1.0 Summary
Thermal comfort within a building is a significant design consideration,
mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind. We start this project by
analyzing the orientation, design and materials of building near Old Klang
Road, Kuala Lumpur. The entrance of bungalow is facing north. A sliding door
at east façade allows morning sunlight while opening at west façade which
has the most exposure is minimized to avoid excess solar heat gain. By using
data logger in measuring interior temperature and relative humidity, we
analyze the results obtained from different aspects. The roof successfully
shaded the space of data logger from direct sunlight but the zinc roof of first
floor is exposed to sunlight all day long and radiates a lot of heat. Therefore
natural ventilation brings the heat into the space and increases the interior
temperature. Most of the wind flows from northwest. The highest wind speed
occurred in the afternoon while the lowest in the midnight. Without insulation
of the building, the interior temperature is higher than outdoor temperature
most of the time. As the results of finding, the space does not achieve thermal
comfort level since it is an old building without insulation and proper roof
materials.
(199 words )
1
2.0 Introduction
Taman Desa house - a Description
The house chosen for this project is a 30 years old bungalow corner
house located in Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur. The house occupies a land of
approximately 9,000 square meters, and consists of 2 levels. The ground floor
(Figure 2.1) consist of a kitchen, a dining hall, a guest room, music room, a
storeroom, living room, an altar room, 2 bathrooms and lastly a maid's room.
Whereas the first floor(Figure 2.2) consists of a master bedroom, 2 smaller
bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and living room. The house was firstly built for a
family of 10, and currently consists of 6 occupants.
Figure 2.1 Ground Floor plan
Figure 2.2 First Floor Plan
Looking at the side plan (Figure 2.3), the house was built facing north
and it is adjacent to other bungalow houses. A row of shophouses is located
at the opposite side of the house. Towards the east, there is a row of
Malayhawker stalls right next to a local park. Since the house is facing
towards the main road, traffic builds up during the day as cars come and go,
whereas the area goes quiet during the night.
Shop houses
Local Park
Figure 2.3 Site Plan
2
Purpose of study
To understand the effect of several factors such as materials, the
situation of the surrounding area and the environment, against the thermal
comfort of the living space is analyzed. With the aid of a data logger, we were
able to use the data obtained to find out and discuss the factors affecting
thermal comfort of the space. As the house is approximately 30 years old, we
are able to suggest on a lot of ways to improve the thermal comfort of the
living space especially in using the construction materials of the current and
most recent technology.
This project would also help us realize and acknowledge that we would
put the subject of thermal comfort into consideration in our future designs,
which saves any unnecessary costing and energy in air conditioning.
3
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Orthographic Drawings
SITE PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
4
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
NORTH ELEVATION
5
EAST ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION
6
WEST ELEVATION
CROSS SECTION A-A
7
3.2 Data Logger
A data logger records data over time via external instruments and
sensors. It is typically deployed and left unattended to measure and record
information for the duration of the monitoring period upon activation. This
allows for a comprehensive picture of the environmental conditions being
monitored, such as air temperature and relative humidity (Wikipedia 2013).
The placement of data logger in our case study building is in the middle
of the second storey of the building. It is a living room surrounded by three
bedrooms, a bathroom and a stairwell. There is a computer in the living room
and also a fan.
The data logger place beside the window and does not expose to direct
sunlight since there is a zinc overhanging roof for the ground floor, which it
becomes buffer zone for the light to reach the building. However, the heat
does transfer to the building by reflection due to zinc's thermal conductivity
properties.
The reason to put the data logger in the living room is because it is the
key part of the circulation and has the most occupancy. Since the thermal
comfort level is about human concern and depends on human sensation,
therefore the placing of data logger is to relate occupants' activities and their
perception of the space.
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3.3 Thermal Comfort Level
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction
with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation
(ASHRAE 1894). The thermal comfort level is vital for occupant's living as it is
related to human sensation and health.
