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SS11: PROVINCIAL EXAM PREPARATION

Part A: Canadian Identity

Chapter 1 Terms

• Chinese Immigration Act

• Head Tax

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• Komagata Maru

• Sikhs

• Residential schools

• Reserve system

• assimilation

Other Important Terms

• CRTC

• CBC

• multiculturalism

• stereotypes

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART A: CANADIAN IDENTITY

1. Explain how Canada’s identity has evolved politically, economically and socially from 1914- 2000.

2. To what extent have Canada’s immigration policies become fairer during the period 1914-2000?

3. To what extent has Canada become more tolerant in its treatment of minorities during the period

1914-2000?

4. Describe ways that Canada has attempted to maintain a culture that is distinct and separate from the United States.

Part B: World War I

Chapter 2 Examinable Terms (in rough order as they appear in Counterpoints)

• Julian Byng

• Vimy Ridge

• Passchendaele

• Arthur Currie

• John McCrae (NOT IN TEXT)

• Women in the war

• “Bluebirds”

• Canadian Army Medical Corps

• Ace

• Royal Flying Corps

• Billy Bishop

• Billy Barker

• Ray Collishaw

• William May

• Roy Brown

• Merchant marines

• Imperial Munitions Board

• Victory Bonds

• Income tax

• Women’s suffrage

• Nellie McLung (TEXT P. 6)

• Propaganda

• Mont Blanc

• Halifax Disaster

• Conscription Crisis of 1917

• Conscientious objector

• Henri Bourassa

• Robert Borden

• Military Voters Act

• Wartime Elections Act

• Wilfrid Laurier

• Union Government

• Armistice – Nov. 11 th , 1918

• Paris Peace Conference

• Treaty of Versailles

• League of Nations

• Collective security

• Triple Alliance/Central Powers

• Triple Entente/Allies

• British declaration of war

• Aboriginal enlistment

• Tom Longboat

• Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)

• Sam Hughes

• Shell Committee

• Ross rifle

• Internment camps

• War Measures Act

• Machine guns

• Artillery

• Tanks

• Fighter planes

• U-boats

• Gas warfare

• Attrition (NOT IN TEXT)

• Trench warfare

• Trench foot

• Second Battle of Ypres

• First Battle of the Somme

• Royal Newfoundland Regiment

• Field Marshall Douglas Haig

Non-examinable but Useful Terms*

*NOTE: These terms are UNLIKELY to appear in any multiple-choice questions on the Provincial

Exam, but they can be discussed in the written response section.

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

• Militarism

• Alliance system

• Bosnia

• Serbia

• Black Hand

• Gavrilo Princep

• Sarajevo

• Ottoman Empire

• Patriotism

• “Balance of Power”

• H.M.S. Dreadnought

• Lusitania

• U.S.A. enters WWI

• Russian Revolution

• “War Guilt Clause”

• Reparations

• Military restrictions on Germany

• German territorial losses

• President Woodrow Wilson

• Premier Georges Clemenceau

• P.M. David Lloyd George

• Wilson’s “14 Points”

• Sanctions

• Spanish Flu

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART B: WORLD WAR I


2. To what extent did Canada become a more autonomous (independent) nation between 1914 and

2000?

3. To what extent was Canada a major participant in World War I?

4. Describe the impact of World War I on Canada’s home front.

5. Describe the evolution of women’s rights in Canada between 1914 and 2000.

Part C: Canada in the 1920’s


• Cape Breton strikes

• Socialism

• Communism

• One Big Union (OBU)

• Winnipeg General Strike

• Collective bargaining

• J.S. Woodsworth

• Regionalism

• Progressive Party

• William Lyon Mackenzie King

• Arthur Meighan

• Minority government

• Old Age Pension Act - 1927

• Chanak Crisis (NOT IN TEXT)

• Halibut Treaty (NOT IN TEXT)

