Political Geography Review
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Political Geography Review Kaplan Review Book 7 things to learn from this chapter 1) A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders. A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries Iraq is a state divided between 3 nations Sunni Muslims Shiite Muslims Kurds Disputes over political power of the state Nation-state: when cultural boundaries correspond with state boundaries Same ethnicity, speak same language, practice the same religion Examples: Japan & Denmark A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders Territory…federalism Nation….territory State…nation Nation….state Territory….state A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders Territory…federalism Nation….territory State…nation Nation….state Territory….state For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state Nationalism Self-determination Anticolonialism Reapportionment colonization For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state Nationalism Self-determination: Sovereignty Anticolonialism Reapportionment colonization 7 things to learn from this chapter 2) The Heartland Theory established by MacKinder suggests that whoever owns the Heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world. The Rimland Theory by Nicholas Spykman suggest that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the Heartland in check. The Domino Theory, a response to the spread of communism, suggested that when one country falls, others around it will experience the same political instability Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’s Rimland Theory? United Nations European Union NATO NAFTA Warsaw Pact Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’s Rimland Theory? United Nations European Union NATO: Military Alliance between Western European countries NAFTA Warsaw Pact 7 things to learn from this chapter 3) Colonialism has had a profound impact on the world today. The major colonial powers were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain and France. Meinig’s colonial empire themes describe how these empires were colonized. Great Britain and France used the settler empire, Portugal used the sea empire, and Spain used the land empire Types of Empires Meinig, geographer at Syracuse University Created a list of 3 different empires Europeans used when colonizing an area Land Empire: involves conquest by force Sea Empire: use sea power to control an area Settlement Empire: settlers establish colony over long period of time Land Empire Involves conquest by force Armies attack & take resources by force “Might makes right” Ex: Spanish in Mexico Sea Empire Used sea power to control area Settlements along coast Excursions to interior for goods Then shipped off to home country Ex: Portuguese in Brazil Settlement Empire Settlers intend to stay a long time Establish a settlement Send resources/agric products to home country Supplies provided by home country Eventually become independent & pay back home country Ex: British in US & French in SE Asia 7 things to learn from this chapter 4) Ethnicity is determined by race, skin color, language, religion and other factors. Race is different from ethnicity and is determined by perceived inheritable biological characteristics Previous Chapter in our Textbook The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of A religious conflict An ethnic conflict A pluralism conflict Ethnocentrism An ethnic enclave The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of A religious conflict An ethnic conflict: Hutu & Tutsi tribes A pluralism conflict Ethnocentrism An ethnic enclave 7 things to learn from this chapter 5) There are five shapes to countries: compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated and prorupted. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages Shape Description Example Pros Cons Compact Circle/square Uruguay Poland communication resources Elongated Long & skinny Chile Transportation Isolation Fragmented Not attached/ US: Alaska Islands Indonesia Difficult to be invaded entirely Communicatio n transportation Perforated Hole in country South Africa Enclave has its own state Communicatio n transportation Prorupted Eruption off country Namibia Caprivi Strip Fiercely fought over Access to a raw material Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? Lesotho Gambia Brazil Belize Papua New Guinea Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? Lesotho: In South Africa Gambia Brazil Belize Papua New Guinea Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? France Vatican City Singapore Ecuador Italy Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? France Vatican City Singapore Ecuador Italy: has 2 states completely inside, San Marino & Vatican City 7 things to learn from this chapter 6)Supranational organizations, such as the European Union and the United Nations have a strong influence on the world’s political climate The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore 3 miles 10 miles 12 miles 100 miles 200 miles The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore 3 miles 10 miles 12 miles 100 miles 200 miles to explore/exploit resources 3 mile limit applies to foreign ships Supranationalism extends state borders through outside organizations for economic and/or political cooperation European Union NAFTA NATO OPEC 7 things to learn from this chapter 7) Boundary disputes arise for various reasons. Some arise from the demarcation of the boundary, while others arise from the allocation of resources along the border. Inappropriate boundary lines in Africa led to wars from the moment they were drawn, because European countries used geometric and physical features to establish boundaries in Africa instead of cultural features, such as language and religion The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? Reapportionment Core-periphery federalism Gerrymandering Immigrant statehood Electoral regions The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? Reapportionment Core-periphery federalism Gerrymandering Immigrant statehood Electoral regions _____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together Centripetal….centrifugal Centrifugal…centripetal Communist…democratic Capitalist…socialist Socialist…centripetal _____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together Centripetal….centrifugal Centrifugal…centripetal Communist…democratic Capitalist…socialist Socialist…centripetal Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? Commonality of Language Commonality of Religion Differences in Political border interpretation Differences in religion Commonality of climate Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? Commonality of Language Commonality of Religion Differences in Political border interpretation Differences in religion: broke up the state Commonality of climate With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a Microstate Electoral state Reapportioned state Federal state Nation-state With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a Microstate Electoral state Reapportioned state Federal state Nation-state Ch.8 Free-Response Question Free Response Question The European Union and NAFTA are two common examples of international organizations. A) Describe each of these two organizations and their purposes B) What do each of these two organizations have in common? How are they different?