The thermal comfort level is affected by both environmental factors and
personal factors. In terms of environmental factor, there are:
(i) Air temperature: Temperature of the air surrounding the building
(ii) Radiant temperature: Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates
from a warm object. Radiant heat may be present if there are heat
sources in an environment. Radiant heat sources such as: furnace,
cookers etc.
(iii) Relative Humidity: Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual
amount of water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water
vapour that the air can hold at that air temperature.
(iv) Air velocity: The speed of air moving across the worker and may
help cool the worker if it is cooler than the environment.
And personal factors consist of :
(i) Clothing insulation: Clothing interferes with our ability to lose heat to
the environment. Thermal comfort is very much dependent on the
insulating effect of clothing on the wearer.
(ii) Metabolic heat: The metabolic rate describes the heat that we
produce inside our bodies as we carry out physical activities. The more
physical work we do, the more heat we produce. The more heat we
produce, the more heat needs to be lost so we don’t overheat.
(HSE n.d)
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3.4 Thermal Behaviour Of Building
The thermal behaviour of a building refers to the process of the energy
transfer between a building and its surrounding. Various heat exchange
processes are possible between a building and the external environment.
Heat flows by conduction through various building elements such as walls,
roof, ceiling, floor etc. Heat transfer also takes place from different surfaces by
convection and radiation. Besides, solar radiation is transmitted through
transparent windows and is absorbed by the internal surfaces of the building.
Furthermore, there may be evaporation of water resulting in a cooling
effect. The presence of human occupants and the use of lights and equipment
are also added heat to the space.
('Thermal performance of buildings' n.d)
The thermal behaviour of a building depends on:
(i) Design of building: geometric dimensions of building elements such as
walls, roofs, windows, orientation and presence of shading devices
(ii) Material properties: density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, heat
transmission etc.
(iii) Climate: wind speed, sun path, ambient temperature and humidity
(iv) Usage of building: Internal gains due to occupants, lighting and
ventilating equipment, air exchanges etc.
Figure 3.4 shows how heat transfers through a wall. Conduction,
convection and radiation all occurred in this process. The solar radiation
incident on the surface of outer wall, part of it reflected back to the
environment, the remaining part is absorbed by the wall and converted into
heat energy. A part of the heat is again lost to the environment through
convection because of air movement and radiation from the outer surface of
the wall. The remaining part is conducted into the wall; where it is partly
stored thereby raising the temperature of the wall and the rest reaches the
interior space. At night, the heat that were being stored in wall release to the
interior space keeping the space warm. The inner surface transfers heat by
convection and radiation to the room air, raising its temperature.
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Additionally, re-radiation between the inner surfaces of the building
also occurs (for example, between walls, or between a wall and roof). The
heat transfer processes affect the indoor temperature of a room and
consequently, the thermal comfort can be experienced by its occupants.
Figure 3.4 Heat transfer processes that occurred in a wall
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4.0 Result & Analysis
We have generated a few graphs from the raw data that we obtained
for the analysis. This includes temperature and relative humidity on 5 th to 7th
of September and Bioclimatic chart.
4.1 Results
4.1.1 Temperature
According to Graph 4.1.1, the lowest temperature for outdoor is 24°C
and 28°C for indoor whereas the highest temperature for outdoor is 31°C and
30.4°C for indoor. The outdoor and indoor temperatures have differences in
the range from 1°C to 5°C. The indoor temperature is generally higher than
the outdoor temperature at night and in the morning since the building
provides insulation building. This means that the building wouldn't lose heat
easily and maintain a warm indoor atmosphere. However, there is certain time
that the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature. It is
between noon and afternoon. This is because the building is facing a main
road and that particular time is a hectic hour for the road. Hence, there are
more vehicles passing through and releasing gases such as mono-carbon
oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) that causes a rise in temperature.
