Using and Citing Sources
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Lisa Donohoe
Project Manager
English Language and Nonproliferation Program
James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Fall 2007
CIF Workshop
1
The Contradictions of
Research Writing
Show you have done
your research
Appeal to experts and
authorities
Improve your English
by mimicking what you
hear and read
Give credit where credit
is due
But…
Write something new
and original
Improve upon, or
disagree with experts
and authorities
Use your own words,
your own voice
Make your own
significant contribution
2
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
Using Existing Knowledge
Use your own words, your own voice, your
own ideas
AND/OR
Paraphrase or quote, and cite
– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the
meaning in another form
– Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)
– Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to
provide full source information of original material
(author, title, publisher, date, etc.)
3
What is Plagiarism? (1)
Deliberate
Plagiarism
Buying, stealing, or
borrowing a paper
Hiring someone
to write your paper
Probably Accidental
Plagiarism
Using the source too
closely when paraphrasing
Building on someone’s
ideas without citation
Copying from another source without citing
(deliberate or accidental)
4
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
What is Plagiarism (2)
Plagiarism is representing someone else's
work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you
use
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
a whole document
a paragraph
a single sentence
a distinctive phrase
a specialized term
specific data
a graphic element of any kind
5
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is Plagiarism? (3)
“…[using] an idea developed by another as if
it were your own. If you use any work created
by someone else as your own without
acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in
the work with your name on it, thus implying
that it is your work, then you commit
plagiarism.”
6
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Need To Cite When
You…
Use or refer to someone else’s words or
ideas
Gain information through interviewing
another person
Copy the exact words or a “unique phrase”
Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts,
pictures, videos, music
Use other people’s ideas (printed, or through
conversations or email)
7
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
You Don’t Need to Cite When
You…
Write from your own experiences,
observations, insights, thoughts,
conclusions about a subject
Use “common knowledge”--shared
information in your field of study
Compile generally accepted facts
Write up your own experimental results
8
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
What is “Common
Knowledge”
The same information uncited in at least five
other sources
Information that your readers will already
know
Information a person could easily find with
general reference sources (encyclopedia)
General information NOT quoted directly
9
Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html
To cite or not to cite?
Hamlet is the source for “To be or
not to be.”
Fact/Common Knowledge
Quote
“ Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent
and disgusting, confused to utterly certain,
”
lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.
Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.” Granta
59, p. 251
10
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with …
“the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of
material, the pattern of thought…”
Use your own words when you paraphrase,
don’t just move things around
11
Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special
reverence, even going so far as to believe that
something must be true if it occurs in print. Since
most people do not write books or articles that get
printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard
printed words with wonder or admiration and to
forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as
anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker,
Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
12
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Example: Original
"People sometimes regard the written word with special
reverence, even going so far as to believe that
Note quotes and
something must be true if it occurs in print. Since
proper citation.
most people do not write books or articles that get
printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard
printed words with wonder or admiration and to
forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as
anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker,
Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)
13
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with
admiration. Since there are a few people who write
books and articles that get printed, most people have
a tendency to regard printed words with reverence
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
14
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with
admiration. Since there are a few people who write
Stop
forget
discussion:
books and articles
that
printed, most people have
a tendency to Why
regard
words with reverence
is printed
this plagiarism?
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
15
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Plagiarized “Paraphrase”
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people
sometimes have faith in the written word; for this
reason, they go so far as to believe that if something
withand
a citation,
occurs in print, it mustEven
be true
they regard it with
admiration. Since there
few people who write
thisare
is a
plagiarism.
books and articles that get printed, most people have
a tendency to regard printed words with reverence
and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or
quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed
as easily as anything else, but people do not realize
that.
16
Sentence 1
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
17
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
18
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
admiration.
19
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
Word
admiration.
substitution
too close
20
Slight
change of
order
Sentence 1
Same
wording.
People sometimes regard the written word
with special reverence, even going so far as
to believe that something must be true if it
occurs in print.
Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that
people sometimes have faith in the written
word; for this reason, they go so far as to
believe that if something occurs in print, it
must be true and they regard it with
Word
admiration.
Same order of
substitution
information
too close
21
Sentence 2
Since most people do not write books or
articles that get printed, there is perhaps a
natural tendency to regard printed words with
wonder or admiration and to forget that they
carry no guarantee of truth or quality.
Since there are a few people who write books
and articles that get printed, most people
have a tendency to regard printed words with
reverence and believe that they carry no
guarantee of truth or quality.
22
Sentence 3
False or stupid things can be printed as easily as
anything else, and often are.
In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily
as anything else, but people do not realize that.
23
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a
lack of experience in publishing, many people
have such high regard for printed material
that they automatically believe what they
read. However, the form in which an idea is
presented, whether in print or not, does not
determine its validity. Langacker's remarks
serve as a caution to readers who...
24
Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
Acceptable Paraphrase
According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a
lack of experience in publishing, many people
have such high regard for printed material
that they automatically believe what they
read. However, the form in which
idea is
Citationan
is still
presented, whether in print or
not, does not
required.
determine its validity. Langacker's remarks
serve as a caution to readers who...
