Using and Citing Sources
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Lisa Donohoe
Project Manager
English Language and Nonproliferation Program
James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Fall 2007
CIF Workshop
The Contradictions of
Research Writing
Show you have done
your research
Appeal to experts and
authorities
Improve your English by
mimicking what you
hear and read
Give credit where credit
is due
But…
Write something new
and original
Improve upon, or
disagree with experts
and authorities
Use your own words,
your own voice
Make your own
significant contribution
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
What is Research?
Aurora Research Institute:
– …” an endeavour to study or obtain knowledge
through the use of a systematic approach with the
intent of clarification. This includes activities which
attempt to discover new facts, information, or new
applications of existing knowledge.”
The Centre for Research in Art and Design:
– accessible = a public activity, open to scrutiny by
peers
– transparent = clear in its structure, process and
outcomes
– transferable = useful beyond the specific research
project, applicable in principles (if not specifics) to
other researchers and research contexts.
Primary vs. Secondary
Sources
Primary:
an original work
• poem
• short story
• art work
• video
• research paper
• journal article
• book
Secondary:
analysis of the work
• review of a particular genre
• article or essay about the work
• biography of the author
• print or electronic reference
sources
• textbook
Using Existing Knowledge
Use your own words, your own voice, your
own ideas
AND/OR
Paraphrase or quote, and cite
– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the
meaning in another form
– Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)
– Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to
provide full source information of original material
(author, title, publisher, date, etc.)
What is Plagiarism? (1)
Deliberate
Plagiarism
Buying, stealing, or
borrowing a paper
Hiring someone
to write your paper
Probably Accidental
Plagiarism
Using the source too
closely when paraphrasing
Building on someone’s
ideas without citation
Copying from another source without citing
(deliberate or accidental)
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
What is Plagiarism (2)
Plagiarism is representing someone else's
work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you
use
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
a whole document
a paragraph
a single sentence
a distinctive phrase
a specialized term
specific data
a graphic element of any kind
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is Plagiarism? (3)
“…[using] an idea developed by another as if
it were your own. If you use any work created
by someone else as your own without
acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in
the work with your name on it, thus implying
that it is your work, then you commit
plagiarism.”
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Need To Cite When
You…
Use or refer to someone else’s words or
ideas
Gain information through interviewing another
person
Copy the exact words or a “unique phrase”
Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts,
pictures, videos, music
Use other people’s ideas (printed, or through
conversations or email)
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Don’t Need to Cite When
You…
Write from your own experiences,
observations, insights, thoughts,
conclusions about a subject
Use “common knowledge”--shared
information in your field of study
Compile generally accepted facts
Write up your own experimental results
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is “Common Knowledge”
The same information uncited in at least five
other sources
Information that your readers will already
know
Information a person could easily find with
general reference sources (encyclopedia)
General information NOT quoted directly
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
1.
Mining and milling Uranium is
usually mined by either surface
(open cut) or underground mining
techniques, depending on the
depth at which the ore body is
found. In Australia the Ranger
mine in the Northern Territory is
open cut, while Olympic Dam in
South Australia is an underground
mine (which also produces copper,
with some gold and silver)….
2. Conversion Because uranium needs
to be in the form of a gas before it
can be enriched, the U308 is
converted into the gas uranium
hexafluoride (UF6) at a conversion
plant in Europe, Russia or North
America.
3. Enrichment The vast majority of all
nuclear power reactors in operation
and under construction require
'enriched' uranium fuel in which the
proportion of the U-235 isotope has
been raised from the natural level of
0.7% to about 3.5% or slightly
more.…
4. Fuel Fabrication Enriched UF6 is
transported to a fuel fabrication plant
where it is converted to uranium
dioxide (UO2) powder and pressed
into small pellets. These pellets are
inserted into thin tubes, usually of a
zirconium alloy (zircalloy) or stainless
steel, to form fuel rods….
To cite or not to cite?
Hamlet is the source for “To be or
not to be.”
Fact/Common Knowledge
Quote
“ Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent
and disgusting, confused to utterly certain,
”
lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.
Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.”