4.1.2 Relative Humidity
From Graph 4.1.1, the lowest relative humidity for outdoor is 62% and
63.8% for indoor whereas the highest relative humidity for outdoor is 94% and
for indoor is 70%. The outdoor and indoor relative humidity has differences in
range from 1.8% to 24%. The outdoor relative humidity fluctuates greatly
since there are more air movement in open space whereas the indoor relative
humidity is generally lower than outdoor relative humidity since the facade
prevents water vapours to enter the building. However, on 7 September 2pm
to 4pm, the outdoor humidity falls and has lower than the indoor humidity. It is
because the temperature rises greatly and promotes the evaporation of water.
After that, condensation occurs and gives a rise in relative humidity. The
condensation of water vapours form a thundercloud therefore thunderstorm
happens after that.
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4.1.3 Relationship between Temperature and Relative Humidity
As shown in Graph 4.1.3, the temperature and relative humidity are
interrelated. When the temperature is high, the relative humidity is low. There
are some situations where the temperature is low but relative humidity is low
too. Example, in Graph 4.1.1, on 7 September between 12am to 2am, the
indoor relative humidity experienced a sudden drop because of door 4 is
opened and induced air movement in the space thus decrease in relative
humidity. Besides that, there are also some situations where the relative
humidity is high when temperature is in normal value too. For example, in
Graph 4.1.1, on 7 September between 7pm to 8pm, the indoor temperature is
in the normal standard because of the insulation layer in building which holds
the heat, but since the window is open, it draws the humid air in therefore the
relative humidity is high.
Graph 4.1.3 Graph of temperature against relative humidity for indoor and
outdoor
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4.1.4 Bioclimatic Chart
The mean temperature of indoor is 29.46°C and the mean relative
humidity is 71.51%. From graph 5.3 it indicates that our case study building is
out of comfort zone. To optimize the thermal comfort level, inducing air
velocity would be the best choice. By inducing air movement with velocity of
0.4m/s, it could have make the space into comfort zone. Air temperature is the
dominant environmental factor, as it determines convective heat dissipation.
Air movement accelerates convection and also changes the skin and clothing
surface heat transfer coefficient as well as increases evaporation from the
skin, providing a physiological cooling effect. As higher air temperatures were
offset by increased air motion, natural ventilation cooling may be the only
passive strategy available in humid, hot climates in which temperatures are
only slightly lower by night than by day.
Graph 4.1.4 Bioclimatic Chart
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4.2 Natural Factors Analysis
4.2.1 Wind Analysis
Wind Climate in Malaysia
The weather in Malaysia can be characterized into two monsoon
regimes which are the Southwest Monsoon from late May to September and
the Northeast Monsoon from November to March. The Northeast Monsoon
brings heavy rainfall, particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular
Malaysia and western Sarawak, whereas the Southwest Monsoon normally
signifies relatively drier weather. The transition period in between the
monsoons which are April and October is known as the intermonsoon period
where thunder rains occur frequently. The data is taken in September which is
during the Southwest Monsoon. The wind was supposed to flow from
Southwest. But the chosen building was not affected by the monsoon as most
of the wind direction came from North West.
As Malaysia is mainly a maritime country, the effect of land and sea
breezes on the general wind flow pattern is very marked especially during
days with clear skies. Sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and
reach up to several tens of kilometers inland in the afternoons. While at the
nights, the reverse process takes place and land breezes of weaker strength
can also develop over the coastal areas. Although the chosen house is not
located near to the sea, but it has a similar issue that has more wind during
the daytime and less wind in the midnight.
16
Figure 4.2.11 Wind rose diagram in Kuala Lumpur.
From Figure 4.2.11, the wind rose diagram in Kuala Lumpur for the period of time which the
data is taken is shown on the site plan of the house. It is shown that most of the wind flowed
from the North West towards the house. Meanwhile, the wind speed is indicated with different
types of blue colours. How the wind flowed towards the house passing through the
surrounding buildings is shown in Figure 5.2.12.
Figure 4.2.12 Most of the wind flows from North West towards the selected
building.
17
Figure 4.2.13 Bar chart shows most of the wind flows from North West while
there is no wind flowing from South East.