• King-Byng Crisis

• Imperial Conference of 1926

• Balfour Report

• Autonomy

• Statute of Westminster - 1931

• British Commonwealth

• Branch plants

• Primary industries

• Secondary industries

• Prohibition

• Plebiscite

• Urbanization

• Agnes Macphail

• Person’s Case

• Emily Murphy

• Carine Wilson (NOT IN TEXT)

• “Famous Five”

• “Happy Days Are Here Again”

• Henry Ford

• Model T

• Bush pilots

• Frederick Banting (p. 64)

• Group of Seven

• Emily Carr

• Potlatch Challenge

• Aboriginal title

• “cut-off lands”

• Ku Klux Klan

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• Stock Market Crash – 1929




• Armand Bombardier

• Charleston

• Flapper

• Rum running

• Mary Pickford

• Percy Williams

• Speakeasy

• Foster Hewitt

• Radio

• Citizen’s Committee of 1000

• Thomas Crerar

• Dominion

• “Wop May”

• Talkies

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART C: CANADA IN THE 1920’s


2. To what extent did Canada become a more autonomous (independent) nation between 1914-

2000?

3. To what extent have Canada’s immigration policies become fairer during the period of 1914-2000?

4. Describe the role of Western Canada in influencing Canadian politics from the 1920’s to present.


Part D: Canada in the 1930’s


• “buying on margin”

• Depression

• Causes of the Great Depression

• Overproduction

• Supply and demand (NOT IN TEXT)

• Tariffs

• Protectionism

• Depression’s impact on Canada

• “pogey”

• Unemployment

• “riding the rods”

• Prairie drought

• Anti-Semitism

• Mackenzie King’s “five-cent speech”

• R.B. Bennett

• “Bennett blanket”, etc.

• Communist Party of Canada

• Tim Buck

• Work camps

• On-to-Ottawa Trek

• Regina Riot

• Laissez-faire economics

• Government intervention

• Relief payments (p. 84)

• The New Deal

• Protest parties

• Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

• J.S. Woodsworth

• Regina Manifesto

• Social Credit Party

• William Aberhart

• Maurice Duplessis

• Union Nationale

• Rowell-Sirois Commission

• Equalization payments

• CBC

• Dionne quintuplets

• Totalitarianism

• Fascism

• Kristallnacht

• Appeasement

• German invasion of Poland

• Isolationism

• S.S. St. Louis


*NOTE: These terms are UNLIKELY to appear in any multiple-choice questions on the Provincial Exam, but they can be discussed in the written response section.

• Grey Owl

• Munich Agreement

• Mussolini

• Hitler

• Stalin

• Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion

• Spanish Civil War

• Nazi

• Reparations

• “Mein Kampf”

• Nuremberg Laws

• Austria 1938

• Sudetenland 1938

• Czechoslovakia 1938

• Ethiopia 1939

• Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact

• lebensraum

• Manchurian Crisis

• Sanctions

• German rearmament

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART C: CANADA IN THE 1920’s


2. To what extent have Canada’s immigration policies become fairer from 1914-2000?

3. To what extent was the Canadian government successful in its attempts to deal with the Great

Depression?



Part E: Canada in the Second World War


• British declaration of war

• Canadian declaration of war

• Canadian attitude towards entry into WWII

• State of Canadian forces before WWII

• British Commonwealth Air Training Plan

• Crown Corporations

• Axis Powers

• “Phoney War”

• Blitzkrieg

• Dunkirk

• Battle of Britain

• Operation Sea Lion

• Luftwaffe

• Joseph Stalin

• Pearl Harbour (1941)

• Hong Kong (1941)

• Dieppe Raid

• Battle of the Atlantic

• Royal Canadian Navy

• Corvette

• Wolf pack

• U-boat

• Lend-Lease Program (NOT IN TEXT)

• Atomic bomb (p. 112/122)

• Enigma

• Penicillin

• Radar

• Jet planes

• Royal Canadian Air Force

• Operation Husky (NOT IN TEXT)

