to process 50 lbs of
cotton per day, an increase
of 49 lbs
Cyrus McCormick created a
reaping machine that allowed
much more wheat to be cut
per day
John Fowler designed a
steam tractor to plow fields
and dig drainage channels
Industrial Revolution
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The enormous changes in
manufacturing caused the
18th and 19th centuries to be
known as the Industrial
Revolution
Factories were soon built
that had a larger output of
goods. Animals and water
were used first to power the
machines but a new source
needed to be found
Inventors and their Machines
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The steam engine was
one of the most important
inventions
James Watt made
improvements that
increased the efficiency of
the steam engine
Inventors and their Machines
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Making clothing was a
long and difficult process
until John Kay invented
the flying shuttle which
allowed for cotton to be
woven much faster
The invention of the
spinning jenny by James
Hargreaves allowed for
cotton to be made into
thread faster
Industrial and Commercial Relations
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Inventors began to sell their machines
and became known as entrepreneurs
Richard Arkwright became one of the
most famous entrepreneurs and also
created the patent which protected
inventions from being copied
In order for the entrepreneurs to create
inventions, they needed capital, money
supplied by wealthy investors
https://www.flocabulary.com/industrial-re
volution/
Social Reform
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In many countries, child
labor was common and
living and working
conditions were dirty and
dangerous
Over time, the workers
began to organize into
unions to fight for more
rights, higher pay and
safer working conditions
Government Reform
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England passed the 1833
Factory Act which forbade
children under 9 from working
in a textile mill and only
allowed children from 9 to 13
to work 8 hours per day
The Mines Act stopped
women and boys under 10
from working in mines and the
Ten Hour Bill limited all
women and children to a 10
hour day
Religious Transformation
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Preachers became more
influential at this point
John Wesley created a new
denomination of Christianity and
traveled Britain on horseback,
giving over 42,000 sermons in his
life
George Whitefield gave sermons
to as many as 20,000 people and
was instrumental at being used to
lead people to Christ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=87eVOpbcoVo
End of the Slave Trade
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Individuals began to speak out more
often against slavery
John Newton, the author of Amazing
Grace, was a former slave ship captain
who fought against his former
occupation
William Wilberforce was a member of
Parliament influenced by Newton who
led the fight against slavery in Britain
and supported the Committee for the
Abolition of the Slave Trade
Slavery in America
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While the slave trade became illegal in America, the
practice of slavery was still allowed
The South was the main supporter of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were two
of the most influential abolitionists. Garrison was the
editor of an abolitionist newspaper and Douglass was a
former slave who used his experiences as persuasion in
his speeches