Over period of time, typical wind speeds vary from 0m/s to 24km/h,
mostly vary from 4km/h to 7km/h. The highest wind speed of 24km/h occurs
around 5pm of 6th September at cloudy weather condition. The average win
speed from midnight 12am to morning 8am is the lowest with average wind
speed of 5km/h, rarely exceeding 7km/h. During the morning after 8am till
afternoon, the wind speed will increase. There is less wind during cool
mornings with lower temperature and more wind during the afternoons with
higher temperature.
According to Figure 4.2.13, the wind blew from the North West and
West North West most often which is 33.3% and 21.6% of the time. There is
no wind blew from the South East. This does not give a great advantage for
the selected house as it is directly facing the North North East and having
more openings such as windows and sliding doors facing the garden which is
facing the East South East. However, there are some windows on the left
elevation of the house as shown in Figure 4.2.14 which is facing the West
North West gave better ventilation to the building in this situation.
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Figure 4.2.14 Windows can be seen on the left elevation of the house
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Cross Ventilation
Cross ventilation forces cool exterior air into the building through an
inlet and force warm interior air out of the building through an outlet. The
warm air inside the building is replaced with cool and fresh air, at the same
time reducing humidity, increasing the thermal comfort through this process.
Referring to Figure 4.2.11, the North West wind flows directly into the building
through the left side of the building and the wind escapes through the right
side of the building. This cross ventilation is less effective as there are only
few small inlets on the left side of the building.
Figure 4.2.15Section of the building shows the cross ventilation of the house.
The yellow space shows where the data logger is place.
Figure 4.2.15 shows the cross ventilation of the building when all
windows and rooms’ doors are opened. However, if the bedroom’s door on
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the second floor of the house is closed, the cross ventilation will be affected.
Figure 4.2.16 Cross ventilation of the house is stopped if the bedroom’s door
is closed.
Ventilation Affected by Building Renovation
The ventilation of the house is affected by the building renovation as
the window of the area where data logger is placed is facing to the zinc roof of
first floor. The zinc roof absorbs and conducts heat easily. When the wind
flows in from the window, it is the hot air which flows into the house instead of
the cool air.
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Figure 4.2.17 The cross ventilation of the house where wind flows from
downstairs and from the inlets is shown on the second floor plan of the house.
Referring to Figure 4.2.17, the orange arrow shows the hot air flowing
from the window facing the zinc roof of first floor. The hot air is still managed
to flow out from the house through the outlets to maintain the temperature of
the house. However, if the rooms’ doors are closed, the hot air will be trapped
in the area where data logger is placed.
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Figure 4.2.18 The cross ventilation of the house when the rooms’ doors’ are
closed.
Referring to Figure 4.2.18, the cross ventilation of the house is affected
and at the same time the hot air will be trapped in the area where data logger
is placed.
From these factors, it is proved that is why the indoor temperature of
the house taken is higher than the outdoor temperature at the most of the time.
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4.2.2 Solar Analysis
Macroclimate
Being a maritime country close to the equator, Malaysia naturally has
abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. Figure 4.2.21 shows the sun path
diagram of Malaysia in a year which is concentrated at the equator. However,
it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods
of severe drought. The cloud cover cuts off a substantial amount of sunshine
and thus solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of
sunshine per day. To achieve thermal comfort of building in this country, the
building has to be orientated to north or south and create minimal opening at
the most exposure façade.
Figure 4.2.21 Sun path diagram in Malaysia
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During Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox, the daily Sun path
diagrams are encircle around the equator while for Summer Solstice and
Winter Solstice, the Sun path diagram is slightly deviated form the equator to
South and North respectively as shown in Figure 4.2.22 - 24. The daily Sun
path is the highest in June and the lowest in December. For instance, the path
at 21st March is the same as at 21st September.
8.00am
4.00pm
Figure 4.2.22 Positions of Sun in Spring Equinox, 31st March which encircle
around the equator.
25
8.00am
4.00pm
Figure 4.2.23 Positions of Sun in Summer Solstice, 21st June which are
slightly deviated from equator to North.