• Invasion of Italy

• Battle of Ortona

· D-Day

• Operation Overlord

• Juno Beach

• Sword, Omaha, Gold, Utah

• Liberation of Netherlands

• Holocaust

• Final Solution

• Auschwitz

• Canadian Response to Holocaust

• The Manhattan Project

• Canadian uranium

• Hiroshima

• Victory Bonds

• Wartime Prices and Trade Board

• Unemployment insurance

• Family Allowance

• Conscription Crisis

• National Selective Services Act (NOT IN TEXT)

• “Arsenal of Democracy”

• Role of women (NOT IN TEXT)




• C.D. Howe

• Operation Barbarossa

• Lancaster bombers

• Winston Churchill

• Franklin Roosevelt

• Cassino

• Caen

• National Film Board

Possible Essay Topics for Part E: WWII



3. To what extent was Canada a major participant during World War II?

4. Describe the impact of the Second World War on the Canadian home front.

5. To what extent did Canada evolve from being an insignificant nation to a middle power between

1939 and 1970?

Part F: Canada and the Cold War


• Igor Gouzenko

• Cold War

• Superpower

• NATO

• Warsaw Pact

• Berlin Wall

• DEW line

• NORAD

• United Nations (UN)

• UN Charter

• UN Security Council

• UN – veto power

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• UNICEF

• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Korean War

• Suez Crisis

• UNEF + peacekeeping

· Bosnia

· Kosovo

· Croatia

· Rwanda

· Globalization

· APEC

• Lester Pearson + Nobel Peace Prize

• John Diefenbaker + Cuban Crisis

• Avro Arrow

• Vietnam War

• Pierre Trudeau + foreign policy

• “middle power”

• Commonwealth

• La Francophonie

• CIDA

• Brian Mulroney + foreign policy

• Free Trade Agreement

• NAFTA

• Fall of Communism

• Gulf War, 1991

• Somalia




• McCarthyism

• Sputnik

• Hungarian Revolution

• Fallout shelter

• Columbo Plan

• SALT I and SALT II

• Jimmy Carter

• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

• Star Wars

• Ronald Reagan

• Mikhail Gorbachev + Glasnost/Perestroika

• FIRA

• George Bush Sr.

• “Asian Tigers”

• George W. Bush

• Lloyd Axeworthy

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART F – Canada + the Cold War



3. Describe the evolution of Canadian autonomy from 1914-2000.

4. Between 1914 – 2000, to what extent has Canada become an autonomous nation?

5. To what extent did Canada evolve from being an insignificant nation to a middle power between

1939 and 1970?

6. Describe Canada’s contribution to the success of the UN.

7. Describe Canada’s role in the Cold War from 1945-1989.

8. Assess Canada’s participation in world affairs with regard to human rights.

Part G: Canada at Home (1945-2000)


• War brides

• Post-war immigration

• Displaced persons

• WWII veterans + benefits

• Baby boom

• Consumer society

• Massey Commission

• Canada Council

• Margaret Lawrence

• Robertson Davies

• W.O. Mitchell

• CRTC

• Transfer payments

• Leduc, Alberta

• Megaprojects

• Trans-Canada Highway

• St. Lawrence Seaway

• Trans-Canada Pipeline

• Joey Smallwood

• Newfoundland + Confederation

• Louis St. Laurent

• John Diefenbaker + Bill of Rights

• Canada Pension Plan

• T.C. “Tommy” Douglas

• New Democratic Party (NDP)

• Medical Care Act

• Expo 67

• Canada’s Centennial

• Pierre Elliott Trudeau

• “Trudeaumania”

• “just society”

• Irene Murdoch

• Rosemary Brown

• David Suzuki

• Terry Fox

• Marc Garneau

• Marshal McLuhan

• Feminism

• Royal Commission on the Status of Women

• “Silent Spring”

• Greenpeace

• OPEC

• Regionalism

• Regional disparity

• Western alienation

• National Energy Program (NEP)

• Brian Mulroney

• Kim Campbell

• Jean Chretien

• Paul Martin

Non-Examinable But Useful Terms

• Growth of the suburbs

• National debt

• Teen culture

• Rocket Richard

• Barbara Ann Scott

• “Echo” generation

• C.D. Howe

• Peter Lougheed

• Collapse of Atlantic cod fishery

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART G – Canada at Home (45-00)