25
When Researching,
Notetaking, and Interviewing
Writing Process:
Appearance on final product:
Mark everything that is
someone else’s words
with a big Q (for quote)
or with big quotation
marks
Indicate in your notes
which ideas are taken
from sources (S) and
which are your own
insights (ME)
Record all of the relevant
documentation
information in your notes
Proofread and check with
your notes (or
photocopies of sources) to
make sure that anything
taken from your notes is
acknowledged in some
combination of the ways:
– In-text citation,
footnotes, bibliography,
quotation marks, indirect
quotations
26
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
When Paraphrasing and
Summarizing
Writing Process:
Appearance on final product:
First, write your
paraphrase and
summary without
looking at the original
text, so you rely only on
your memory.
Next, check your version
with the original for
content, accuracy, and
mistakenly borrowed
phrases
Begin your summary with
a statement giving credit
to the source: According to
Jonathan Kozol, ...
Put any unique words or
phrases that you cannot
change, or do not want to
change, in quotation
marks:
– "savage inequalities" exist
throughout our educational
system.1
27
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
When Quoting Directly
Writing Process:
Appearance on final product:
Keep the person’s name
near the quote in your
notes, and in your paper
Select those direct
quotes that make the
most impact in your
paper -- too many direct
quotes may lessen your
credibility and interfere
with your style
Put quotation marks
around the text that you
are quoting
Optional with quotes:
Mention the person’s
name before or after the
quote
Indicate added phrases in
brackets ([ ]) and omitted
text with ellipses (. . .)
28
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
When Quoting Indirectly
Writing Process:
Keep the person’s
name near the text
in your notes, and in
your paper
Rewrite the key
ideas using different
words and sentence
structures than the
original text
Appearance on final product:
Mention the person’s
name either at the
beginning of the
information, or in the
middle, or at that end
Double check to make
sure that your words
and sentence structures
are different than the
original text
29
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
How to Cite
Footnote
– Use automatic footnoting in Word
– Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or
end of document
– According to Langacker,1
In-Text Citation
– According to Langacker (1973)
• With an indirect quote, don’t need page number
– “…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)
• With a direct quote, cite page number
1
Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,
30
Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60
Citing a Photo in a Presentation
Three Mile Island
Nuclear Power Plant
Nodong Missile
Spacewar.com
Atomicarchive.com
On last page of presentation, provide full citations
according to regular citation guidelines.
31
Complete Citation Information
Many styles, but information must include
– Author
– Title of work
– Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)
• Name of publication
– Date of work, date of publication
– Page number
– For book: Name of publisher, City of publication
32
Examples: Book
Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR
(Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1991), p. 208.
– Name of book in italics
Worldwatch Institute, State of the World
1991 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991),
Table 6-1, p. 96.
33
Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning
and US-Soviet Security Regimes,”
International Organization 41 (Summer
1987), p. 4.
– Name of journal in italics
– Title of article in quotes
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy
Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
34
Article in a Journal
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning
and US-Soviet Security Regimes,”
International Organization 41 (Summer
1987), p. 4.
– Name of journal in italics
– Title of article in quotes
Volume
number
Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy
Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)
Issue
number
35
Newspaper & Magazine Articles
Felicity Barringer, “Chernobyl, Five
Years Later the Danger Persists,” New
York Times Magazine, April 14, 1991,
pp. 28, 32.
Reuters, “Iraq Asks UN to Ease
Hardships, Lift Sanctions,” Lost Angeles
Times, February 9, 1993, p. A9.
36
Reports & Resolutions
United Nations Register of
Conventional Arms, Report of the
Secretary-General, UN General
Assembly document A/48/344, October
11, 1993.
UN Security Council resolution 687,
April 3, 1991.
37
Internet
Web site
– “Strutktura,” SRIAR Website,
<http://www.niiar.simbirsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm.
Print publication on Web
– Astrid Forland, “Norway’s Nuclear Odyssey,”
Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997),
<http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htm>.
Online periodical
– Svetlana Dobrynina, “Prodayetsya kvartira dlya mirnogo
atoma,” Nezavisimaya gazeta online edition, July 24, 1999,
<http://home.eastview.com/news/ng/>.
38
Treaties
U.S. Department of State, “Nuclear
Weapons Test Ban,” August 5, 1963.
“Denmark and Italy: Convention
Concerning Military Service,” July 15,
1954.
39
Interviews
Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary,
James Chemical Engineering, Groton,
Connecticut, telephone conversation with
author, July 31, 1991.
Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author,
Moscow, October 13, 1990.
Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with
author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.
40
Sources
Purdue University Online Writing Lab
website,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.htm
l
“Graduate Honor System,” Graduate Honor System website, Virginia
Tech, http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html
James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Style Guide,”
Nonproliferation Review,
http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdf
Bunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads
and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.:
Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom,
Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.
Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History, Political Science,
Education, English (Stamford Campus) website, University of
Connecticut, http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html
41