26
8.00am
4.00pm
Figure 4.2.24 Positions of Sun in Winter Solstice, 21st December which are
slightly deviated from equator to South.
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Microclimate
During our research day (6th September 2013) , the position of the Sun
is above the equator so that the sunlight that east façade receive is as much
as west façade other than the roof. Figure 5.2.25 shows the Sun path of the
day.
Figure 4.2.25 Sun path diagram of the research building at 6th September.
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During Summer Solstice, the backyard receives the most sunlight rays
while during winter solstice the entrance of the building receives the most
sunlight rays. The west façade of the building is exposed to most of the
sunlight rays all year long. Due to the roof does not create sufficient shading
for the west façade of the building itself, the number of openings is minimize
to block the rays and heat from coming into the building. Figure 4.2.26 shows
the sun exposure and shadows of west façade at three critical dates. There
are only three openings in the west façade which two are located at the room
at ground floor while the another one located at the washroom of first floor.
4pm, 21st March & 21st September
4pm, 21st June
29
4pm, 21st December
Figure 4.2.26 The sun exposure and shadows of west façade during Spring
Equinox, Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice.
30
The approximate shadow being cast onto the building is shown in
Figure 4.2.27 where the north and east façade are the most shaded. The
darker is the colour of the diagram, the higher the percentage of shading of
the building at particular time. The only opening of the location of data logger
which connecting the exterior is facing south that have only 10% shading.
This is why the temperature of the location of data logger is slightly higher
than other spaces in the building.
Figure 4.2.27 The percentage of shading of the building.
31
Because of the shading device above the space of data logger, there is
actually no direct sunlight penetrates into the space while the heat is
transferred by reflection of the zinc roof of ground floor as indicated by Figure
4.2.25. Other than that, the heat on the zinc roof is then brought by the wind
into the space and increases the interior temperature directly.
5pm, Spring Equinox
5pm, Summer Solstice
5pm, Winter Solstice
Figure 4.2.28 Shadow diagrams at different hours show that no direct sunlight
penetrate into the location of data logger
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As a conclusion, solar analysis is very important in pre-design stage as
it may affect the function and building performance. A good thermal
performance building should meet different thermal requirements according to
the climate of respective country, With the Sun path diagrams, different
methods such as shading device, position of opening, insulation etc. can be
used in the design to create a more thermal comfort space. In our research
building, the orientation of the entrance is the typical way which is facing north
to minimize the solar heat gain within the space. Without insulation in
construction materials itself, the shading device and minimal opening become
an important element to achieve thermal comfort level.
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4.3 Artificial Factors Analysis
4.3.1 Human Adjustment
Based on our studies, human adjustments in the space includes
opening and closing of doors and the use of the computer. It is studied that
the opening and closing of doors does and the use of computer affect the
indoor temperature and relative humidity. It is also studied that the weather
affects the outdoor temperature and relative humidity. In general, it is studied
that the changes of the indoor temperature is not drastic but the space is out
of the thermal comfort.
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4.3.2 Construction Materials
In the subject of materials, a few construction materials that affect the thermal
comfort of the house was pointed out and their U-Values, R-Values, Specific
Heat Capacity and K-value was determined. The data obtained are presented
in the table 4.3.21 and 4.3.22 and the materials are compared based on these
values.
Table 4.3.21 U value and R value of construction materials
Materials
Bricks
Glass
Wood
Granite
Cement
Concrete
Ceramic
Zinc
U Value, [W m-2 K-1]
R Value(m2.K/W)
2
4.7
0.64
1.3
0.19
0.9
0.19
8.5
3.5
0.14
2.17
0.05
0.03
0.3
0.02
0.001
Table 4.3.22 Specific heat capacity and K value of construction materials
Materials
Specific Heat Capacity,
c [J/kgoC]
Bricks
Glass
Wood
Granite
Cement
Concrete
Ceramic
Zinc
35
K Value, [W·m−1·K−1]
840
753
1700
790
920
880
1085
0.6
0.96
0.4
3.98
1.73
0.4
1.5
388
116
Definitions:
U Value:a measure of the flow of heat through an insulating or building
material; the lower the U-value, the better the insulating ability
R-Value: a measure of the effectiveness of insulation in stopping heat flow
opposite of conductance;
the higher the number, the greater the resistance to heat flow.