Part H: Multiculturalism in Canada


• Union Nationale

• Maurice Duplessis

• The Quiet Revolution

• Jean Lesage

• “Maitres chez nous”

• separatism

• FLQ

• “Bi and Bi Commission”

• Flag debate

• Official Languages Act

• October Crisis

• James Cross

• Pierre Laporte

• War Measures Act, 1970

• Rene Levesque

• Parti Quebecois

• Bill 101

• Quebec Referendum, 1980

• Sovereignty-association

• BNA Act, 1867

• Patriation of the Constitution

• Amending formula

• “Kitchen Compromise”

• “notwithstanding clause”

• Robert Bourassa

• Reform Party

• Preston Manning

• Meech Lake Accord

• “distinct-society”

• Elijah Harper

• Lucien Bouchard

• Bloc Quebecois

• Charlottetown Accord

• Quebec Referendum, 1995

• Jacques Parizeau

• “clarity bill”

• Official multiculturalism

• New immigration patterns

• Cultural “mosaic” vs. “melting pot”

• Aboriginal rights

• Residential schools

• White Paper, 1969

• Aboriginal self-government

• Harold Cardinal

• Phil Fontaine

• Berger Commission

• Indian Act (not in text)

• Aboriginal land claims

• Oka confrontation

• Douglas Cardinal

• Bill Reid

• Nisga’a Treaty

• Delgamuluukw case

• Josepth Gosnell

• Creation of Nunavut

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART H – Multiculturalism




4. In its treatment of minorities, has Canada become more tolerant from 1914-2000?

5. To what extent have aboriginal peoples achieved their goals during the late 1900s?

6. How have English-French relations shaped the Canadian identity since 1960?

7. To what extent has Canada succeeded in maintaining a separate culture from the United States?

Part I: The Structure of Canada’s Government


• democracy

• direct democracy

• constitutional democracy

• monarch

• Queen Elizabeth II

• Head of State

• Written Constitution

• BNA Act

• Unwritten Constitution

• Constitution Act, 1867

• Federal system/federalism

• Division of powers

• Residual powers

• Shared responsibilities

• Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

• Executive branch (power)

• Legislative branch (power)

• Judicial branch (power)

• Parliament

• session

• House of Commons

• riding/constituency/ electoral districts

• Member of Parliament (MP)

• Hansard (NOT IN TEXT)

• Speaker of the House

• Official Opposition

• Leader of the Opposition

• Caucus

• “free vote”

• Public Service

• Senate + Senators

• “sober second thought”

• patronage appointments

• Senate reform

• “Triple E Senate”

• Governor General

• Royal Assent or Formal Assent

• Prime Minister

• Political Party

• Head of Government

• Cabinet

• Cabinet ministers

• Cabinet solidarity

• Shadow Cabinet + Critic (NOT IN TEXT)

• Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)

• Lieutenant Governor

• Premier

• Provincial government

• First Reading

• Second Reading

• Parliamentary Committee

• Third Reading

· Civil servants

• bureaucracy

• Bill to a Law

• Private Member’s Bill

Political Figures You Should Know

• Michaelle Jean

• Adrienne Clarkson

• Lester Pearson

• Pierre Elliot Trudeau

• Brian Mulroney

• Kim Campbell

• Jean Chretien

• Paul Martin

• Stephen Harper

• Jack Layton

• Gilles Duceppe

• Gordon Campbell

• Carol James


• Territorial government

• Municipal government

• Regional district

• Sergeant-at-Arms

• Clerk of the House of Commons

• Prime Minister’s Office

• Privy Council Office

• Parliamentary secretary

• First Minister’s Conference

• Transfer payments

• Equalization payments

Part J: The Citizen and Government


• election

• by-election (NOT IN TEXT)

• representation by population (NOT IN TEXT)

• redistribution (NOT IN TEXT)

• “first-past-the-post system”

• proportional representation

• single transferable vote (NOT IN TEXT)