Granta 59, p. 251
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with …
“the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of
material, the pattern of thought…”
Use your own words when you paraphrase,
don’t just move things around
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special
reverence, even going so far as to believe that
something must be true if it occurs in print. Since
most people do not write books or articles that get
printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard
printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget
that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False
or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything
else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language
and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and
Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special
reverence, even going so far as to believe that
quotes
and
something must be true if it occurs Note
in print.
Since
proper citation.
most people do not write books or articles
that get
printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard
printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget
that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False
or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything
else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language
and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and
Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with
admiration. Since there are a few people who write
books and articles that get printed, most people have
a tendency to regard printed words with reverence
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with
admiration. Since there are a few people who write
Stop
forget
discussion:
books and articles
that
printed, most people have
a tendency to Why
regard
words with reverence
is printed
this plagiarism?
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it mustEven
be true
and
they regard it with
with
a citation,
admiration. Since there
are
few people who write
this
is aplagiarism.
books and articles that get printed, most people have
a tendency to regard printed words with reverence
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
Word
admiration.
substitution
too close
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
Word
admiration.
Same order of
substitution
information
too close
Sentence 2
Since most people do not write books or
articles that get printed, there is perhaps a
natural tendency to regard printed words with
wonder or admiration and to forget that they
carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
Since there are a few people who write books
and articles that get printed, most people
have a tendency to regard printed words with
reverence and believe that they carry no
guarantee of truth or quality.
Sentence 2
A change from
negative
construction to
positive
construction is
not enough
Since most people do not write books or
articles that get printed, there is perhaps a
natural tendency to regard printed words with
wonder or admiration and to forget that they
carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
WordSince there are a few people who write books
substitution
and articles that get printed, most people
too close.
have a tendency to regard printed words with
reverence and believe that they carry no
guarantee of truth or quality.
Sentence 3
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as
anything else, and often are.
In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily
as anything else, but people do not realize that.
How would you paraphrase this?
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with
admiration. Since there are a few people who write
books and articles that get printed, most people have
a tendency to regard printed words with reverence
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
Stopfalse
to work
with athings
partner.
quality. In fact,
or stupid
can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a
lack of experience in publishing, many people
have such high regard for printed material
that they automatically believe what they
read. However, the form in which an idea is
presented, whether in print or not, does not
determine its validity. Langacker's remarks
serve as a caution to readers who...
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a
lack of experience in publishing, many people
have such high regard for printed material
that they automatically believe what they
read. However, the form in which
Citationan
is idea
still is
presented, whether in print or
not, does not
required.
determine its validity. Langacker's remarks
serve as a caution to readers who...
When Researching,
Notetaking, and Interviewing
Writing Process:
Mark everything that is
someone else’s words
with a big Q (for quote)
or with big quotation
marks
Indicate in your notes
which ideas are taken
from sources (S) and
which are your own
insights (ME)
Record all of the relevant
documentation
information in your notes
Appearance on final product:
Proofread and check with
your notes (or
photocopies of sources)
to make sure that
anything taken from your
notes is acknowledged in
some combination of the
ways:
– In-text citation,
footnotes,
bibliography,
quotation marks,
indirect quotations
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
When Paraphrasing and
Summarizing
Writing Process:
Appearance on final product:
First, write your
paraphrase and summary
without looking at the
original text, so you rely
only on your memory.
Next, check your version
with the original for
content, accuracy, and
mistakenly borrowed
phrases
Begin your summary
with a statement giving
credit to the source:
According to Jonathan
Kozol, ...
Put any unique words or
phrases that you cannot
change, or do not want
to change, in quotation
marks:
– "savage inequalities" exist
throughout our educational
system.1
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
When Quoting Directly
Writing Process:
Keep the person’s name
near the quote in your
notes, and in your paper
Select those direct
quotes that make the
most impact in your
paper -- too many direct
quotes may lessen your
credibility and interfere
with your style
Appearance on final product:
Put quotation marks
around the text that you
are quoting
Optional with quotes:
Mention the person’s
name before or after the
quote
Indicate added phrases
in brackets ([ ]) and
omitted text with ellipses
(. . .)