Specific Heat Capacity:the heat required to raise the temperature of the
unit mass of a given substance by a given amount.
K Value: A measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat per unit time,
given one unit area of the material and a temperature gradient through the
thickness of the material;the lower a K-Value, the better its performance as
an insulator.
According to the data obtained in table 4.3.21 and 4.3.22, the average exterior
temperature is higher than the average interior temperature. This might due
to the construction materials of the house were not insulated. For a house that
is nearly 30 years old, no insulation were made during its first construction.
Furthermore, the temperature is also highly affected by the presence of zinc
roofing of the house (Figure 4.3.21).As Zinc has the highest U-Value and KValue, plus the lowest specific heat capacity according to the tables, it is the
weakest insulating material as it absorbs and transfer heat quickly to
neighboring materials. Hence the heat absorbed by the roof will be quickly
transferred into the interior space, thus raising the interior temperature.
Figure 4.3.21 Zinc roof of ground floor
36
As to other materials such as the glass window, no glazing was made
thus no insulating ability was provided as solar radiation are able to penetrate
easily into the living space of the interior. On the other hand, the house
contains ceramic flooring (Figure 4.3.22) on the 1st floor and granite
flooring(Figure 4.3.23) on the ground floor, which aid in temperature
regulating and keep the space cool, but still not enough to compensate for the
cooling loss due to lack of insulation and the heat transfer from the zinc
roofing.
Figure 4.3.22 Ceramic flooring
Figure 4.3.23 Granite flooring
In conclusion, insulation of materials was not placed into account for
the purpose of providing thermal comfort during that period where it was built.
37
5.0 Conclusion
The space studied in this assignment is not in the thermal comfort level.
Based on the studies we made, it is shown that the space studied allows
ventilation. But even with ventilation occurring, there are a few factors that
affect the thermal comfort of the space, such as, the placement of the zinc
roof. As the studies shown in this building, the zinc roof is placed in front of
the window, which is a high conductive material, this allows the zinc roof to
release heat and be blown into the space. Another factor is that the opening
and closing for doors will affect the cross ventilation of the space.
Therefore, there are some consideration in the building design could
improve the thermal comfort. The windows located in the space are using
metal grill bar and ordinary glass planes. Instead, double glazed windows with
stainless steel coated, argon filled, low emissivity and reflective glass can be
used. The placement of the windows is facing south, installing a 1m overhang
to prevent sun radiation penetrating through into indoor can lower the indoor
temperature.To add an external wall is also an alternative to improve the
thermal comfort of the space. During a hot day, an external wall is capable of
absorbing a considerable amount of heat which allows the building
environment to remain relatively cool. On the other hand, during the night time,
the same wall will need to lose much of the stored best before it can have an
appreciable cooling effect in the interior.
The bungalow is a north - south orientated, an east – west oriented
bungalow house (180° rotation) saves 12.3% more chiller electricity in
comparison with north – south oriented bungalow house (90 rotation) (Sabouri,
S &Fauzi, Mohd 2011). The zinc roof should be of light colour on the outside,
and some form of reflecting foil suspended on the underside of the roofing
surface in conjunction with 6 or more inches of insulation material. It is
essential that this reflecting foil faces an air space between itself and the
underside of the roof. Balcony attached to west wall has more effect than
north wall balcony. Adding balcony to north wall could reduce 10% of chiller
electricity. Bungalow house without balcony will consume 31% more cooling
energy. So, existence of balcony in front of both external walls will help
energy efficiency of building. A well designed house does not need to rely on
mechanical means to improve the thermal comfort. Alternately, a well
designed house should have a great energy efficiency without the need to
constrain the design of the house and to disrupt the comfort level of the users.