• ballot

• voter participation

• Election Act

• Election Expenses Act

• “dropping the writ” (NOT IN TEXT)

• dissolution of Parliament (NOT IN TEXT)

• election campaign

• enumeration (NOT IN TEXT)

• candidates

• nomination meeting (NOT IN TEXT)

• public opinion polls

• tabulation

• voters list (NOT IN TEXT)

• Scrutineer (NOT IN TEXT)

• Polling station

• majority government (NOT IN TEXT)

• minority government (NOT IN TEXT)

• coalition government (NOT IN TEXT)

• political party

• party platform

• political spectrum (left wing, centre, right wing)

• ideology

• non-governmental organization (NGO)

• United Way

• Canadian Red Cross

• Doctors Without Borders

• OXFAM

• Western Canada Wilderness Committee

• pressure groups

• Free the Children

• Craig Kielburger

• lobbyists

• civil disobedience

• Clayoquot Sound issue

POLITICAL PARTIES, IDEOLOGIES AND DATES YOU SHOULD KNOW!

Current political parties: o Conservative Party of Canada o Liberal Party of Canada o Bloc Quebecois o New Democratic Party o Liberal Party of BC o Parti Quebecois

Former political parties: o Canadian Alliance

o Progressive Conservatives

o Social Credit Party

Ideologies: o conservatism o liberalism o socialism o communism o fascism o totalitarianism

Right to vote in federal elections gained: o Women – 1918 o Indo Canadians – 1947 o Chinese Canadians – 1947 o Japanese Canadians – 1949 o Aboriginal Canadians - 1960

Election limits o Canada – 5 years o BC – 4 years

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART J – Citizen + Govt.

1. Describe the Canadian election process.

2. Describe the various mechanisms whereby Canadians can influence public policy.

3. In its treatment of minorities, did Canada become more tolerant during the period of 1914-2000?

Part K: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms + Human Rights


• habeus corpus (p. 27)

• presumption of innocence

• Legal Rights

• Supreme Court of Canada

• Bertha Wilson

• Beverley McLachlin


• human rights

• human rights violations: o Holocaust o Cambodian Genocide o Rwandan Genocide o Apartheid in South Africa o Tiananmen Square (1989)

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• International Criminal Court (ICC)

• Louise Arbour

• human rights violations in Canada: o WWI and WWII internment camps o Minority voting rights o Treatment of Aboriginals

• Bill of Rights (1960)

• Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)

• Important sections of the Charter: o Fundamental Freedoms o Equality Rights o Democratic Rights o Employment Rights o Mobility Rights o Language Rights o Section 33 – Notwithstanding Clause

• Bill 101

• Aboriginal Rights

• Indian Act

• Gender equity

• Section 15 of the Charter

• Children’s Rights

• Impact of the Charter on Canadian Society

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART K – Charter + Human Rights

1. Describe the main provisions (sections) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

2. Assess the impact of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms on the Canadian public since 1982.

3. In its treatment of minorities, did Canada become more tolerant during the period of 1914-2000?

4. To what extent have Aboriginal peoples achieved their goals during the last half century?

Part L: Population – Canada and the World


• demography

• census

• developed country

• developing country

• crude birth rate

• total fertility rate (NOT IN TEXT)

• crude death rate

• natural increase

• “Rule of Seventy”

• exponential rate of increase

• doubling time

• immigration rate

• emigration rate

• net migration rate

• negative migration rate (NOT IN TEXT)

• “visible minority”

• life expectancy

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• Demographic Transition Model

• age structure

• dependency ratio

• population pyramid

• cohorts

• stages if demographic growth o early expanding o stable o expanding o contracting

• China’s “one child policy”

• population distribution

• ecumene

• population density

• crude density

• reasons for population density (p. 334)

• Thomas Malthus

• arable land

• carrying capacity of land

• “The Population Bomb”

• nutritional density

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART L - Population

1. Analyze the global threats to the planet caused by population growth.

2. Describe some realistic strategies that would enable developing countries to improve their standard of living.

3. Describe the various causes of poverty.

4. Compare the reasons for Canada’s standard of living with those of a developing nation.

Part M: Population – Living Standards


• gross domestic product (GDP)