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Brackets
Original Quote
– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still
operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more
security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Altered Quote
– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony
Wier, “More than 130 [research reactors] in dozens of
countries still operate with HEU fuel, and many have
no more security than a night watchman and a chainlink fence.”1
Footnote:
1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads
and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.:
Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
Ellipses
Original Quote
– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still
operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more
security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Altered Quote
– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony
Wier, “More than 130 [research reactors]…still operate
with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a
night watchman and a chain-link fence.”1
Footnote:
1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and
Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat
Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March
2003) pp. 8-12.
When Quoting Indirectly
Writing Process:
Keep the person’s
name near the text
in your notes, and in
your paper
Rewrite the key
ideas using different
words and sentence
structures than the
original text
Appearance on final product:
Mention the person’s
name either at the
beginning of the
information, or in the
middle, or at that end
Double check to make
sure that your words
and sentence
structures are different
than the original text
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Ellipses
Original Quote
– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still
operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more
security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”
Indirect Quote
– Researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier found
that more than 130 research reactors operate with
weapons-grade fuel, and many have inadequate
security, such as only a night watchman and a chainlink fence.1
Footnote:
1 Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and
Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat
Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March
2003) pp. 8-12.
How to Cite
Footnote
– Use automatic footnoting in Word
– Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or
end of document
– According to Langacker,1
In-Text Citation
– According to Langacker (1973)
• With an indirect quote, don’t need page number
– “…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)
• With a direct quote, cite page number
1
Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60
Citing a Photo in a Presentation
Three Mile Island
Nuclear Power Plant
Nodong Missile
Spacewar.com
Atomicarchive.com
On last page of presentation, provide full citations
according to regular citation guidelines.
Complete Citation Information
Many styles, but information must include
– Author
– Title of work
– Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)
• Name of publication
– Date of work, date of publication
– Page number
– For book: Name of publisher, City of publication
Examples: Book
Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR
(Berkeley: University of California Press,
1991), p. 208.
– Name of book in italics
Worldwatch Institute, State of the World
1991 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991),
Table 6-1, p. 96.
Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning
and US-Soviet Security Regimes,”
International Organization 41 (Summer
1987), p. 4.
– Name of journal in italics
– Title of article in quotes
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy
Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning
and US-Soviet Security Regimes,”
International Organization 41 (Summer
1987), p. 4.
– Name of journal in italics
– Title of article in quotes
Volume
number
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy
Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
Issue
number
Newspaper & Magazine Articles
Felicity Barringer, “Chernobyl, Five
Years Later the Danger Persists,” New
York Times Magazine, April 14, 1991,
pp. 28, 32.
Reuters, “Iraq Asks UN to Ease
Hardships, Lift Sanctions,” Lost Angeles
Times, February 9, 1993, p. A9.
Reports & Resolutions
United Nations Register of Conventional
Arms, Report of the Secretary-General,
UN General Assembly document
A/48/344, October 11, 1993.
UN Security Council resolution 687,
April 3, 1991.
Internet
Web site
– “Strutktura,” SRIAR Website,
<http://www.niiar.simbirsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm.
Print publication on Web
– Astrid Forland, “Norway’s Nuclear Odyssey,”
Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997),
<http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htm>.
Online periodical
– Svetlana Dobrynina, “Prodayetsya kvartira dlya mirnogo
atoma,” Nezavisimaya gazeta online edition, July 24, 1999,
<http://home.eastview.com/news/ng/>.
Treaties
U.S. Department of State, “Nuclear
Weapons Test Ban,” August 5, 1963.
“Denmark and Italy: Convention
Concerning Military Service,” July 15,
1954.
Interviews
Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary,
James Chemical Engineering, Groton,
Connecticut, telephone conversation with
author, July 31, 1991.
Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author,
Moscow, October 13, 1990.
Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with
author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.
Sources
Purdue University Online Writing Lab
website,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
“Graduate Honor System,” Graduate Honor System website, Virginia
Tech, http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Style Guide,”
Nonproliferation Review,
http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdf
Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads
and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.:
Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History, Political Science,
Education, English (Stamford Campus) website, University of
Connecticut, http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Contact Me
Questions about content sources,
formatting, or how to contact an expert?
lisa.donohoe@miis.edu