38
6.0 Reference
Arch Media Group LLC 2013, R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials,
viewed 28 September 2013, http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermalmoisture-protection/24-rvalues.html
HSE n.d., The six basic factors, viewed 21 September 2013,
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm
Izdihar, A 2013, UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525:2014 on 9
April 2013,
http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%2
0and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf
Reference Table for "U" Values, http://www.combustionresearch.com/InfraSpec/infra-spec/uvalue.html
RIBA n.d., Natural ventilation: cross ventilation, viewed 26 September 2013,
http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspx
Sabouri, S &Fauzi, Mohd 2011, ‘Cooling energy and passive energy saving
strategies for master bedroom of a tropical bungalow house’, Journal of Surveying,
Construction & Property Vol. 2Issue 1, viewed 24 September 2013,
http://umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2870/JSCP-11-02_saber.pdf
The Engineering Toolbox n.d , Specific Heat of some common Substances,
viewed27 September 2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heatcapacity-d_391.html
The Engineering Toolbox n.d., Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials and
Gases, viewed 27 September2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermalconductivity-d_429.html
'Thermal performance of buildings' n.d., Chapter 4, viewed 23 September 2013,
http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch4.pdf
Wikipedia 2013, Data logger, viewed 1 October 2013,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger
Wikipedia 2013, List of thermal conductivities, viewed 29 October 2013,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitie
Arch Media Group LLC 2013, R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials, viewed 28
September 2013, http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moistureprotection/24-rvalues.html
39
Grondzik, W, Kwok, A, Stein, B & Reynolds, J, 2010, Mechanical and electrical equipment for
building, Wiley.
HSE n.d., The six basic factors, viewed 21 September 2013,
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm
Izdihar, A 2013, UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525:2014 on 9 April 2013,
http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%20and%2
0MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf
Reference Table for "U" Values, http://www.combustionresearch.com/Infra-Spec/infraspec/uvalue.html
RIBA n.d., Natural ventilation: cross ventilation, viewed 26 September 2013,
http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspx
Sabouri, S & Fauzi, Mohd 2011, ‘Cooling energy and passive energy saving strategies for
master bedroom of a tropical bungalow house’, Journal of Surveying, Construction &
Property Vol. 2 Issue 1, viewed 24 September 2013,
http://umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2870/JSCP-11-02_saber.pdf
The Engineering Toolbox n.d , Specific Heat of some common Substances, viewed27
September 2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-capacity-d_391.html
The Engineering Toolbox n.d., Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials and Gases,
viewed 27 September2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivityd_429.html
'Thermal performance of buildings' n.d., Chapter 4, viewed 23 September 2013,
http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch4.pdf
Wikipedia 2013, Data logger, viewed 1 October 2013,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger
Wikipedia 2013, List of thermal conductivities, viewed 29 October 2013,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivities
40
7.0 Appendix
Table 7.1 – The data obtained from the data logger with the addition of the state of doors,
windows and the computer in every hour.
Figure 7.1– The position of doors noted in table 7.1.
41
Figure 7.2
– Clockwise: Door 1, Door 2, Door 4, Door 3.
42
43
Figure 7.3 - climate data for 5/9-7/9
44
Table 7.2 - Psychrometric Calculation
45
HUMIDITY
RATIO
ENTHALPY(
kJ/kg)
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
70.482
70.482
70.482
69.204
69.204
69.204
69.204
69.204
69.204
69.204
70.482
70.482
71.593
72.517
76.372
73.233
74.386
78.188
78.188
78.188
77.048
76.372
75.475
75.475
75.475
74.380
74.380
71.593
74.380
73.107
70.482
73.107
73.107
SPECIFIC
VOLUME(mᶟ
/kg)
0.868
0.868
0.868
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.868
0.868
0.871
0.874
0.878
0.876
0.879
0.884
0.884
0.884
0.881
0.878
0.875
0.875
0.875
0.872
0.872
0.871
0.872
0.869
0.868
0.869
0.869