• per capita GDP

• gross national product (GNP)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• HDI indicators:

o adult literacy o life expectancy

• developed countries

• First World

• newly industrialized countries

• developing countries

• highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs)

• Third World

• standard of living indicators

• poverty line

• poverty cycle

• causes of poverty o armed conflict o natural disasters o lack of education o employment rates

• World Bank

• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Structural Adjustment Program

• multinational corporation

• debt solutions (p. 351) o debt reduction o debt forgiving

• factors influencing the status of women

• Progress of Nations Report

• under-five mortality rate or infant mortality rate

• health factors reducing standard of living (p. 357-360) o disease o pandemics o HIV/AIDS

• aid solutions o bilateral aid (p. 351) o multilateral aid (360) o tied aid (p. 360)

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART M – Living Standards


2. Analyze the global threats to the planet caused by increased standard of living.


4. Compare Canada’s standard of living with those of a developing nation.

5. “The greatest tragedy in the world today is the gap between the rich and poor.” Evaluate this statement.

6. Describe some realistic strategies that would enable developing countries to improve their standards of living

Part N: Urbanization + Economic Development

NOTE: Items in Chapters 15 and 16 are only important in terms of their relationship to population, standard of living and the environment.


shanty towns – makeshift communities that have grown up around urban centres with rapidly increasing populations in developing countries. Shanty towns are usually built by squatters on land they do not own from whatever materials they can find.

urban situation – describes the relationship between a city and its wider surroundings, including landforms, population and economic patterns.

urban sprawl – the tendency of unplanned or poorly planned cities to spread into the surrounding countryside and agricultural areas through the creation of suburbs.

sustainable cities – urban centres where decisions made do not degrade the quality of life for future inhabitants. Qualities found in sustainable cities include effective public transportation, workplaces near residences, affordable housing, effective infrastructure, parks, green spaces, and the use of alternative energies.


traditional economy – an economy in which most people work in primary industries such as farming and fishing and very few people are involved in manufacturing and services. Initially, all countries start at this stage of economic development

subsistence agriculture – a form of agriculture in which crops or livestock are raised for consumption by the farmers rather than for sale. This type of farming is less productive so it is difficult for countries with mostly subsistence farmers to increase their overall standard of living.

developing economy – an economy that is moving from being a traditional economy by adopting more mechanized production methods and more services.

developed economy – an economy like Canada’s that has a large service sector, manufacturing, trade, and diverse sources of income.

non-renewable resource – natural resources that can only be used once like petroleum, coal, and minerals.

renewable resources – natural resources that regenerate over time, such as trees.

sustainable development – a method of using resources and land without negatively affecting their future use. In other words, living in such a way that does not do harm to others, now and in future.

Economic disparity – marked difference between the way people are able to live

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART M – Living Standards





5. “The greatest tragedy in the world today is the gap between the rich and poor.” Evaluate this statement.

6. Describe some realistic strategies that would enable developing countries to improve their standard of living.

Part O: Environment


• biosphere

• sustainable development

• Brundland Commission

• Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” (p. 422 + 435)

• groundwater

• aquifers

• water quality (human impact and impact on humans)

• fresh water – solutions

• ozone layer depletion (cause and effects)

• CFC’s

• Montreal Protocol (p. 431)

• global warming (cause and effects)

• permafrost

• global warming’s threats to Canada

• Kyoto Protocal

• desertification/soil degradation (cause and effects)

• genetically modified foods

• biodiversity

• boreal forests

• old growth forests (p. 442)

• rainforest deforestation (cause and effects)

• reforestation

• acid rain (cause and effects) – NOT IN TEXT

• PH levels – NOT IN TEXT

Possible Provincial Exam Essay Topics : PART O – Environment




4. Describe some realistic strategies that would enable developing countries to improve their standards of living.

5. Evaluate the impact of global warming (or any environmental problem) on Canada.

6. Analyze the threats to Canadians regarding quality of fresh water.

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